Please note this is a comparison between Version 4 by Conner Chen and Version 3 by Conner Chen.
The Cutting Movement Assessment Score (CMAS) is a recently validated field-based qualitative screening tool to identify athletes that display high-risk postures associated with increased non-contact ACL injury risk during side-step cutting. Side-step cutting is an action associated with non-contact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury with a plethora of negative economical, health, and psychological implications. Although ACL injury risk factors are multifactorial, biomechanical and neuromuscular deficits which contribute to “high-risk” and aberrant movement patterns are linked to ACL injury risk due to increasing knee joint loads and potential ACL loading. Importantly, biomechanical and neuromuscular deficits are modifiable; thus, being able to profile and classify athletes as potentially “high-risk” of injury is a crucial process in ACL injury mitigation.
knee abduction moment
injury screening
injury risk profiling
CMAS
Please wait, diff process is still running!
References
Hewett, T. Preventive biomechanics: A paradigm shift with a translational approach to biomechanics. Am. J. Sports Med. 2017, 45, 2654–2664.
Cumps, E.; Verhagen, E.; Annemans, L.; Meeusen, R. Injury rate and socioeconomic costs resulting from sports injuries in Flanders: Data derived from sports insurance statistics 2003. Br. J. Sports Med. 2008, 42, 767–772.
Quatman, C.E.; Hewett, T.E. The anterior cruciate ligament injury controversy: Is “valgus collapse” a sex-specific mechanism? Br. J. Sports Med. 2009, 43, 328–335.
Langford, J.L.; Webster, K.E.; Feller, J.A. A prospective longitudinal study to assess psychological changes following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery. Br. J. Sports Med. 2009, 43, 377–378.
Lohmander, L.S.; Englund, P.M.; Dahl, L.L.; Roos, E.M. The long-term consequence of anterior cruciate ligament and meniscus injuries. Am. J. Sports Med. 2007, 35, 1756–1769.
Quatman, C.E.; Quatman-Yates, C.C.; Hewett, T.E. A ‘Plane’Explanation of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Mechanisms. Sports Med. 2010, 40, 729–746.
Meeuwisse, W.H.; Tyreman, H.; Hagel, B.; Emery, C. A dynamic model of etiology in sport injury: The recursive nature of risk and causation. Clin. J. Sport Med. 2007, 17, 215–219.
Bittencourt, N.F.N.; Meeuwisse, W.H.; Mendonça, L.D.; Nettel-Aguirre, A.; Ocarino, J.M.; Fonseca, S.T. Complex systems approach for sports injuries: Moving from risk factor identification to injury pattern recognition-narrative review and new concept. Br. J. Sports Med. 2016, 50, 1309–1314.
Lloyd, D.G. Rationale for training programs to reduce anterior cruciate ligament injuries in Australian football. J. Orthop. Sport Phys. 2001, 31, 645–654.
Lipps, D.B.; Wojtys, E.M.; Ashton-Miller, J.A. Anterior cruciate ligament fatigue failures in knees subjected to repeated simulated pivot landings. Am. J. Sports Med. 2013, 41, 1058–1066.
Wojtys, E.M.; Beaulieu, M.L.; Ashton-Miller, J.A. New perspectives on ACL injury: On the role of repetitive sub-maximal knee loading in causing ACL fatigue failure. J. Orthop. Res. 2016, 34, 2059–2068.
Gallagher, S.; Schall, M.C., Jr. Musculoskeletal disorders as a fatigue failure process: Evidence, implications and research needs. Ergonomics 2017, 60, 255–269.
Beaulieu, M.L.; Wojtys, E.M.; Ashton-Miller, J.A. Risk of anterior cruciate ligament fatigue failure is increased by limited internal femoral rotation during in vitro repeated pivot landings. Am. J. Sports Med. 2015, 43, 2233–2241.
Bahr, R.; Krosshaug, T. Understanding injury mechanisms: A key component of preventing injuries in sport. Br. J. Sports Med. 2005, 39, 324–329.
Edwards, W.B. Modeling overuse injuries in sport as a mechanical fatigue phenomenon. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 2018, 46, 224–231.
Walden, M.; Krosshaug, T.; Bjorneboe, J.; Andersen, T.E.; Faul, O.; Hagglund, M. Three distinct mechanisms predominate in non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injuries in male professional football players: A systematic video analysis of 39 cases. Br. J. Sports Med. 2015, 49, 1452–1460.
Montgomery, C.; Blackburn, J.; Withers, D.; Tierney, G.; Moran, C.; Simms, C. Mechanisms of ACL injury in professional rugby union: A systematic video analysis of 36 cases. Br. J. Sports Med. 2018, 52, 944–1001.
Olsen, O.-E.; Myklebust, G.; Engebretsen, L.; Bahr, R. Injury mechanisms for anterior cruciate ligament injuries in team handball a systematic video analysis. Am. J. Sports Med. 2004, 32, 1002–1012.
Brophy, R.H.; Stepan, J.G.; Silvers, H.J.; Mandelbaum, B.R. Defending puts the anterior cruciate ligament at risk during soccer: A gender-based analysis. Sports Health 2015, 7, 244–249.
Cochrane, J.L.; Lloyd, D.G.; Buttfield, A.; Seward, H.; McGivern, J. Characteristics of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in Australian football. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2007, 10, 96–104.
Faude, O.; Junge, A.; Kindermann, W.; Dvorak, J. Injuries in female soccer players a prospective study in the german national league. Am. J. Sports Med. 2005, 33, 1694–1700.
Koga, H.; Nakamae, A.; Shima, Y.; Iwasa, J.; Myklebust, G.; Engebretsen, L.; Bahr, R.; Krosshaug, T. Mechanisms for noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries knee joint kinematics in 10 injury situations from female team handball and basketball. Am. J. Sports Med. 2010, 38, 2218–2225.
Kimura, Y.; Ishibashi, Y.; Tsuda, E.; Yamamoto, Y.; Tsukada, H.; Toh, S. Mechanisms for anterior cruciate ligament injuries in badminton. Br. J. Sports Med. 2010, 44, 1124–1127.
Johnston, J.T.; Mandelbaum, B.R.; Schub, D.; Rodeo, S.A.; Matava, M.J.; Silvers, H.J.; Cole, B.J.; ElAttrache, N.S.; McAdams, T.R.; Brophy, R.H. Video analysis of anterior cruciate ligament tears in professional American football athletes. Am. J. Sports Med. 2018, 46, 862–868.
Stuelcken, M.C.; Mellifont, D.B.; Gorman, A.D.; Sayers, M.G. Mechanisms of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in elite women’s netball: A systematic video analysis. J. Sports Sci. 2016, 34, 1516–1522.
Boden, B.P.; Torg, J.S.; Knowles, S.B.; Hewett, T.E. Video analysis of anterior cruciate ligament injury abnormalities in hip and ankle kinematics. Am. J. Sports Med. 2009, 37, 252–259.
Besier, T.F.; Lloyd, D.G.; Cochrane, J.L.; Ackland, T.R. External loading of the knee joint during running and cutting maneuvers. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2001, 33, 1168–1175.
Jones, P.A.; Herrington, L.; Graham-Smith, P. Braking characteristics during cutting and pivoting in female soccer players. J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol. 2016, 30, 46–54.
Dempsey, A.R.; Lloyd, D.G.; Elliott, B.C.; Steele, J.R.; Munro, B.J.; Russo, K.A. The effect of technique change on knee loads during sidestep cutting. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2007, 39, 1765–1773.
Kristianslund, E.; Faul, O.; Bahr, R.; Myklebust, G.; Krosshaug, T. Sidestep cutting technique and knee abduction loading: Implications for ACL prevention exercises. Br. J. Sports Med. 2014, 48, 779–783.
Shin, C.S.; Chaudhari, A.M.; Andriacchi, T.P. Valgus plus internal rotation moments increase anterior cruciate ligament strain more than either alone. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2011, 43, 1484–1491.
Markolf, K.L.; Burchfield, D.M.; Shapiro, M.M.; Shepard, M.F.; Finerman, G.A.M.; Slauterbeck, J.L. Combined knee loading states that generate high anterior cruciate ligament forces. J. Orthop. Res. 1995, 13, 930–935.
Kiapour, A.M.; Demetropoulos, C.K.; Kiapour, A.; Quatman, C.E.; Wordeman, S.C.; Goel, V.K.; Hewett, T.E. Strain response of the anterior cruciate ligament to uniplanar and multiplanar loads during simulated landings: Implications for injury mechanism. Am. J. Sports Med. 2016, 44, 2087–2096.
Oh, Y.K.; Lipps, D.B.; Ashton-Miller, J.A.; Wojtys, E.M. What strains the anterior cruciate ligament during a pivot landing? Am. J. Sports Med. 2012, 40, 574–583.
Bates, N.A.; Myer, G.D.; Shearn, J.T.; Hewett, T.E. Anterior cruciate ligament biomechanics during robotic and mechanical simulations of physiologic and clinical motion tasks: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin. Biomech. 2015, 30, 1–13.
Hewett, T.; Myer, G.D.; Ford, K.R.; Heidt, R.S.; Colosimo, A.J.; McLean, S.G.; Van den Bogert, A.J.; Paterno, M.V.; Succop, P. Biomechanical measures of neuromuscular control and valgus loading of the knee predict anterior cruciate ligament injury risk in female athletes a prospective study. Am. J. Sports Med. 2005, 33, 492–501.
McLean, S.G.; Huang, X.; van den Bogert, A.J. Association between lower extremity posture at contact and peak knee valgus moment during sidestepping: Implications for ACL injury. Clin. Biomech. 2005, 20, 863–870.
Jones, P.A.; Herrington, L.; Graham-Smith, P. Technique determinants of knee joint loads during cutting in female soccer players. Hum. Mov. Sci. 2015, 42, 203–211.
Fox, A.S. Change-of-Direction Biomechanics: Is What’s Best for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Prevention Also Best for Performance? Sports Med. 2018, 48, 1799–1807.
Pappas, E.; Nightingale, E.J.; Simic, M.; Ford, K.R.; Hewett, T.E.; Myer, G.D. Do exercises used in injury prevention programmes modify cutting task biomechanics? A systematic review with meta-analysis. Br. J. Sports Med. 2015, 49, 673–680.
Padua, D.A.; DiStefano, L.J.; Hewett, T.E.; Garrett, W.E.; Marshall, S.W.; Golden, G.M.; Shultz, S.J.; Sigward, S.M. National Athletic Trainers’ Association Position Statement: Prevention of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury. J. Athl. Train. 2018, 53, 5–19.
Dos’Santos, T.; Thomas, C.; Comfort, P.; Jones, P.A. The Effect of Training Interventions on Change of Direction Biomechanics Associated with Increased Anterior Cruciate Ligament Loading: A Scoping Review. Sports Med. 2019, 49, 1837–1859.
Lloyd, D.G.; Buchanan, T.S. Strategies of muscular support of varus and valgus isometric loads at the human knee. J. Biomech. 2001, 34, 1257–1267.
Fox, A.S.; Bonacci, J.; McLean, S.G.; Saunders, N. Efficacy of ACL injury risk screening methods in identifying high-risk landing patterns during a sport-specific task. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 2017, 27, 525–534.
Zahidi, N.N.M.; Ismail, S.I. Notational analysis of evasive agility skills executed by attacking ball carriers among elite rugby players of the 2015 Rugby World Cup. J. Movement Health Exerc. 2018, 7, 99–113.
Wheeler, K.W.; Askew, C.D.; Sayers, M.G. Effective attacking strategies in rugby union. Eur. J. Sports Sci. 2010, 10, 237–242.
Karcher, C.; Buchheit, M. On-court demands of elite handball, with special reference to playing positions. Sports Med. 2014, 44, 797–814.
Taylor, J.B.; Wright, A.A.; Dischiavi, S.L.; Townsend, M.A.; Marmon, A.R. Activity Demands During Multi-Directional Team Sports: A Systematic Review. Sports Med. 2017, 47, 2533–2551.
Dos’Santos, T.; McBurnie, A.; Thomas, C.; Comfort, P.; Jones, P.A. Biomechanical Comparison of Cutting Techniques: A Review and Practical Applications. Strength Cond. J. 2019, 41, 40–54.
Dos’Santos, T.; McBurnie, A.; Donelon, T.; Thomas, C.; Comfort, P.; Jones, P.A. A qualitative screening tool to identify athletes with “high-risk” movement mechanics during cutting: The cutting movement assessment score (CMAS). Phys. Ther. Sport 2019, 38, 152–161.
Bahr, R. Why screening tests to predict injury do not work and probably never will: A critical review. Br. J. Sports Med. 2016, 50, 776–780.
Fox, A.S.; Bonacci, J.; McLean, S.G.; Spittle, M.; Saunders, N. A systematic evaluation of field-based screening methods for the assessment of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk. Sports Med. 2016, 46, 715–735.
McCunn, R.; Aus der Fünten, K.; Fullagar, H.H.K.; McKeown, I.; Meyer, T. Reliability and association with injury of movement screens: A critical review. Sports Med. 2015, 46, 763–781.
Herrington, L.C.; Munro, A.G.; Jones, P.A. Assessment of factors associated with injury risk. In Performance Assessment in Strength and Conditioning; Comfort, P., McMahon, J.J., Jones, P.A., Eds.; Routledge: Abingdon, UK, 2018; pp. 53–95.
Mok, K.-M.; Leow, R.-S. Measurement of movement patterns to enhance ACL injury prevention-A dead end? J. Sports Med. Arthrosc. Rehabil. Technol. 2016, 5, 13–16.
McCunn, R.; Meyer, T. Screening for risk factors: If you liked it then you should have put a number on it. Br. J. Sports Med. 2016, 50, 1354.
Jones, P.A.; Herrington, L.; Graham-Smith, P. Technique determinants of knee abduction moments during pivoting in female soccer players. Clin. Biomech. 2016, 31, 107–112.
Sigward, S.M.; Cesar, G.M.; Havens, K.L. Predictors of frontal plane knee moments during side-step cutting to 45 and 110 degrees in men and women: Implications for anterior cruciate ligament injury. Clin. J. Sport Med. 2015, 25, 529–534.
Jamison, S.T.; Pan, X.; Chaudhari, A.M.W. Knee moments during run-to-cut maneuvers are associated with lateral trunk positioning. J. Biomech. 2012, 45, 1881–1885.
Frank, B.; Bell, D.R.; Norcross, M.F.; Blackburn, J.T.; Goerger, B.M.; Padua, D.A. Trunk and hip biomechanics influence anterior cruciate loading mechanisms in physically active participants. Am. J. Sports Med. 2013, 41, 2676–2683.
Donnelly, C.J.; Lloyd, D.G.; Elliott, B.C.; Reinbolt, J.A. Optimizing whole-body kinematics to minimize valgus knee loading during sidestepping: Implications for ACL injury risk. J. Biomech. 2012, 45, 1491–1497.
Dai, B.; William, E.G.; Michael, T.G.; Darin, A.P.; Robin, M.Q.; Bing, Y. The Effects of 2 Landing Techniques on Knee Kinematics, Kinetics, and Performance During Stop-Jump and Side-Cutting Tasks. Am. J. Sports Med. 2014, 43, 466–474.
Weir, G.; Alderson, J.; Smailes, N.; Elliott, B.; Donnelly, C. A Reliable Video-based ACL Injury Screening Tool for Female Team Sport Athletes. Int. J. Sports Med. 2019, 40, 191–199.
Sigward, S.M.; Powers, C.M. Loading characteristics of females exhibiting excessive valgus moments during cutting. Clin. Biomech. 2007, 22, 827–833.
Dos’Santos, T.; Thomas, C.; Comfort, P.; Jones, P.A. The effect of angle and velocity on change of direction biomechanics: An angle-velocity trade-off. Sports Med. 2018, 48, 2235–2253.
McBurnie, A.; Dos’ Santos, T.; Jones, P.A. Biomechanical Associates of Performance and Knee Joint Loads During an 70–90° Cutting Maneuver in Sub-Elite Soccer Players. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2019.
Kristianslund, E.; Krosshaug, T. Comparison of drop jumps and sport-specific sidestep cutting: Implications for anterior cruciate ligament injury risk screening. Am. J. Sports Med. 2013, 41, 684–688.
Chinnasee, C.; Weir, G.; Sasimontonkul, S.; Alderson, J.; Donnelly, C. A Biomechanical Comparison of Single-Leg Landing and Unplanned Sidestepping. Int. J. Sports Med. 2018, 39, 636–645.
Padua, D.A.; Marshall, S.W.; Boling, M.C.; Thigpen, C.A.; Garrett, W.E.; Beutler, A.I. The landing error scoring system (LESS) is a valid and reliable clinical assessment tool of jump-landing biomechanics the JUMP-ACL study. Am. J. Sports Med. 2009, 37, 1996–2002.
Herrington, L.; Munro, A. A preliminary investigation to establish the criterion validity of a qualitative scoring system of limb alignment during single-leg squat and landing. J. Exerc. Sports Orthop. 2014, 1, 1–6.
Jones, P.A.; Donelon, T.; Dos’ Santos, T. A preliminary investigation into a qualitative assessment tool to identify athletes with high knee abduction moments during cutting: Cutting Movement Assessment Score (CMAS). Prof. Strength Cond. 2017, 47, 37–42.
Nilstad, A.; Andersen, T.E.; Kristianslund, E.; Bahr, R.; Myklebust, G.; Steffen, K.; Krosshaug, T. Physiotherapists can identify female football players with high knee valgus angles during vertical drop jumps using real-time observational screening. J. Orthop. Sport Phys. 2014, 44, 358–365.
Smith, H.C.; Johnson, R.J.; Shultz, S.J.; Tourville, T.; Holterman, L.A.; Slauterbeck, J.; Vacek, P.M.; Beynnon, B.D. A prospective evaluation of the Landing Error Scoring System (LESS) as a screening tool for anterior cruciate ligament injury risk. Am. J. Sports Med. 2012, 40, 521–526.
Ekegren, C.L.; Miller, W.C.; Celebrini, R.G.; Eng, J.J.; Macintyre, D.L. Reliability and validity of observational risk screening in evaluating dynamic knee valgus. J. Orthop. Sport Phys. 2009, 39, 665–674.
Padua, D.A.; Boling, M.C.; DiStefano, L.J.; Onate, J.A.; Beutler, A.I.; Marshall, S.W. Reliability of the landing error scoring system-real time, a clinical assessment tool of jump-landing biomechanics. J. Sport Rehabil. 2011, 20, 145–156.
Myer, G.D.; Brent, J.L.; Ford, K.R.; Hewett, T.E. Real-time assessment and neuromuscular training feedback techniques to prevent ACL injury in female athletes. Strength Cond. J. 2011, 33, 21–35.
Myer, G.D.; Ford, K.R.; Hewett, T.E. Tuck jump assessment for reducing anterior cruciate ligament injury risk. Athl. Ther. Today J. Sports Health Care Prof. 2008, 13, 39–44.
Herrington, L.; Myer, G.D.; Munro, A. Intra and inter-tester reliability of the tuck jump assessment. Phys. Ther. Sport 2013, 14, 152–155.
Almangoush, A.; Herrington, L.; Jones, R. A preliminary reliability study of a qualitative scoring system of limb alignment during single leg squat. Phys. Ther. Rehabil. 2014, 1, 1–7.
Herrington, L.; Myer, G.; Horsley, I. Task based rehabilitation protocol for elite athletes following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A clinical commentary. Phys. Ther. Sport 2013, 14, 188–198.
Krosshaug, T.; Nakamae, A.; Boden, B.P.; Engebretsen, L.; Smith, G.; Slauterbeck, J.R.; Hewett, T.E.; Bahr, R. Mechanisms of anterior cruciate ligament injury in basketball video analysis of 39 cases. Am. J. Sports Med. 2007, 35, 359–367.
Hewett, T.E.; Torg, J.S.; Boden, B.P. Video analysis of trunk and knee motion during non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injury in female athletes: Lateral trunk and knee abduction motion are combined components of the injury mechanism. Br. J. Sports Med. 2009, 43, 417–422.
Alenezi, F.; Herrington, L.; Jones, P.; Jones, R. Relationships between lower limb biomechanics during single leg squat with running and cutting tasks: A preliminary investigation. Br. J. Sports Med. 2014, 48, 560–561.
Tanikawa, H.; Matsumoto, H.; Komiyama, I.; Kiriyama, Y.; Toyama, Y.; Nagura, T. Comparison of knee mechanics among risky athletic motions for noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injury. J. Appl. Biomech. 2013, 29, 749–755.
O’Connor, K.M.; Monteiro, S.K.; Hoelker, I.A. Comparison of selected lateral cutting activities used to assess ACL injury risk. J. Appl. Biomech. 2009, 25, 9–21.
Jones, P.A.; Herrington, L.C.; Munro, A.G.; Graham-Smith, P. Is there a relationship between landing, cutting, and pivoting tasks in terms of the characteristics of dynamic valgus? Am. J. Sports Med. 2014, 42, 2095–2102.
Munro, A.G.; Herrington, L.; Comfort, P. The Relationship Between 2-Dimensional Knee-Valgus Angles During Single-Leg Squat, Single-Leg-Land, and Drop-Jump Screening Tests. J. Sports Rehabil. 2017, 26, 72–77.
Dos’ Santos, T. Biomechanical Determinants of Injury Risk and Performance during Change of Direction: Implications for Screening and Intervention. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Salford, Salford, UK, 2020.
Dos’Santos, T.; McBurnie, A.; Comfort, P.; Jones, P.A. The Effects of Six-Weeks Change of Direction Speed and Technique Modification Training on Cutting Performance and Movement Quality in Male Youth Soccer Players. Sports 2019, 7, 205.
Dowling, A.V.; Corazza, S.; Chaudhari, A.M.; Andriacchi, T.P. Shoe-surface friction influences movement strategies during a sidestep cutting task: Implications for anterior cruciate ligament injury risk. Am. J. Sports Med. 2010, 38, 478–485.
Dowling, A.V.; Andriacchi, T.P. Role of Shoe–Surface Interaction and Noncontact ACL Injuries. In ACL Injuries in the Female Athlete; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2012; pp. 85–108.
Pedroza, A.; Fernandez, S.; Heidt, J.R.; Kaeding, C. Evaluation of the shoe-surface interaction using an agility maneuver. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2010, 42, 1754–1759.
Andrews, J.R.; McLeod, W.D.; Ward, T.; Howard, K. The cutting mechanism. Am. J. Sports Med. 1977, 5, 111–121.
Dos’ Santos, T.; Thomas, C.; Comfort, P.; Jones, P.A. The Role of the Penultimate Foot Contact During Change of Direction: Implications on Performance and Risk of Injury. Strength Cond. J. 2019, 41, 87–104.
Graham-Smith, P.; Rumpf, M.; Jones, P.A. Assessment of Deceleration Ability and Relationship to Approach Speed and Eccentric Strength. ISBS Proc. Arch. 2018, 36, 8.
Grassi, A.; Smiley, S.P.; Roberti di Sarsina, T.; Signorelli, C.; Marcheggiani Muccioli, G.M.; Bondi, A.; Romagnoli, M.; Agostini, A.; Zaffagnini, S. Mechanisms and situations of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in professional male soccer players: A YouTube-based video analysis. Eur. J. Orthop. Surg. Traumatol. 2017, 27, 697–981.
Havens, K.L.; Sigward, S.M. Whole body mechanics differ among running and cutting maneuvers in skilled athletes. Gait Posture 2014, 42, 240–245.
Inaba, Y.; Yoshioka, S.; Iida, Y.; Hay, D.C.; Fukashiro, S. A biomechanical study of side steps at different distances. J. Appl. Biomech. 2013, 29, 336–345.
Golden, G.M.; Pavol, M.J.; Hoffman, M.A. Knee joint kinematics and kinetics during a lateral false-step maneuver. J. Athl. Train. 2009, 44, 503–510.
McLean, S.G.; Lipfert, S.W.; Van den Bogert, A.J. Effect of gender and defensive opponent on the biomechanics of sidestep cutting. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2004, 36, 1008–1016.
Nyland, J.; Caborn, D.N.M.; Shapiro, R.; Johnson, D.L.; Fang, H. Hamstring extensibility and transverse plane knee control relationship in athletic women. Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc. 1999, 7, 257–261.
Loudon, J.K.; Jenkins, W.; Loudon, K.L. The relationship between static posture and ACL injury in female athletes. J. Orthop. Sport Phys. 1996, 24, 91–97.
Ford, K.R.; Myer, G.D.; Toms, H.E.; Hewett, T.E. Gender differences in the kinematics of unanticipated cutting in young athletes. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2005, 37, 124–129.
Dempster, W.T. Space Requirements of the Seated Operator: Geometrical, Kinematic, and Mechanical Aspects of the Body, with Special Reference to the Limbs. Michigan State Univ East Lansing. 1955. Available online: (accessed on 6 April 2021).
Mendiguchia, J.; Ford, K.R.; Quatman, C.E.; Alentorn-Geli, E.; Hewett, T.E. Sex differences in proximal control of the knee joint. Sports Med. 2011, 41, 541–557.
Hewett, T.E.; Myer, G.D. The mechanistic connection between the trunk, knee, and anterior cruciate ligament injury. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 2011, 39, 161.
Zazulak, B.T.; Hewett, T.E.; Reeves, N.P.; Goldberg, B.; Cholewicki, J. The effects of core proprioception on knee injury: A prospective biomechanical-epidemiological study. Am. J. Sports Med. 2007, 35, 368–373.
Zazulak, B.T.; Hewett, T.E.; Reeves, N.P.; Goldberg, B.; Cholewicki, J. Deficits in Neuromuscular Control of the Trunk Predict Knee Injury Risk: Prospective Biomechanical-Epidemiologic Study. Am. J. Sports Med. 2007, 35, 1123–1130.
Marshall, B.M.; Franklyn-Miller, A.D.; King, E.A.; Moran, K.A.; Strike, S.; Falvey, A. Biomechanical factors associated with time to complete a change of direction cutting maneuver. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2014, 28, 2845–2851.
David, S.; Mundt, M.; Komnik, I.; Potthast, W. Understanding cutting maneuvers–The mechanical consequence of preparatory strategies and foot strike pattern. Hum. Mov. Sci. 2018, 62, 202–210.
Sheehan, F.T.; Sipprell Iii, W.H.; Boden, B.P. Dynamic sagittal plane trunk control during anterior cruciate ligament injury. Am. J. Sports Med. 2012, 40, 1068–1074.
Shimokochi, Y.; Ambegaonkar, J.P.; Meyer, E.G.; Lee, S.Y.; Shultz, S.J. Changing sagittal plane body position during single-leg landings influences the risk of non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injury. Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc. 2013, 21, 888–897.
Yu, B.; Lin, C.-F.; Garrett, W.E. Lower extremity biomechanics during the landing of a stop-jump task. Clin. Biomech. 2006, 21, 297–305.
Sigward, S.M.; Pollard, C.D. Proximal Risk Factors for ACL Injury: Role of the Hip Joint and Musculature. In ACL Injuries in the Female Athlete; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2018; pp. 207–223.
Pollard, C.D.; Sigward, S.M.; Powers, C.M. Limited hip and knee flexion during landing is associated with increased frontal plane knee motion and moments. Clin. Biomech. 2010, 25, 142–146.
Yeow, C.H.; Lee, P.V.S.; Goh, J.C.H. Non-linear flexion relationships of the knee with the hip and ankle, and their relative postures during landing. Knee 2011, 18, 323–328.
Nguyen, A.-D.; Taylor, J.B.; Wimbish, T.G.; Keith, J.L.; Ford, K.R. Preferred Hip Strategy During Landing Reduces Knee Abduction Moment in Collegiate Female Soccer Players. J. Sport Rehabil. 2018, 27, 213–217.
Powers, C.M. The influence of abnormal hip mechanics on knee injury: A biomechanical perspective. J. Orthop. Sport Phys. 2010, 40, 42–51.
Markolf, K.L.; Gorek, J.F.; Kabo, J.M.; Shapiro, M.S. Direct measurement of resultant forces in the anterior cruciate ligament. An in vitro study performed with a new experimental technique. J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am. 1990, 72, 557–567.
Withrow, T.J.; Huston, L.J.; Wojtys, E.M.; Ashton-Miller, J.A. The relationship between quadriceps muscle force, knee flexion, and anterior cruciate ligament strain in an in vitro simulated jump landing. Am. J. Sports Med. 2006, 34, 269–274.
Beynnon, B.D.; Fleming, B.C.; Johnson, R.J.; Nichols, C.E.; Renström, P.A.; Pope, M.H. Anterior cruciate ligament strain behavior during rehabilitation exercises in vivo. Am. J. Sports Med. 1995, 23, 24–34.
Beynnon, B.; Howe, J.; Pope, M.H.; Johnson, R.J.; Fleming, B. The measurement of anterior cruciate ligament strain in vivo. Int. Orthop. 1992, 16, 1–12.
Leppänen, M.; Pasanen, K.; Kujala, U.M.; Vasankari, T.; Kannus, P.; Äyrämö, S.; Krosshaug, T.; Bahr, R.; Avela, J.; Perttunen, J. Stiff landings are associated with increased ACL injury risk in young female basketball and floorball players. Am. J. Sports Med. 2017, 45, 386–393.
Devita, P.; Skelly, W.A. Effect of landing stiffness on joint kinetics and energetics in the lower extremity. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 1992, 24, 108–115.
Zhang, S.-N.; Bates, B.T.; Dufek, J.S. Contributions of lower extremity joints to energy dissipation during landings. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2000, 32, 812–819.
Donnelly, C.J.; Chinnasee, C.; Weir, G.; Sasimontonkul, S.; Alderson, J. Joint dynamics of rear-and fore-foot unplanned sidestepping. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2017, 20, 32–37.
Cortes, N.; Morrison, S.; Van Lunen, B.L.; Onate, J.A. Landing technique affects knee loading and position during athletic tasks. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2012, 15, 175–181.
David, S.; Komnik, I.; Peters, M.; Funken, J.; Potthast, W. Identification and risk estimation of movement strategies during cutting maneuvers. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2017, 20, 1075–1080.
Yoshida, N.; Kunugi, S.; Mashimo, S.; Okuma, Y.; Masunari, A.; Miyazaki, S.; Hisajima, T.; Miyakawa, S. Effect of forefoot strike on lower extremity muscle activity and knee joint angle during cutting in female team handball players. Sports Med. Open 2016, 2, 32.
Burkhart, B.; Ford, K.R.; Myer, G.D.; Heidt, R.S., Jr.; Hewett, T.E. Anterior cruciate ligament tear in an athlete: Does increased heel loading contribute to ACL rupture? N. Am. J. Sports Phys. Ther. NAJSPT 2008, 3, 141–144.
Hewit, J.; Cronin, J.; Button, C.; Hume, P. Understanding deceleration in sport. Strength Cond. J. 2011, 33, 47–52.
O’Connor, J.J. Can muscle co-contraction protect knee ligaments after injury or repair? J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am. 1993, 75, 41–48.
Fleming, B.C.; Renstrom, P.A.; Ohlen, G.; Johnson, R.J.; Peura, G.D.; Beynnon, B.D.; Badger, G.J. The gastrocnemius muscle is an antagonist of the anterior cruciate ligament. J. Orthop. Res. 2001, 19, 1178–1184.
Adouni, M.; Shirazi-Adl, A.; Marouane, H. Role of gastrocnemius activation in knee joint biomechanics: Gastrocnemius acts as an ACL antagonist. Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng. 2016, 19, 376–385.
Hewett, T.E. Response to: ‘Why screening tests to predict injury do not work -and probably never will…: A critical review’. Br. J. Sports Med. 2016, 50, 1353.
Benjaminse, A.; Gokeler, A.; Dowling, A.V.; Faigenbaum, A.; Ford, K.R.; Hewett, T.E.; Onate, J.A.; Otten, B.; Myer, G.D. Optimization of the anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention paradigm: Novel feedback techniques to enhance motor learning and reduce injury risk. J. Orthop. Sport Phys. 2015, 45, 170–182.
Herrington, L.C.; Comfort, P. Training for prevention of ACL injury: Incorporation of progressive landing skill challenges into a program. Strength Cond. J. 2013, 35, 59–65.