Graphene-Based Nanomaterials for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: Comparison
Please note this is a comparison between Version 2 by Bruce Ren and Version 1 by Jingkun Tian.

The global energy crisis and environmental problems are becoming increasingly serious. It is now urgent to vigorously develop an efficient energy storage system. Lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) are considered to be one of the most promising candidates for next-generation energy storage systems due to their high energy density. Sulfur is abundant on Earth, low-cost, and environmentally friendly, which is consistent with the characteristics of new clean energy. Although LSBs possess numerous advantages, they still suffer from numerous problems such as the dissolution and diffusion of sulfur intermediate products during the discharge process, the expansion of the electrode volume, and so on, which severely limit their further development. Graphene is a two-dimensional crystal material with a single atomic layer thickness and honeycomb bonding structure formed by sp2 hybridization of carbon atoms. Since its discovery in 2004, graphene has attracted worldwide attention due to its excellent physical and chemical properties. 

  • graphene
  • lithium-sulfur battery
  • cathode
  • polysulfide
  • composites
Please wait, diff process is still running!

References

  1. Chu, S.; Cui, Y.; Liu, N. The Path Towards Sustainable Energy. Nat. Mater. 2016, 16, 16–22.
  2. Goodenough, J.B.; Park, K.S. The Li-ion Rechargeable Battery: A Perspective. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 1167–1176.
  3. Kim, T.; Song, W.; Son, D.Y.; Ono, L.K.; Qi, Y. Lithium-ion Batteries: Outlook on Present, Future, and Hybridized Technologies. J. Mater. Chem. A 2019, 7, 2942–2964.
  4. Nitta, N.; Wu, F.; Lee, J.T.; Yushin, G. Li-ion Battery Materials: Present and Future. Mater. Today 2015, 18, 252–264.
  5. Whittingham, M.S. Lithium Batteries and Cathode Materials. Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 4271–4302.
  6. Bruce, P.G.; Freunberger, S.A.; Hardwick, L.J.; Tarascon, J.M. Erratum: Li–O2 and Li–S Batteries with High Energy Storage. Nat. Mater. 2011, 11, 172.
  7. Song, M.K.; Cairns, E.J.; Zhang, Y. Lithium/Sulfur Batteries with High Specific Energy: Old Challenges and New Opportunities. Nanoscale 2013, 5, 2186–2204.
  8. Wang, D.W.; Zeng, Q.; Zhou, G.; Yin, L.; Li, F.; Cheng, H.M.; Gentle, I.R.; Lu, G.Q.M. Carbon–Sulfur Composites for Li–S Batteries: Status and Prospects. J. Mater. Chem. A 2013, 1.
  9. Zhang, S.S. Liquid Electrolyte Lithium/Sulfur Battery: Fundamental Chemistry, Problems, and Solutions. J. Power Sour. 2013, 231, 153–162.
  10. Xu, J.; Zhou, K.; Chen, F.; Chen, W.; Wei, X.; Liu, X.W.; Liu, J. Natural Integrated Carbon Architecture for Rechargeable Lithium–Sulfur Batteries. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2016, 4, 666–670.
  11. Huang, J.Q.; Zhuang, T.Z.; Zhang, Q.; Peng, H.J.; Chen, C.M.; Wei, F. Permselective Graphene Oxide Membrane for Highly Stable and Anti-Self-Discharge Lithium–Sulfur Batteries. ACS Nano 2015, 9, 3002–3011.
  12. Jin, F.; Xiao, S.; Lu, L.; Wang, Y. Efficient Activation of High-Loading Sulfur by Small CNTs Confined Inside a Large CNT for High-Capacity and High-Rate Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. Nano Lett. 2016, 16, 440–447.
  13. Li, B.; Li, S.; Xu, J.; Yang, S. A New Configured Lithiated Silicon–Sulfur Battery Built on 3D Graphene with Superior Electrochemical Performances. Energy Environ. Sci. 2016, 9, 2025–2030.
  14. Liang, C.; Dudney, N.J.; Howe, J.Y. Hierarchically Structured Sulfur/Carbon Nanocomposite Material for High-Energy Lithium Battery. Chem. Mater. 2009, 21, 4724–4730.
  15. Jayaprakash, N.; Shen, J.; Moganty, S.S.; Corona, A.; Archer, L.A. Porous Hollow Composites for High-Power Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2011, 50, 5904–5908.
  16. Fang, R.; Li, G.; Zhao, S.; Yin, L.; Du, K.; Hou, P.; Wang, S.; Cheng, H.M.; Liu, C.; Li, F. Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Network Enabled Ultrahigh Sulfur-Content Electrodes for High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. Nano Energy 2017, 42, 205–214.
  17. Xu, J.; Shui, J.; Wang, J.; Wang, M.; Liu, H.K.; Dou, S.X.; Jeon, I.Y.; Seo, J.M.; Baek, J.B.; Dai, L. Sulfur-Graphene Nanostructured Cathodes via Ball-Milling for High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. ACS Nano 2014, 8, 10920–10930.
  18. Chong, W.G.; Huang, J.Q.; Xu, Z.L.; Qin, X.; Wang, X.; Kim, J.K. Lithium-Sulfur Battery Cable Made from Ultralight, Flexible Graphene/Carbon Nanotube/Sulfur Composite Fibers. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2017, 27.
  19. Hwa, Y.; Seo, H.K.; Yuk, J.M.; Cairns, E.J. Freeze-Dried Sulfur-Graphene Oxide-Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposite for High Sulfur-Loading Lithium/Sulfur Cells. Nano Lett. 2017, 17, 7086–7094.
  20. Ji, X.; Lee, K.T.; Nazar, L.F. A Highly Ordered Nanostructured Carbon-Sulphur Cathode for Lithium-Sulphur Batteries. Nat. Mater. 2009, 8, 500–506.
  21. Geim, A.K.; Novoselov, K.S. The Rise of Graphene. In Nanoscience and Technology; Macmillan Publishers Ltd.: Basingstoke, UK, 2009; pp. 11–19.
  22. Chen, F.; Tao, N.J. Electron Transport in Single Molecules: From Benzene to Graphene. Acc. Chem. Res. 2009, 42, 429–438.
  23. Bolotin, K.I.; Sikes, K.J.; Jiang, Z.; Klima, M.; Fudenberg, G.; Hone, J.; Kim, P.; Stormer, H.L. Ultrahigh Electron Mobility in Suspended Graphene. Solid State Commun. 2008, 146, 351–355.
  24. Stoller, M.D.; Park, S.; Zhu, Y.; An, J.; Ruoff, R.S. Graphene-Based Ultracapacitors. Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 3498–3502.
  25. Novoselov, K.S.; Jiang, D.; Schedin, F.; Booth, T.J.; Khotkevich, V.V.; Morozov, S.V.; Geim, A.K. Two-Dimensional Atomic Crystals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2005, 102, 10451.
  26. Pang, Q.; Liang, X.; Kwok, C.Y.; Nazar, L.F. Advances in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries Based on Multifunctional Cathodes and Electrolytes. Nat. Energy 2016, 1.
  27. Yang, L.; Li, Q.; Wang, Y.; Chen, Y.; Guo, X.; Wu, Z.; Chen, G.; Zhong, B.; Xiang, W.; Zhong, Y. A Review of Cathode Materials in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. Ionics 2020, 26, 5299–5318.
  28. Li, F.; Liu, Q.; Hu, J.; Feng, Y.; He, P.; Ma, J. Recent Advances in Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. Nanoscale 2019, 11, 15418–15439.
  29. Shao, Q.; Wu, Z.S.; Chen, J. Two-Dimensional Materials for Advanced Li-S Batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 2019, 22, 284–310.
  30. Dai, C.; Sun, G.; Hu, L.; Xiao, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Qu, L. Recent Progress in Graphene-Based Electrodes for Flexible Batteries. InfoMat 2019, 2, 509–526.
  31. Fang, R.; Chen, K.; Yin, L.; Sun, Z.; Li, F.; Cheng, H.M. The Regulating Role of Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene in Lithium-Ion and Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, e1800863.
  32. Wu, S.; Ge, R.; Lu, M.; Xu, R.; Zhang, Z. Graphene-Based Nano-Materials for Lithium–Sulfur Battery and Sodium-ion Battery. Nano Energy 2015, 15, 379–405.
  33. Sun, C.; Liu, Y.; Sheng, J.; Huang, Q.; Lv, W.; Zhou, G.; Cheng, H.M. Status and Prospects of Porous Graphene Networks for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries. Mater. Horiz. 2020, 7, 2487–2518.
  34. Novoselov, K.S.; Geim, A.K.; Morozov, S.V.; Jiang, D.; Zhang, Y.; Dubonos, S.V.; Grigorieva, I.V.; Firsov, A.A. Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films. Science 2004, 306, 666.
  35. Zhao, Y.; Feng, J.; Liu, X.; Wang, F.; Wang, L.; Shi, C.; Huang, L.; Feng, X.; Chen, X.; Xu, L.; et al. Self-Adaptive Strain-Relaxation Optimization for High-Energy Lithium Storage Material through Crumpling of Graphene. Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 4565.
  36. Lin, T.; Tang, Y.; Wang, Y.; Bi, H.; Liu, Z.; Huang, F.; Xie, X.; Jiang, M. Scotch-Tape-Like Exfoliation of Graphite Assisted with Elemental Sulfur and Graphene–Sulfur Composites for High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. Energy Environ. Sci. 2013, 6.
  37. Zhang, Y.; Gao, Z.; Song, N.; He, J.; Li, X. Graphene and Its Derivatives in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries. Mater. Today Energy 2018, 9, 319–335.
  38. Yoo, S.; Lee, J.; Kim, J.M.; Seong, C.Y.; Seong, K.D.; Piao, Y. Well-Dispersed Sulfur Wrapped in Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanoscroll as Cathode Material for Lithium–Sulfur Battery. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2016, 780, 19–25.
  39. Huang, J.Q.; Liu, X.F.; Zhang, Q.; Chen, C.M.; Zhao, M.Q.; Zhang, S.M.; Zhu, W.; Qian, W.Z.; Wei, F. Entrapment of Sulfur in Hierarchical Porous Graphene for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries with High Rate Performance from −40 to 60°C. Nano Energy 2013, 2, 314–321.
  40. Liu, Y.; Wang, X.; Dong, Y.; Tang, Y.; Wang, L.; Jia, D.; Zhao, Z.; Qiu, J. Self-Assembled Sulfur/Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanoribbon Paper as a Free-Standing Electrode for High Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. Chem. Commun. 2016, 52, 12825–12828.
  41. Chen, H.; Wang, C.; Dai, Y.; Qiu, S.; Yang, J.; Lu, W.; Chen, L. Rational Design of Cathode Structure for High Rate Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. Nano Lett. 2015, 15, 5443–5448.
  42. Yang, J.; Shan, X.; Guo, Z.; Duan, L.; Zhang, X.; Lü, W. A Facile Synthetic Strategy of Free-Standing Holey Graphene Paper as Sulfur Host for High-Performance Flexible Lithium Sulfur Batteries. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2020, 876.
  43. Wang, C.; Wang, X.; Wang, Y.; Chen, J.; Zhou, H.; Huang, Y. Macroporous Free-Standing Nano-Sulfur/Reduced Graphene Oxide Paper as Stable Cathode for Lithium-Sulfur Battery. Nano Energy 2015, 11, 678–686.
  44. Cao, J.; Chen, C.; Zhao, Q.; Zhang, N.; Lu, Q.; Wang, X.; Niu, Z.; Chen, J. A Flexible Nanostructured Paper of a Reduced Graphene Oxide-Sulfur Composite for High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries with Unconventional Configurations. Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 9629–9636.
  45. Zhou, G.; Pei, S.; Li, L.; Wang, D.W.; Wang, S.; Huang, K.; Yin, L.C.; Li, F.; Cheng, H.M. A Graphene-Pure-Sulfur Sandwich Structure for Ultrafast, Long-Life Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 625–631, 664.
  46. Li, Y.; Guan, Q.; Cheng, J.; Wang, B. Ultrafine Nanosulfur Particles Sandwiched in Little Oxygen-Functionalized Graphene Layers as Cathodes for High Rate and Long-Life Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. Nanotechnology 2020, 31, 245404.
  47. Papandrea, B.; Xu, X.; Xu, Y.; Chen, C.Y.; Lin, Z.; Wang, G.; Luo, Y.; Liu, M.; Huang, Y.; Mai, L.; et al. Three-Dimensional Graphene Framework with Ultra-High Sulfur Content for a Robust Lithium–Sulfur Battery. Nano Res. 2016, 9, 240–248.
  48. Fang, R.; Zhao, S.; Pei, S.; Qian, X.; Hou, P.X.; Cheng, H.M.; Liu, C.; Li, F. Toward More Reliable Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: An All-Graphene Cathode Structure. ACS Nano 2016, 10, 8676–8682.
  49. Xu, G.; Yuan, J.; Geng, X.; Dou, H.; Chen, L.; Yan, X.; Zhu, H. Caterpillar-Like Graphene Confining Sulfur by Restacking Effect for High Performance Lithium Sulfur Batteries. Chem. Eng. J. 2017, 322, 454–462.
  50. Xu, H.; Deng, Y.; Shi, Z.; Qian, Y.; Meng, Y.; Chen, G. Graphene-Encapsulated Sulfur (GES) Composites with a Core–Shell Structure as Superior Cathode Materials for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 2013, 1.
  51. Yeon, J.S.; Yun, S.; Park, J.M.; Park, H.S. Surface-Modified Sulfur Nanorods Immobilized on Radially Assembled Open-Porous Graphene Microspheres for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. ACS Nano 2019, 13, 5163–5171.
  52. He, Y.; Bai, S.; Chang, Z.; Li, Q.; Qiao, Y.; Zhou, H. Porous Hybrid Aerogels with Ultrahigh Sulfur Loading for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 2018, 6, 9032–9040.
  53. Cavallo, C.; Agostini, M.; Genders, J.P.; Abdelhamid, M.E.; Matic, A. A Free-Standing Reduced Graphene Oxide Aerogel as Supporting Electrode in a Fluorine-Free Li2S8 Catholyte Li-S Battery. J. Power Sour. 2019, 416, 111–117.
  54. Cui, M.; Zheng, Z.; Wang, J.; Wang, Y.; Zhao, X.; Ma, R.; Liu, J. Rational Design of Lithium-Sulfur Battery Cathodes Based on Differential Atom Electronegativity. Energy Storage Mater. 2021, 35, 577–585.
  55. Rehman, S.; Guo, S.; Hou, Y. Rational Design of Si/SiO2 @Hierarchical Porous Carbon Spheres as Efficient Polysulfide Reservoirs for High-Performance Li-S Battery. Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 3167–3172.
  56. Fan, F.Y.; Chiang, Y.M. Electrodeposition Kinetics in Li-S Batteries: Effects of Low Electrolyte/Sulfur Ratios and Deposition Surface Composition. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2017, 164, A917–A922.
  57. Chen, X.; Yuan, L.; Hao, Z.; Liu, X.; Xiang, J.; Zhang, Z.; Huang, Y.; Xie, J. Free-Standing Mn3O4@CNF/S Paper Cathodes with High Sulfur Loading for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2018, 10, 13406–13412.
  58. Ni, L.; Wu, Z.; Zhao, G.; Sun, C.; Zhou, C.; Gong, X.; Diao, G. Core-Shell Structure and Interaction Mechanism of Gamma-MnO2 Coated Sulfur for Improved Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. Small 2017, 13.
  59. Hu, B.; Mai, L.; Chen, W.; Yang, F. From MoO3 Nanobelts to MoO2 Nanorods: Structure Transformation and Electrical Transport. ACS Nano 2009, 3, 478–482.
  60. Al Salem, H.; Babu, G.; Rao, C.V.; Arava, L.M. Electrocatalytic Polysulfide Traps for Controlling Redox Shuttle Process of Li-S Batteries. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 11542–11545.
  61. He, Y.B.; Liu, M.; Xu, Z.L.; Zhang, B.; Li, B.; Kang, F.; Kim, J.K. Li-ion Reaction to Improve the Rate Performance of Nanoporous Anatase TiO2 Anodes. Energy Technol. 2013, 1, 668–674.
  62. Tang, C.; Li, B.Q.; Zhang, Q.; Zhu, L.; Wang, H.F.; Shi, J.L.; Wei, F. CaO-Templated Growth of Hierarchical Porous Graphene for High-Power Lithium-Sulfur Battery Applications. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2016, 26, 577–585.
  63. Zheng, C.; Niu, S.; Lv, W.; Zhou, G.; Li, J.; Fan, S.; Deng, Y.; Pan, Z.; Li, B.; Kang, F.; et al. Propelling Polysulfides Transformation for High-Rate and Long-Life Lithium–Sulfur Batteries. Nano Energy 2017, 33, 306–312.
  64. Choi, S.; Seo, D.H.; Kaiser, M.R.; Zhang, C.; van der laan, T.; Han, Z.J.; Bendavid, A.; Guo, X.; Yick, S.; Murdock, A.T.; et al. WO3 Nanolayer Coated 3D-Graphene/Sulfur Composites for High Performance Lithium/Sulfur Batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 2019, 7, 4596–4603.
  65. Wei, H.; Ding, Y.; Li, H.; Zhang, Q.; Hu, N.; Wei, L.; Yang, Z. MoS2 Quantum Dots Decorated Reduced Graphene Oxide as a Sulfur Host for Advanced Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. Electrochim. Acta 2019, 327.
  66. Lin, H.; Yang, L.; Jiang, X.; Li, G.; Zhang, T.; Yao, Q.; Zheng, G.W.; Lee, J.Y. Electrocatalysis of Polysulfide Conversion by Sulfur-Deficient MoS2 Nanoflakes for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries. Energy Environ. Sci. 2017, 10, 1476–1486.
  67. Park, S.K.; Lee, H.J.; Lee, M.H.; Park, H.S. Hierarchically Structured Reduced Graphene Oxide/WO3 Frameworks for an Application into Lithium ion Battery Anodes. Chem. Eng. J. 2015, 281, 724–729.
  68. Guan, X.H.; Zhang, Z.W.; Yang, L.; Wang, G.S. One-Pot Hydrothermal Synthesis of Hexagonal WO3 Nanorods/Graphene Composites as High-Performance Electrodes for Supercapacitors. Chempluschem 2017, 82, 1174–1181.
  69. Wu, X.; Yao, S. Flexible Electrode Materials Based on WO3 Nanotube Bundles for High Performance Energy Storage Devices. Nano Energy 2017, 42, 143–150.
  70. Liu, X.; Huang, J.Q.; Zhang, Q.; Mai, L. Nanostructured Metal Oxides and Sulfides for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29.
  71. Song, Y.; Zhao, W.; Zhu, X.; Zhang, L.; Li, Q.; Ding, F.; Liu, Z.; Sun, J. Vanadium Dioxide-Graphene Composite with Ultrafast Anchoring Behavior of Polysulfides for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2018, 10, 15733–15741.
  72. Feng, Y.; Liu, H.; Zhao, F.; Liu, Y.; Li, J.; Liu, X. Simultaneous Defect-Engineered and Thiol Modified of MoO2 for Improved Catalytic Activity in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: A Study of Synergistic Polysulfide Adsorption-Conversion Function. Chem. Eng. J. 2021, 409.
  73. Deng, C.; Wang, Z.; Wang, S.; Yu, J. Inhibition of Polysulfide Diffusion in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries: Mechanism and Improvement Strategies. J. Mater. Chem. A 2019, 7, 12381–12413.
  74. Liu, D.; Zhang, C.; Zhou, G.; Lv, W.; Ling, G.; Zhi, L.; Yang, Q.H. Catalytic Effects in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: Promoted Sulfur Transformation and Reduced Shuttle Effect. Adv. Sci. 2018, 5, 1700270.
  75. Rout, C.S.; Kim, B.H.; Xu, X.; Yang, J.; Jeong, H.Y.; Odkhuu, D.; Park, N.; Cho, J.; Shin, H.S. Synthesis and Characterization of Patronite Form of Vanadium Sulfide on Graphitic Layer. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 8720–8725.
  76. Huo, H.; Zhao, Y.; Xu, C. 3D Ni3S2 Nanosheet Arrays Supported on Ni Foam for High-Performance Supercapacitor and Non-Enzymatic Glucose Detection. J. Mater. Chem. A 2014, 2.
  77. Yuan, Z.; Peng, H.J.; Hou, T.Z.; Huang, J.Q.; Chen, C.M.; Wang, D.W.; Cheng, X.B.; Wei, F.; Zhang, Q. Powering Lithium-Sulfur Battery Performance by Propelling Polysulfide Redox at Sulfiphilic Hosts. Nano Lett. 2016, 16, 519–527.
  78. Chang, K.; Mei, Z.; Wang, T.; Kang, Q.; Ouyang, S.; Ye, J. MoS2/Graphene Cocatalyst for Efficient Photocatalytic H2 Evolution under Visible Light Irradiation. ACS Nano 2014, 8, 7078–7087.
  79. Kibsgaard, J.; Chen, Z.; Reinecke, B.N.; Jaramillo, T.F. Engineering the Surface Structure of MoS2 to Preferentially Expose Active Edge Sites for Electrocatalysis. Nat. Mater. 2012, 11, 963–969.
  80. Kiriya, D.; Lobaccaro, P.; Nyein, H.Y.; Taheri, P.; Hettick, M.; Shiraki, H.; Sutter-Fella, C.M.; Zhao, P.; Gao, W.; Maboudian, R.; et al. General Thermal Texturization Process of MoS2 for Efficient Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. Nano Lett. 2016, 16, 4047–4053.
  81. Asadi, M.; Kumar, B.; Liu, C.; Phillips, P.; Yasaei, P.; Behranginia, A.; Zapol, P.; Klie, R.F.; Curtiss, L.A.; Salehi-Khojin, A. Cathode Based on Molybdenum Disulfide Nanoflakes for Lithium-Oxygen Batteries. ACS Nano 2016, 10, 2167–2175.
  82. Tang, W.; Goh, B.M.; Hu, M.Y.; Wan, C.; Tian, B.; Deng, X.; Peng, C.; Lin, M.; Hu, J.Z.; Loh, K.P. In Situ Raman and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study of Trapped Lithium in the Solid Electrolyte Interface of Reduced Graphene Oxide. J. Phys. Chem. C 2016, 120, 2600–2608.
  83. Guo, D.; Zhang, Z.; Xi, B.; Yu, Z.; Zhou, Z.; Chen, X.a. Ni3S2 Anchored to N/S Co-Doped Reduced Graphene Oxide with Highly Pleated Structure as a Sulfur Host for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 2020, 8, 3834–3844.
  84. Zhou, G.; Zhao, Y.; Manthiram, A. Dual-Confined Flexible Sulfur Cathodes Encapsulated in Nitrogen-Doped Double-Shelled Hollow Carbon Spheres and Wrapped with Graphene for Li-S Batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 2015, 5.
  85. Park, S.K.; Lee, J.; Hwang, T.; Piao, Y. Sulfur-Loaded Monodisperse Carbon Nanocapsules Anchored on Graphene Nanosheets as Cathodes for High Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 2017, 5, 975–981.
  86. Thieme, S.; Brückner, J.; Bauer, I.; Oschatz, M.; Borchardt, L.; Althues, H.; Kaskel, S. High Capacity Micro-Mesoporous Carbon–Sulfur Nanocomposite Cathodes with Enhanced Cycling Stability Prepared by a Solvent-Free Procedure. J. Mater. Chem. A 2013, 1.
  87. Su, F.Y.; He, Y.B.; Li, B.; Chen, X.C.; You, C.H.; Wei, W.; Lv, W.; Yang, Q.H.; Kang, F. Could Graphene Construct an Effective Conducting Network in a High-Power Lithium ion Battery? Nano Energy 2012, 1, 429–439.
  88. Wei, W.; Lv, W.; Wu, M.B.; Su, F.Y.; He, Y.B.; Li, B.; Kang, F.; Yang, Q.H. The Effect of Graphene Wrapping on the Performance of LiFePO4 for a Lithium ion Battery. Carbon 2013, 57, 530–533.
  89. Zhang, Q.; Huang, J.Q.; Qian, W.Z.; Zhang, Y.Y.; Wei, F. The Road for Nanomaterials Industry: A Review of Carbon Nanotube Production, Post-Treatment, and Bulk Applications for Composites and Energy Storage. Small 2013, 9, 1237–1265.
  90. Zhang, S.M.; Zhang, Q.; Huang, J.Q.; Liu, X.F.; Zhu, W.; Zhao, M.Q.; Qian, W.Z.; Wei, F. Composite Cathodes Containing Coaxial Nanocables: Facile Synthesis, Surface Modification, and Enhanced Performance for Li-Ion Storage. Part. Part. Syst. Charact. 2013, 30, 158–165.
  91. Zhao, M.Q.; Liu, X.F.; Zhang, Q.; Tian, G.L.; Huang, J.Q.; Zhu, W.; Wei, F. Graphene/Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Hybrids: One-Step Catalytic Growth and Applications for High-Rate Li–S Batteries. ACS Nano 2012, 6, 10759–10769.
  92. Peng, H.J.; Huang, J.Q.; Zhao, M.Q.; Zhang, Q.; Cheng, X.B.; Liu, X.Y.; Qian, W.Z.; Wei, F. Nanoarchitectured Graphene/ Carbon with Extraordinary Electrical Conductivity and Interconnected Micro/Mesopores for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2014, 24, 2772–2781.
  93. Zhu, L.; Peng, H.J.; Liang, J.; Huang, J.Q.; Chen, C.M.; Guo, X.; Zhu, W.; Li, P.; Zhang, Q. Interconnected Carbon Nanotube/Graphene Nanosphere Scaffolds as Free-Standing Paper Electrode for High-Rate and Ultra-Stable Lithium–Sulfur Batteries. Nano Energy 2015, 11, 746–755.
  94. Su, D.; Cortie, M.; Wang, G. Fabrication of N-Doped Graphene-Carbon Nanotube Hybrids from Prussian Blue for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 2017, 7.
  95. He, J.; Chen, Y.; Li, P.; Fu, F.; Wang, Z.; Zhang, W. Three-Dimensional CNT/Graphene–Sulfur Hybrid Sponges with High Sulfur Loading as Superior-Capacity Cathodes for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 2015, 3, 18605–18610.
  96. Jia, J.; Wang, K.; Zhang, X.; Sun, X.; Zhao, H.; Ma, Y. Graphene-Based Hierarchically Micro/Mesoporous Nanocomposites as Sulfur Immobilizers for High-Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries. Chem. Mater. 2016, 28, 7864–7871.
  97. Gómez-Urbano, J.L.; Gómez-Cámer, J.L.; Botas, C.; Rojo, T.; Carriazo, D. Graphene Oxide-Carbon Nanotubes Aerogels with High Sulfur Loadings Suitable as Binder-Free Cathodes for High Performance Lithium Sulfur Batteries. J. Power Sour. 2019, 412, 408–415.
  98. Wen, X.; Xiang, K.; Zhu, Y.; Xiao, L.; Liao, H.; Chen, W.; Chen, X.; Chen, H. 3D Hierarchical Nitrogen-Doped Graphene/CNTs Microspheres as a Sulfur Host for High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. J. Alloys Compd. 2020, 815.
  99. Wu, H.; Xia, L.; Ren, J.; Zheng, Q.; Xu, C.; Lin, D. A High-Efficiency N/P Co-Doped Graphene/ Carbon Hybrid Matrix as a Cathode Host for High Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 2017, 5, 20458–20472.
  100. Xu, H.; Jiang, Q.; Zhang, B.; Chen, C.; Lin, Z. Integrating Conductivity, Immobility, and Catalytic Ability into High-N Carbon/Graphene Sheets as an Effective Sulfur Host. Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, e1906357.
  101. Lee, J.; Park, S.K.; Piao, Y. N-doped Carbon Framework/Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite as a Sulfur Reservoir for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. Electrochim. Acta 2016, 222, 1345–1353.
  102. Sun, J.; Liu, Y.; Du, H.; He, S.; Liu, L.; Fu, Z.; Xie, L.; Ai, W.; Huang, W. Molecularly Designed N, S Co-Doped Carbon Nanowalls Decorated on Graphene as a Highly Efficient Sulfur Reservoir for Li–S Batteries: A Supramolecular Strategy. J. Mater. Chem. A 2020, 8, 5449–5457.
More
ScholarVision Creations