Leisure Noise and Hearing Loss: Comparison
View Latest Version
Please note this is a comparison between Version 2 by Conner Chen and Version 1 by Martin Pienkowski.

High sound levels capable of permanently damaging the ear are experienced not only in factories and war zones but in concert halls, nightclubs, sports stadiums, and many other leisure environments. This review summarizes evidence that loud music and other forms of “leisure noise” are common causes of noise-induced hearing loss, tinnitus, and hyperacusis, even if audiometric thresholds initially remain within clinically normal limits. Given the huge global burden of preventable noise-induced hearing loss, noise limits should be adopted in a much broader range of settings, and education to promote hearing conservation should be a higher public health priority.

  • music
  • noise
  • hearing loss
  • tinnitus
  • hyperacusis
Please wait, diff process is still running!

References

  1. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Noise; DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 73-11001; NIOSH: Washington, DC, USA, 1972.
  2. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Occupational noise exposure: Hearing conservation amendment, final rule. Fed. Regist. 1983, 48, 9738–9785.
  3. Neitzel, R.L.; Fligor, B.J. Risk of noise-induced hearing loss due to recreational sound: Review and recommendations. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2019, 146, 3911–3921.
  4. Roberts, B.; Neitzel, R.L. Noise exposure limit for children in recreational settings: Review of available evidence. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2019, 146, 3922–3933.
  5. Energy Protection Agency (EPA). Information on Levels of Environmental Noise Requisite to Protect Public Health and Welfare with an Adequate Margin of Safety; Office of Noise Abatement and Control, Environmental Protection Agency: Washington, DC. USA, 1974.
  6. Moore, B.C.J. A review of the perceptual effects of hearing loss for frequencies above 3 kHz. Int. J. Audiol. 2016, 55, 707–714.
  7. Hunter, L.L.; Monson, B.B.; Moore, D.R.; Dhar, S.; Wright, B.A.; Munro, K.J.; Zadeh, L.M.; Blankenship, C.M.; Stiepan, S.M.; Siegel, J.H. Extended High Frequency Hearing and Speech Perception Implications in Adults and Children. Hear. Res. 2020, 397, 107922.
  8. Johnson, D.; Nixon, C.; Stephenson, M. Long-duration exposure to intermittent noises. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 1976, 47, 987–990.
  9. Ward, E.D.; Cushing, E.M.; Burns, E.M. Effective quiet and moderate TTS: Implications for noise exposure standards. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1976, 59, 160–165.
  10. Nixon, C.; Johnson, D.; Stephenson, M. Asymptotic behavior of temporary threshold shift and recovery from 24 to 48 hour noise exposures. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 1977, 48, 311–515.
  11. World Health Organization (WHO). Guidelines for Community Noise; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 1999.
  12. Neitzel, R.L.; Gershon, R.R.M.; McAlexander, T.P.; Magda, L.A.; Pearson, J.M. Exposures to transit and other sources of noise among New York City residents. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46, 500–508.
  13. McAlexander, T.P.; Gershon, R.R.M.; Neitzel, R.L. Streetlevel noise in an urban setting: Assessment and contribution to personal exposure. Environ. Health 2015, 14, 1–10.
  14. Basner, M.; Brink, M.; Bristow, A.; de Kluizenaar, Y.; Finegold, L.; Hong, J. ICBEN review of research on the biological effects of noise 2011–2014. Noise Health 2015, 17, 57–82.
  15. Neitzel, R.L.; Seixas, N.; Goldman, B.; Daniell, W. Contributions of non-occupational activities to total noise exposure of construction workers. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 2004, 48, 463–473.
  16. Abbate, C.; Concetto, G.; Fortunato, M.; Brecciaroli, R.; Tringali, M.A.; Beninato, G.; D’Arrigo, G.; Domenico, G. Influence of environmental factors on the evolution of industrial noise-induced hearing loss. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2005, 107, 351–361.
  17. Jokitulppo, J.; Toivonen, M.; Björk, E. Estimated leisure-time noise exposure, hearing thresholds, and hearing symptoms of Finnish conscripts. Mil. Med. 2006, 171, 112–116.
  18. Leensen, M.C.; van Duivenbooden, J.C.; Dreschler, W.A. A retrospective analysis of noise-induced hearing loss in the Dutch construction industry. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 2011, 84, 577–590.
  19. Feder, K.; Marro, L.; McNamee, J.; Michaud, D. Prevalence of loud leisure noise activities among a representative sample of Canadians aged 6-79 years. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2019, 146, 3934–3946.
  20. International Standards Organization (ISO). ISO Standard 1999; Acoustics—determination of occupational noise exposure and estimation of noise-induced hearing impairment; International Standards Organization: Geneve, Switzerland, 1990.
  21. Johnson, D.L.; Papadopoulos, P.; Watfa, N.; Takala, J. Exposure criteria, occupational exposure levels. In Occupational Exposure to Noise: Evaluation, Prevention and Control; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2001; pp. 79–102.
  22. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Revised Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Noise; DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 98–126; NIOSH: Washington, DC, USA, 1998.
  23. Masterson, E.A.; Deddens, J.A.; Themann, C.L.; Bertke, S.; Calvert, G.M. Trends in worker hearing loss by industry sector, 1981–2010. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2015, 58, 392–401.
  24. European Union (EU). Directive 2003/10/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 February 2003 on the Minimum Health and Safety Requirements Regarding the Exposure of Workers to the Risks Arising from Physical Agents (Noise); EU: Brussels, Belgium, 2003.
  25. Arenas, J.P.; Suter, A.H. Comparison of occupational noise legislation in the Americas: An overview and analysis. Noise Health 2014, 16, 306–319.
  26. Kerr, M.J.; Neitzel, R.L.; Hong, O.; Sataloff, R.T. Historical review of efforts to reduce noise-induced hearing loss in the United States. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2017, 60, 569–577.
  27. Beach, E.F.; Gilliver, M.; Williams, W. Leisure noise exposure: Participation trends, symptoms of hearing damage, and perception of risk. Int. J. Audiol. 2013, 52 (Suppl. 1), 20–25.
  28. Flamme, G.A.; Stephenson, M.R.; Deiters, K.; Tatro, A.; van Gessel, D.; Geda, K.; Wyllys, K.; McGregor, K. Typical noise exposure in daily life. Int. J. Audiol. 2012, 51 (Suppl. 1), 3–11.
  29. Jokitulppo, J.S.; Björk, E.A.; Akaan-Penttilä, E. Estimated leisure noise exposure and hearing symptoms in Finnish teenagers. Scand. Audiol. 1997, 26, 257–262.
  30. Biassoni, E.C.; Serra, M.R.; Richtert, U.; Joekes, S.; Yacci, M.R.; Carignani, J.A.; Abraham, S.; Minoldo, G.; Franco, G. Recreational noise exposure and its effects on the hearing of adolescents. Part II: Development of hearing disorders. Int. J. Audiol. 2005, 44, 74–85.
  31. Vogel, I.; Verschuure, H.; van der Ploeg, C.P.; Brug, J.; Raat, H. Estimating adolescent risk for hearing loss based on data from a large school-based survey. Am. J. Public Health 2010, 100, 1095–1100.
  32. Henderson, E.; Testa, M.A.; Hartnick, C. Prevalence of noise-induced hearing-threshold shifts and hearing loss among US youths. Pediatrics 2011, 127, 39–46.
  33. Gilles, A.; De Ridder, D.; Van Hal, G.; Wouters, K.; Kleine Punte, A.; Van de Heyning, P. Prevalence of leisure noise-induced tinnitus and the attitude toward noise in university students. Otol. Neurotol. 2012, 33, 899–906.
  34. Gilles, A.; Van Hal, G.; De Ridder, D.; Wouters, K.; Van de Heyning, P. Epidemiology of noise-induced tinnitus and the attitudes and beliefs towards noise and hearing protection in adolescents. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e70297.
  35. Johnson, O.; Andrew, B.; Walker, D.; Morgan, S.; Aldren, A. British university students’ attitudes towards noise-induced hearing loss caused by nightclub attendance. J. Laryngol. Otol. 2014, 128, 29–34.
  36. Vogel, I.; van de Looij-Jansen, P.M.; Mieloo, C.L.; Burdorf, A.; de Waart, F. Risky music listening, permanent tinnitus and depression, anxiety, thoughts about suicide and adverse general health. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e98912.
  37. Dehnert, K.; Raab, U.; Perez-Alvarez, C.; Steffens, T.; Bolte, G.; Fromme, H.; Twardella, D. Total leisure noise exposure and its association with hearing loss among adolescents. Int. J. Audiol. 2015, 54, 665–673.
  38. World Health Organization (WHO). Hearing Loss due to Recreational Exposure to Loud Sounds; A review; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2015.
  39. Speaks, C.; Nelson, D.; Ward, W.D. Hearing loss in rock-and-roll musicians. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 1970, 12, 216–219.
  40. Clark, W.W. Noise exposure from leisure activities: A review. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1991, 90, 175–181.
  41. Meyer-Bisch, C. Epidemiological evaluation of hearing damage related to strongly amplified music (personal cassette players, discotheques, rock concerts)—High-definition audiometric survey on 1364 subjects. Audiology 1996, 35, 121–142.
  42. Gunderson, E.; Moline, J.; Catalano, P. Risks of developing noise-induced hearing loss in employees of urban music clubs. Am. J. Ind. Med. 1997, 31, 75–79.
  43. Opperman, D.A.; Reifman, W.; Schlauch, R.; Levine, S. Incidence of spontaneous hearing threshold shifts during modern concert performances. Otolaryngol. Head. Neck. Surg. 2006, 134, 667–673.
  44. Grose, J.H.; Buss, E.; Hall, J.W., 3rd. Loud music exposure and cochlear synaptopathy in young adults: Isolated auditory brainstem response effects but no perceptual consequences. Trends. Hear. 2017, 21, 2331216517737417.
  45. Le Prell, C.G.; Dell, S.; Hensley, B.N.; Hall, J.W.I.; Campbell, K.C.M.; Antonelli, P.A.; Green, G.E.; Miller, J.M.; Guire, K. Digital music exposure reliably induces temporary threshold shift (TTS) in normal hearing human subjects. Ear. Hear. 2012, 33, 44–58.
  46. Bogoch, I.I.; House, R.A.; Kudla, I. Perceptions about hearing protection and noise-induced hearing loss of attendees of rock concerts. Can. J. Public Health 2005, 96, 69–72.
  47. Axelsson, A.; Lindgren, F. Hearing in classical musicians. Acta. Otolaryngol. 1981, 91, 3–74.
  48. Axelsson, A.; Eliasson, A.; Israelsson, B. Hearing in pop/rock musicians: A follow-up study. Ear. Hear. 1995, 16, 245–253.
  49. Kähäri, K.R.; Zachau, G.; Eklöf, M.; Sandsjö, L.; Möller, C. Assessment of hearing and hearing disorders in rock/jazz musicians. Int. J. Audiol. 2003, 42, 279–288.
  50. Juman, S.; Karmody, C.S.; Simeon, D. Hearing loss in steelband musicians. Otolaryngol. Head. Neck Surg. 2003, 131, 461–465.
  51. Schmuziger, N.J.; Patscheke, J.; Probst, R. Hearing in non-professional pop/rock musicians. Ear. Hear. 2006, 27, 321–330.
  52. Størmer, C.C.; Laukli, E.; Høydal, E.H.; Stenklev, N.C. Hearing loss and tinnitus in rock musicians: A Norwegian survey. Noise Health 2015, 17, 411–421.
  53. McIlvaine, D.; Stewart, M.; Anderson, R. Noise exposure levels for musicians during rehearsal and performance times. Med. Probl. Perform. Art. 2012, 27, 31–36.
  54. Jansson, E.; Karlsson, K. Sound levels recorded within the symphony orchestra and risk criteria for hearing loss. Scand. Audiol. 1983, 12, 215–221.
  55. Royster, J.D.; Royster, L.H.; Killion, M.C. Sound exposures and hearing thresholds of symphony orchestra musicians. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1991, 89, 2793–2803.
  56. Lee, J.; Behar, A.; Kunov, H.; Wong, W. Musicians’ noise exposure in orchestra pit. Appl. Acoust. 2005, 66, 919–931.
  57. Emmerich, E.; Rudel, L.; Richter, F. Is the audiologic status of professional musicians a reflection of the noise exposure in classical orchestral music? Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol. 2008, 265, 753–758.
  58. Kang, T.S.; Lee, L.K.; Kang, S.C.; Yoon, C.S.; Park, D.U.; Kim, R.H. Assessment of noise measurements made with a continuous monitoring in time. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2010, 134, 822–831.
  59. O’Brien, I.; Driscoll, T.; Ackermann, B. Sound Exposure of Professional Orchestral Musicians during Solitary Practice. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2013, 134, 2748–2754.
  60. Karlsson, K.; Lundquist, P.G.; Olaussen, T. The hearing of symphony orchestra musicians. Scand. Audiol. 1983, 12, 257–264.
  61. Strasser, H.; Irle, H.; Scholz, R. Physiological cost of energy-equivalent exposures to white noise, industrial noise, heavy metal music, and classical music. Noise Control Eng. J. 1999, 47, 187–192.
  62. Strasser, H.; Irle, H.; Legler, R. Temporary hearing threshold shifts and restitution after energy-equivalent exposures to industrial noise and classical music. Noise Health 2003, 5, 75–84.
  63. Swanson, S.J.; Dengerink, H.A.; Kondrick, P.; Miller, C.L. The influence of subjective factors on temporary threshold shifts after exposure to music and noise of equal energy. Ear. Hear. 1987, 8, 288–291.
  64. Axelsson, A.; Lindgren, F. Does pop music cause hearing damage? Audiology 1977, 16, 432–437.
  65. Westmore, G.A.; Eversden, I.D. Noise-induced hearing loss and orchestral musicians. Arch. Otolaryngol. 1981, 107, 761–764.
  66. Ostri, B.; Eller, N.; Dahlin, E.; Skylv, G. Hearing impairment in orchestral musicians. Scand. Audiol. 1989, 18, 243–249.
  67. Kähäri, K.R.; Axelsson, A.; Hellström, P.A.; Zachau, G. Hearing assessment of classical orchestral musicians. Scand. Audiol. 2001, 30, 13–23.
  68. Kähäri, K.R.; Axelsson, A.; Hellström, P.A.; Zachau, G. Hearing development in classical orchestral musicians. A follow-up study. Scand. Audiol. 2001, 30, 141–149.
  69. Laitinen, H.M.; Toppila, E.M.; Olkinuora, P.S.; Kuisma, K. Sound exposure among the Finnish National Opera personnel. Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 2003, 18, 177–182.
  70. Jansen, E.J.M.; Helleman, H.W.; Dreschler, W.A.; Laat, J.A.P.M. Noise induced hearing loss and other hearing complaints among musicians of symphony orchestras. Int. Arch. Occ. Environ. Health 2009, 82, 153–164.
  71. Phillips, S.L.; Henrich, V.C.; Mace, S.T. Prevalence of noise-induced hearing loss in student musicians. Int. J. Audiol. 2010, 49, 309–316.
  72. Toppila, E.; Koskinen, H.; Pyykko, I. Hearing loss among classical-orchestra musicians. Noise Health 2011, 13, 45–50.
  73. Schmidt, J.H.; Pedersen, E.; Paarup, H.; Christensen-Dalsgaard, J.; Andersen, T.; Poulsen, T.; Baelum, J. Hearing Loss in Relation to Sound Exposure of Professional Symphony Orchestra Musicians. Ear. Hear. 2014, 35, 448–460.
  74. Halevi-Katz, D.N.; Yaakobi, E.; Putter-Katz, H. Exposure to music and noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) among professional pop/rock/jazz musicians. Noise Health 2015, 17, 158–164.
  75. Pawalczyk-Luszczynska, M.; Zamojska-Daniszewska, M.; Dudarewicz, A.; Zaborowski, K. Exposure to excessive sounds and hearing status in academic classical music students. Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health 2017, 30, 55–75.
  76. Pouryaghoub, G.; Mehrdad, R.; Pourhosein, S. Noise-Induced hearing loss among professional musicians. J. Occup. Health 2017, 59, 33–37.
  77. Schmidt, J.H.; Paarup, H.M.; Baelum, J. Tinnitus severity is related to the sound exposure of symphony orchestra musicians independently of hearing impairment. Ear. Hear. 2019, 40, 88–97.
  78. Kazkayasi, M.; Yetiser, S.; Ozcelik, S. Effect of musical training on musical perception and hearing sensitivity: Conventional and high-frequency audiometric comparison. J. Otolaryngol. 2006, 35, 343–348.
  79. Liberman, M.C.; Epstein, M.J.; Cleveland, S.S.; Wang, H.; Maison, S.F. Toward a Differential Diagnosis of Hidden Hearing Loss in Humans. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0162726.
  80. Schmuziger, N.; Patscheke, J.; Probst, R. An assessment of threshold shifts in nonprofessional pop/rock musicians using conventional and extended high-frequency audiometry. Ear. Hear. 2007, 28, 643–648.
  81. Keefe, J. Noise Exposure Associated with Marching and Pep Bands. ASA/NOISE-CON. 2005. Available online: (accessed on 15 April 2021).
  82. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Health Hazard Evaluation Report: Noise Evaluation of Elementary and High School Music Classes and Indoor Marching Band Rehearsals—Alabama; Publication No. 2011‒0129‒3160; Chen, L., Brueck, S., Eds.; NIOSH: Washington, DC, USA, 2012.
  83. Russell, J.A.; Yamaguchi, M. Sound Exposure of Healthcare Professionals Working With a University Marching Band. J. Am. Acad. Audiol. 2018, 29, 83–89.
  84. Jin, S.H.; Nelson, P.B.; Schlauch, R.; Carney, E. Hearing conservation program for marching band members: A risk for noise-induced hearing loss? Am. J. Audiol. 2013, 22, 26–39.
  85. Di Stadio, A.; Dipietro, L.; Ricci, G.; Della Volpe, A.; Minni, A.; Greco, A.; de Vincentiis, M.; Ralli, M. Hearing Loss, Tinnitus, Hyperacusis, and Diplacusis in Professional Musicians: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health. 2018, 15, E2120.
  86. Gundersen, E. List of Rockers with Hearing Loss Grows. 2018. Available online: (accessed on 15 April 2021).
  87. Coleman, C. Royal Opera House Loses Appeal over Viola Player’s Hearing. British Broadcasting Corporation Wales News, 12 July 2019. Available online: (accessed on 15 April 2021).
  88. Tan, T.C.; Tsang, H.C.; Wong, T.L. Noise surveys in discotheques in Hong Kong. Ind. Health 1990, 28, 37–40.
  89. Lee, L.T. A study of the noise hazard to employees in local discotheques]. Singapore Med. J. 1999, 40, 571–574.
  90. Sadhra, S.; Jackson, C.A.; Ryder, T.; Brown, M.J. Noise exposure and hearing loss among student employees working in university entertainment venues. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 2002, 46, 455–463.
  91. Park, M.-Y. Assessment of potential noise-induced hearing loss with commercial "Karaoke" noise. Int. J. Ind. Ergonom. 2003, 31, 375–385.
  92. Bray, A.; Szymański, M.; Mills, R. Noise induced hearing loss in dance music disc jockeys and an examination of sound levels in nightclubs. J. Laryngol. Otol. 2004, 118, 123–128.
  93. Twardella, D.; Wellhoefer, A.; Brix, J.; Fromme, H. High sound pressure levels in Bavarian discotheques remain after introduction of voluntary agreements. Noise Health 2008, 10, 99–104.
  94. Kelly, A.C.; Boyd, S.M.; Henehan, G.T.; Chambers, G. Occupational noise exposure of nightclub bar employees in Ireland. Noise Health 2012, 14, 148–154.
  95. Potier, M.; Hoquet, C.; Lloyd, R.; Nicolas-Puel, C.; Uziel, A.; Puel, J.L. The risks of amplified music for disc-jockeys working in nightclubs. Ear. Hear. 2009, 30, 291–293.
  96. Serra, M.R.; Biassoni, E.C.; Richter, U.; Minoldo, G.; Franco, G.; Abraham, S.; Carignani, J.A.; Joekes, S.; Yacci, M.R. Recreational noise exposure and its effects on the hearing of adolescents. Part I: An interdisciplinary long-term study. Int. J. Audiol. 2005, 44, 65–73.
  97. Biassoni, E.C.; Serra, M.R.; Hinalaf, M.; Abraham, M.; Pavlik, M.; Villalobo, J.P.; Curet, C.; Joekes, S.; Yacci, M.R.; Righetti, A. Hearing and loud music exposure in a group of adolescents at the ages of 14-15 and retested at 17–18. Noise Health 2014, 16, 331–341.
  98. Serra, M.R.; Biassoni, E.C.; Hinalaf, M.; Abraham, M.; Pavlik, M.; Villalobo, J.P.; Curet, C.; Joekes, S.; Yacci, M.R.; Righetti, A. Hearing and loud music exposure in 14-15 years old adolescents. Noise Health 2014, 16, 320–330.
  99. Keith, S.E.; Michaud, D.S.; Chiu, V. Evaluating the maximum playback sound levels from portable digital audio players. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2008, 123, 4227–4237.
  100. Breinbauer, H.A.; Anabalón, J.L.; Gutierrez, D.; Cárcamo, R.; Olivares, C.; Caro, J. Output capabilities of personal music players and assessment of preferred listening levels of test subjects: Outlining recommendations for preventing music-induced hearing loss. Laryngoscope 2012, 122, 2549–2556.
  101. Shim, H.; Lee, S.; Koo, M.; Kim, J. Analysis of Output Levels of an MP3 Player: Effects of Earphone Type, Music Genre, and Listening Duration. J. Audiol. Otol. 2018, 22, 140–147.
  102. Jiang, W.; Zhao, F.; Guderley, N.; Manchaiah, V. Daily music exposure dose and hearing problems using personal listening devices in adolescents and young adults: A systematic review. Int. J. Audiol. 2016, 55, 197–205.
  103. Fligor, B.J.; Levey, S.; Levey, T. Cultural and demographic factors influencing noise exposure estimates from use of portable listening devices in an urban environment. J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 2013, 57, 1535–1547.
  104. Levey, S.; Levey, T.; Fligor, B.J. Noise exposure estimates of urban MP3 player users. J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 2011, 54, 263–277.
  105. Gilliver, M.; Nguyen, J.; Beach, E.F.; Barr, C. Personal Listening Devices in Australia: Patterns of Use and Levels of Risk. Semin. Hear. 2017, 38, 282–297.
  106. Muchnik, C.; Amir, N.; Shabtai, E.; Kaplan-Neeman, R. Preferred listening levels of personal listening devices in young teenagers: Self reports and physical measurements. Int. J. Audiol. 2012, 51, 287–293.
  107. Cone, B.K.; Wake, M.; Tobin, S.; Poulakis, Z.; Rickards, F.W. Slight-mild sensorineural hearing loss in children: Audiometric, clinical, and risk factor profiles. Ear. Hear. 2010, 31, 202–212.
  108. Båsjö, S.; Möller, C.; Widén, S.; Jutengren, G.; Kähäri, K. Hearing thresholds, tinnitus, and headphone listening habits in nine-year-old children. Int. J. Audiol. 2016, 55, 587–596.
  109. Mills, J.H. Noise and children: A review of literature. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1975, 58, 767–779.
  110. Mahboubi, H.; Oliaei, S.; Badran, K.W. Systematic assessment of noise amplitude generated by toys intended for young children. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2013, 148, 1043–1047.
  111. Peng, J.H.; Tao, Z.Z.; Huang, Z.W. Risk of damage to hearing from personal listening devices in young adults. J. Otolaryngol. 2007, 36, 181–185.
  112. Le Prell, C.G.; Spankovich, C.; Lobarinas, E.; Griffiths, S.K. Extended high-frequency thresholds in college students: Effects of music player use and other recreational noise. J. Am. Acad. Audiol. 2013, 24, 725–739.
  113. Sulaiman, A.H.; Husain, R.; Seluakumaran, K. Evaluation of early hearing damage in personal listening device users using extended high-frequency audiometry and otoacoustic emissions. Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol. 2014, 271, 1463–1470.
  114. Engard, D.J.; Sandfort, D.R.; Gotshall, R.W.; Brazile, W.J. Noise exposure, characterization, and comparison of three football stadiums. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 2010, 7, 616–621.
  115. Hodgetts, W.E.; Liu, R. Can hockey playoffs harm your hearing? CMAJ 2006, 175, 1541–1542.
  116. Cranston, C.J.; Brazile, W.J.; Sandfort, D.R.; Gotshall, R.W. Occupational and recreational noise exposure from indoor arena hockey games. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 2013, 10, 11–16.
  117. De Swanepoel, W.; Hall, J.W., 3rd. Football match spectator sound exposure and effect on hearing: A pretest-post-test study. S. Afr. Med. J. 2010, 100, 239–242.
  118. Flamme, G.A.; Williams, N. Sports officials’ hearing status: Whistle use as a factor contributing to hearing trouble. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 2013, 10, 1–10.
  119. Torre, P., 3rd; Howell, J.C. Noise levels during aerobics and the potential effects on distortion product otoacoustic emissions. J. Commun. Disord. 2008, 41, 501–511.
  120. Nassar, G. The human temporary threshold shift after exposure to 60 minutes’ noise in an aerobics class. Br. J. Audiol. 2001, 35, 99–101.
  121. Beach, E.F.; Nie, V. Noise levels in fitness classes are still too high: Evidence from 1997–1998 and 2009–2011. Arch. Environ. Occup. Health 2014, 69, 223–230.
  122. Rose, A.S.; Ebert, C.S., Jr.; Prazma, J.; Pillsbury, H.C., 3rd. Noise exposure levels in stock car auto racing. Ear Nose Throat J. 2008, 87, 689–692.
  123. Kardous, C.; Morata, T. Occupational and recreational noise exposures at stock car racing circuits: An exploratory survey of three professional race tracks. Noise Control Eng. 2010, 58, 54–61.
  124. Morley, J.C.; Seitz, T.; Tubbs, R. Carbon monoxide and noise exposure at a monster truck and motocross show. Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 1999, 14, 645–655.
  125. McCombe, A.W.; Binnington, J. Hearing loss in Grand Prix motorcyclists: Occupational hazard or sports injury? Br. J. Sports Med. 1994, 28, 35–37.
  126. Ross, B.C. Noise exposure of motorcyclists. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 1989, 33, 123–127.
  127. Kennedy, J.; Carley, M.; Walker, I.; Holt, N. On-road and wind-tunnel measurement of motorcycle helmet noise. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2013, 134, 2004–2010.
  128. McCombe, A.W.; Binington, J.; Davis, A.C.; Spencer, H. Hearing loss in motorcyclists. J. Laryngol. Otol. 1995, 109, 599–604.
  129. Moore, K.L. Noise Exposures of Recreational Snowmobilers. University of Colorado Unpublished Thesis. 2014. Available online: (accessed on 15 April 2021).
  130. Zhao, Y.M.; Qiu, W.; Zeng, L.; Chen, S.S.; Cheng, X.R.; Davis, R.I.; Hamernik, R.P. Application of the kurtosis statistic to the evaluation of the risk of hearing loss in workers exposed to high-level complex noise. Ear. Hear. 2010, 31, 527–532.
  131. Taylor, C.D.; Williams, E. Acoustic trauma in the sports hunter. Laryngoscope 1966, 76, 863–879.
  132. Stewart, M.; Borer, S.E.; Lehman, M. Shooting habits of U.S. waterfowl hunters. Noise Health 2009, 11, 8–13.
  133. Stewart, M.; Meinke, D.K.; Snyders, J.K.; Howerton, K. Shooting habits of youth recreational firearm users. Int. J. Audiol. 2014, 53, 26–34.
  134. Themann, C.L.; Masterson, E.A. Occupational noise exposure: A review of its effects, epidemiology, and impact with recommendations for reducing its burden. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2019, 146, 3879–3905.
  135. Barnea, G.; Attias, J.; Gold, S.; Shahar, A. Tinnitus with normal hearing sensitivity: Extended high-frequency audiometry and auditory-nerve brain-stem-evoked responses. Audiology 1990, 29, 36–45.
  136. Davis, A.C.; Lovell, E.A.; Smith, P.A.; Ferguson, M.A. The contribution of social noise to tinnitus in young people—A preliminary report. Noise Health 1998, 1, 40–46.
  137. Griest, S.E.; Bishop, P.M. Tinnitus as an early indicator of permanent hearing loss. A 15 year longitudinal study of noise exposed workers. Workplace Health Safety J. 1998, 46, 325–329.
  138. Holgers, K.M.; Pettersson, B. Noise exposure and subjective hearing symptoms among school children in Sweden. Noise Health 2005, 7, 27–37.
  139. Sanchez, T.G.; Medeiros, I.R.; Levy, C.P.; Ramalho Jda, R.; Bento, R.F. Tinnitus in normally hearing patients: Clinical aspects and repercussions. Braz. J. Otorhinolaryngol. 2005, 71, 427–431.
  140. Hind, S.E.; Haines-Bazrafshan, R.; Benton, C.L.; Brassington, W.; Towle, B.; Moore, D.R. Prevalence of clinical referrals having hearing thresholds within normal limits. Int. J. Audiol. 2011, 50, 708–716.
  141. Kumar, U.A.; Ameenudin, S.; Sangamanatha, A.V. Temporal and speech processing skills in normal hearing individuals exposed to occupational noise. Noise Health 2012, 14, 100–105.
  142. Beach, E.F.; Williams, W.; Gilliver, M. Estimating young Australian adults’ risk of hearing damage from selected leisure activities. Ear. Hear. 2013, 34, 75–82.
  143. Tung, C.-Y.; Chao, K.-P. Effect of recreational noise exposure on hearing impairment among teenage students. Res. Dev. Disab. 2013, 34, 126–132.
  144. Sheldrake, J.; Diehl, P.U.; Schaette, R. Audiometric characteristics of hyperacusis patients. Front. Neurol. 2015, 6, 105.
  145. Tremblay, K.L.; Pinto, A.; Fischer, M.E.; Klein, B.E.; Klein, R.; Levy, S.; Tweed, T.S.; Cruickshanks, K.J. Self-Reported Hearing Difficulties Among Adults With Normal Audiograms: The Beaver Dam Offspring Study. Ear. Hear. 2015, 36, 290–299.
  146. Guest, H.; Munro, K.J.; Prendergast, G.; Howe, S.; Plack, C.J. Tinnitus with a normal audiogram: Relation to noise exposure but no evidence for cochlear synaptopathy. Hear. Res. 2017, 344, 265–274.
  147. Moore, D.R.; Zobay, O.; Mackinnon, R.C.; Whitmer, W.M.; Akeroyd, M.A. Lifetime leisure music exposure associated with increased frequency of tinnitus. Hear. Res. 2017, 347, 18–27.
  148. Parthasarathy, A.; Hancock, K.E.; Bennett, K.; DeGruttola, V.; Polley, D.B. Bottom-up and top-down neural signatures of disordered multi-talker speech perception in adults with normal hearing. Elife 2020, 9, e51419.
  149. Zadeh, L.M.; Silbert, N.H.; Sternasty, K.; Swanepoel, D.W.; Hunter, L.L.; Moore, D.R. Extended high-frequency hearing enhances speech perception in noise. PNAS 2019, 116, 23753–23759.
  150. Shargorodsky, J.; Curhan, S.G.; Curhan, G.C.; Eavey, R. Change in prevalence of hearing loss in US adolescents. JAMA 2010, 304, 772–778.
  151. Rhee, J.; Lee, D.; Lim, H.J.; Park, M.K.; Suh, M.W.; Lee, J.H.; Hong, Y.C.; Oh, S.H. Hearing loss in Korean adolescents: The prevalence thereof and its association with leisure noise exposure. PLoS ONE 2019, 14, e0209254.
  152. Schlauch, R.S.; Carney, E. The challenge of detecting minimal hearing loss in audiometric surveys. Am. J. Audiol. 2012, 21, 106–119.
  153. Ward, W.D. The concept of susceptibility to hearing loss. J. Occup. Med. 1965, 7, 595–607.
  154. Henderson, D.; Subramaniam, M.; Boettcher, F.A. Individual susceptibility to noise-induced hearing loss: An old topic revisited. Ear. Hear. 1993, 14, 152–168.
  155. Shuster, B.Z.; Depireux, D.A.; Mong, J.A.; Hertzano, R. Sex differences in hearing: Probing the role of estrogen signaling. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2019, 145, 3656–3663.
  156. Da Costa, E.A.; Castro, J.C.; Macedo, M.E. Iris pigmentation and susceptibility to noise-induced hearing loss. Int. J. Audiol. 2008, 47, 115–118.
  157. Flamme, G.A.; Deiters, K.; Needham, T. Distributions of pure-tone hearing threshold levels among adolescents and adults in the United States by gender, ethnicity, and age: Results from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Int. J. Audiol. 2011, 50, S11–S20.
  158. Lin, F.R.; Maas, P.; Chien, W.; Carey, J.P.; Ferrucci, L.; Thorpe, R. Association of skin color, race/ethnicity, and hearing loss among adults in the USA. J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol. 2012, 13, 109–117.
  159. Spankovich, C.; Le Prell, C.G.; Lobarinas, E.; Hood, L.J. Noise History and Auditory Function in Young Adults With and Without Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Ear. Hear. 2017, 38, 724–735.
  160. Zakrisson, J.E.; Borg, E.; Lidén, G.; Nilsson, R. Stapedius reflex in industrial impact noise: Fatigability and role for temporary threshold shift (TTS). Scand. Audiol. Suppl. 1980, 12, 326–334.
  161. Shotland, L.I. Dosimetry measurements using a probe tube microphone in the ear canal. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1996, 99, 979–984.
  162. Grinn, S.K.; Le Prell, C.G. Noise-dose estimated with and without pre-cochlear amplification. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2019, 146, 3967.
  163. Henderson, D.; Bielefeld, E.C.; Harris, K.C. The role of oxidative stress in noise-induced hearing loss. Ear. Hear. 2006, 27, 1–19.
  164. Liu, Y.-M.; Li, X.-D.; Guo, X.; Liu, B.; Lin, A.-H.; Ding, Y.-L.; Rao, S.-Q. SOD2 V16A SNP in the mitochondrial targeting sequence is associated with noise induced hearing loss in Chinese workers. Dis. Markers 2010, 28, 137–147.
  165. Sliwinska-Kowalska, M.; Pawelczyk, M. Contribution of genetic factors to noise-induced hearing loss: A human studies review. Mutat. Res. 2013, 752, 61–65.
  166. Nordmann, A.S.; Bohne, B.A.; Harding, G.W. Histopathological differences between temporary and permanent threshold shift. Hear. Res. 2000, 139, 13–30.
  167. Fernandez, K.A.; Jeffers, P.W.; Lall, K.; Liberman, M.C.; Kujawa, S.G. Aging after noise exposure: Acceleration of cochlear synaptopathy in “recovered” ears. J. Neurosci. 2015, 35, 7509–7520.
  168. Beach, E.; Williams, W.; Gilliver, M. Hearing protection for clubbers is music to their ears. Health Promot. J. Aust. 2010, 21, 215–221.
  169. Themann, C.L.; Suter, A.H.; Stephenson, M.R. National research agenda for the prevention of occupational hearing loss—Part 1. Sem. Hear. 2013, 34, 145–207.
  170. Hickey, K. Musician Earplugs: Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, Behaviors, and Experiences among Small Music Venue Workers; Capstones & Scholarly Projects. 67. 2019. Available online: (accessed on 15 April 2021).
  171. Brown, C.H.; Gordon, M.S. Motorcycle Helmet Noise and Active Noise Reduction. Open Acoust. J. 2011, 4, 14–24.
  172. Henry, P.; Foots, A. Comparison of user volume control settings for portable music players with three earphone configurations in quiet and noisy environments. J. Am. Acad. Audiol. 2012, 23, 182–191.
  173. Liang, M.J.; Zhao, F.; French, D.; Zheng, Y.Q. Characteristics of noise-canceling headphones to reduce the hearing hazard for MP3 users. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2012, 131, 4526–4534.
  174. Chasin, M. Musicians and the Prevention of Hearing Loss; Singular Press: San Diego, CA, USA, 2010.
  175. Murphy, W.J.; Byrne, D.C.; Franks, J.R. Firearms and hearing protection. Hear. Rev. 2007, 14, 36–38.
  176. Widén, S.E.; Erlandsson, S.I. The influence of socio-economic status on adolescent attitude to social noise and hearing protection. Noise Health 2004, 7, 59–70.
  177. Laitinen, H.M. Factors affecting the use of hearing protectors among classical music players. Noise Health 2005, 7, 21–29.
  178. Nondahl, D.M.; Cruickshanks, K.J.; Dalton, D.S.; Klein, B.E.; Klein, R.; Tweed, T.S.; Wiley, T.L. The use of hearing protection devices by older adults during recreational noise exposure. Noise Health 2006, 8, 147–153.
  179. Huttunen, K.; Sivonen, V.; Poykko, V. Symphony orchestra musicians’ use of hearing protection and attenuation of custom-made hearing protectors as measured with two different real-ear attenuation at threshold methods. Noise Health 2011, 13, 176–188.
  180. Beach, E.F.; Williams, W.; Gilliver, M. A qualitative study of earplug use as a health behavior: The role of noise injury symptoms, self-efficacy and an affinity for music. J. Health Psych. 2012, 17, 237–246.
  181. Beach, E.F.; O’Brien, I. In Their Own Words: Interviews with Musicians Reveal the Advantages and Disadvantages of Wearing Earplugs. Med. Probl. Perform. Art. 2017, 32, 101–110.
  182. Hunter, A. Attitudes, risk behavior, and noise exposure among young adults with hearing problems: Identifying a typology. Semin. Hear. 2017, 38, 332–347.
  183. Cozad, R.L.; Marston, L.; Joseph, D. Some implications regarding high frequency hearing loss in school-age children. J. School Health 1974, 44, 92–96.
  184. Lass, N.J.; Woodford, C.M.; Lundeen, C.; Lundeen, D.J.; Everly-Myer, D.S. A survey of high school students’ knowledge and awareness of hearing, hearing loss, and hearing health. Hear. J. 1987, 40, 15–19.
  185. Lass, N.J.; Woodford, C.M.; Lundeen, C.; Lundeen, D.J.; Everly-Myer, D.S.; McGuire, K.; Mason, D.S.; Paknik, L.; Phillips, R.P. A hearing-conservation program for a junior high school. Hear. J. 1987, 40, 32–40.
  186. Lewis, D.A. A hearing conservation program for high school-level students. Hear. J. 1989, 42, 19–24.
  187. Chermak, G.D.; Peters-McCarthy, E. The effectiveness of an educational hearing conservation program for elementary school children. Lang. Speech Hear. Serv. Sch. 1991, 22, 308–312.
  188. Blair, J.C.; Hardegree, D.; Benson, P.V. Necessity and effectiveness of a hearing conservation program for elementary students. J. Edu. Audiol. 1996, 4, 12–16.
  189. Chermak, G.D.; Curtis, L.; Seikel, J.A. The effectiveness of an interactive hearing conservation program for elementary school children. Lang. Speech Hear. Serv. Sch. 1996, 27, 29–39.
  190. Knobloch, M.J.; Broste, S.K. A hearing conservation program for Wisconsin youth working in agriculture. J. Sch. Health 1998, 68, 313–318.
  191. Lukes, E.; Johnson, M. Hearing conservation: Community outreach programs for high school students. Am. Assoc. Occ. Health Nurses J. 1998, 46, 340–343.
  192. Anderson, K.L. Hearing conservation in the public schools revisited. Sem. Hear. 1999, 12, 340–364.
  193. Bennett, J.A.; English, K. Teaching hearing conservation to school children: Comparing the outcomes and efficacy of two pedagogical approaches. J. Edu. Audiol. 1999, 7, 29–33.
  194. Folmer, R.L.; Griest, S.E.; Martin, W.H. Hearing conservation education programs for children: A review. J. Sch. Health 2002, 72, 51–57.
  195. Folmer, R.L. The importance of hearing conservation instruction. J. Sch. Nurs. 2003, 19, 140–148.
  196. Fausti, S.A.; Wilmington, D.J.; Helt, P.V.; Helt, W.J.; Konrad-Martin, D. Hearing health and care: The need for improved hearing loss prevention and hearing conservation practices. J. Rehabil. Res. Dev. 2005, 42, 45–62.
  197. Marlenga, B.; Linneman, J.G.; Pickett, W.; Wood, D.J.; Kirkhorn, S.R.; Broste, S.K. Randomized trial of a hearing conservation intervention for rural students: Long-term outcomes. Pediatrics 2011, 128, 1139–1146.
  198. Auchter, M.; Le Prell, C.G. Hearing loss prevention education using adopt-a-band: Changes in self-reported earplug use in two high school marching bands. Am. J. Audiol. 2014, 23, 211–226.
  199. Gilles, A.; Paul Vde, H. Effectiveness of a preventive campaign for noise-induced hearing damage in adolescents. Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 2014, 78, 604–609.
  200. Sha, S.H.; Schacht, J. Emerging therapeutic interventions against noise-induced hearing loss. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs 2017, 26, 85–96.
  201. Bielefeld, E.C.; Harrison, R.T.; Riley DeBacker, J. Pharmaceutical otoprotection strategies to prevent impulse noise-induced hearing loss. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2019, 146, 3790.
  202. McFerran, D.J.; Stockdale, D.; Holme, R.; Large, C.H.; Baguley, D.M. Why Is There No Cure for Tinnitus? Front. Neurosci. 2019, 13, 802.
  203. Bielefeld, E.C.; Kobel, M.J. Advances and Challenges in Pharmaceutical Therapies to Prevent and Repair Cochlear Injuries From Noise. Front. Cell Neurosci. 2019, 13, 285.
  204. Kujawa, S.G.; Liberman, M.C. Translating animal models to human therapeutics in noise-induced and age-related hearing loss. Hear. Res. 2019, 377, 44–52.
  205. Schilder, A.G.M.; Su, M.P.; Mandavia, R.; Anderson, C.R.; Landry, E.; Ferdous, T.; Blackshaw, H. Early phase trials of novel hearing therapeutics: Avenues and opportunities. Hear. Res. 2019, 380, 175–186.
  206. Kraus, K.S.; Mitra, S.; Jimenez, Z.; Hinduja, S.; Ding, D.; Jiang, H.; Gray, L.; Lobarinas, E.; Sun, W.; Salvi, R.J. Noise trauma impairs neurogenesis in the rat hippocampus. Neuroscience 2010, 167, 1216–1226.
  207. Li, C.M.; Zhang, X.; Hoffman, H.J.; Cotch, M.F.; Themann, C.L.; Wilson, M.R. Hearing impairment associated with depression in US adults, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2010. JAMA Otolaryngol. Head. Neck Surg. 2014, 140, 293–302.
  208. Martini, A.; Castiglione, A.; Bovo, R.; Vallesi, A.; Gabelli, C. Aging, cognitive load, dementia and hearing loss. Audiol. Neurotol. 2014, 19, 2–5.
  209. Dawes, P.; Emsley, R.; Cruickshanks, K.J.; Moore, D.R.; Fortnum, H.; Edmondson-Jones, M.; McCormack, A.; Munro, K.J. Hearing loss and cognition: The role of hearing aids, social isolation and depression. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0119616.
  210. Fortunato, S.; Forli, F.; Guglielmi, V.; De Corso, E.; Paludetti, G.; Berrettini, S.; Fetoni, A.R. A review of new insights on the association between hearing loss and cognitive decline in ageing. Acta. Otorhinolaryngol. Ital. 2016, 36, 155–166.
  211. Liu, L.; Shen, P.; He, T.; Chang, Y.; Shi, L.; Tao, S.; Li, X.; Xun, Q.; Guo, X.; Yu, Z.; et al. Noise induced hearing loss impairs spatial learning/memory and hippocampal neurogenesis in mice. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 20374.
  212. Cosh, S.; Carriere, I.; Daien, V.; Amieva, H.; Tzourio, C.; Delcourt, C.; Helmer, C. The relationship between hearing loss in older adults and depression over 12 years: Findings from the three-year prospective cohort study. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiat. 2018, 33, 1654–1661.
  213. Lin, F.R.; Metter, E.J.; O’Brien, R.J.; Resnick, S.M.; Zonderman, A.B.; Ferrucci, L. Hearing loss and incident dementia. Arch. Neurol. 2011, 68, 214–220.
  214. Livingston, G.; Sommerlad, A.; Orgeta, V.; Costafreda, S.G.; Huntley, J.; Ames, D.; Ballard, C. Dementia prevention, intervention, and care. Lancet 2017, 390, 2673–2734.
  215. Thomson, R.S.; Auduong, P.; Miller, A.T.; Gurgel, R.K. Hearing loss as a risk factor for dementia: A systematic review. Laryngoscope Investig. Otolaryngol. 2017, 2, 69–79.
  216. Aazh, H.; Moore, B.C.J. Thoughts about Suicide and Self-Harm in Patients with Tinnitus and Hyperacusis. J. Am. Acad. Adiol. 2018, 29, 255–261.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
ScholarVision Creations
Feedback