1. Introduction

INTRODUCTION

β-Lactams are medicinally active molecules. Several publications have disclosed the anticancer 

^[1]

, antibacterial

^[2]

, antifungal

^[3]

, cholesterol absorption inhibitors

^[4]

, anti-inflammatory

^[5]

, anti-hepatitis

^[6]

, analgesic activities

^[7]

and antihyperglycemic 

^[8]

properties of β-lactams. Many methods are available for the preparation of β-lactams, such as Staudinger cycloaddition

^[9]

, hydroxamate approach

^[10]

, ester enolate-imine condensation

^[11]

, alkene-isocyanate method

^[12]

, the alkyne-nitrone reaction (Kinugasa reaction)

^[13]

, catalytic asymmetric synthesis 

^[14]

and polymer-supported method

^[15]

. Our group has also demonstrated the synthesis of β-lactams

^[16]

. 

Depending on the reactants and reaction conditions the stereochemistry of β-lactams may alter.  Both the stereoisomers are important for medicinal applications. Thus, controlling diastereoselectivity (

cis

 or 

trans

) of the β-lactams is important. Stereoselective synthesis of diverse β-lactams following a variety of conditions through cycloaddition reaction of imines and acid chlorides is described. The results are also explained by plotting the ratios of the two isomeric β-lactams formed with respect to the time of the reaction.

2. Results with Acetoxy DerivativeESULTS WITH ACETOXY DERIVATIVE

The Staudinger reaction mainly required an imine, a tertiary base, and an acid chloride. The reaction of an acid chloride or equivalent with an imine in the presence of a tertiary produced

cis

and

trans

isomers of β-lactams. In this study, ten different reaction conditions including microwave-induced organic reaction enhancement (MORE) chemistry techniques and traditional synthesis/one-pot synthesis was adopted. A domestic microwave oven was used for irradiation and a large Erlenmeyer flask was used as the reaction vessel.

Experiment 1:

Experiment 1:

Microwave irradiation of a solution of imine with an acid chloride in chlorobenzene 

^[17]

produced a mixture of

cis

and

trans

β-lactams. N-methylmorpholine (NMM) was used as a base for this reaction instead of trimethylamine (TEA). Non-polar solvent, benzene was chosen as the reaction medium and reaction temperature was kept in between 45°C-50°C. It was observed that the reaction is not completed after 4 min and it produced a mixture of

cis

(70%) and

trans

(30%) β-lactams. The ratios of the

cis

and

trans

-isomers were determined from the coupling constants of the C

₃

and C

₄

protons of the β-lactam rings.

Experiment 2:

Experiment 2:

To identify the effect of the polarity of the solvent on stereoselectivity, chlorobenzene was used. Chlorobenzene being a polar solvent absorbs microwave energy efficiently. NMM was chosen as a base and reaction temperature was between 95°C-100°C. The reaction was completed within 5 min and it produced a mixture of

cis

(5-10%) and

trans

(90-95%). Thus this reaction condition was suitable for the preparation of

trans

β-lactams.

Experiment 3:

Experiment 3:

The third reaction was undertaken without any solvent. The reaction between the imine and acid chloride was conducted in a microwave oven at the temperature range of 95°C-100°C in the presence of NMM. The temperature was noted when the reaction was performed with 10 mmol of the substrates. The reaction produced a mixture of

cis

(5-10%) and

trans

(90-95%) isomers. It appeared that the solvent makes the reaction slower.

Experiment 4:

Experiment 4:

The reaction was conducted in a preheated oil bath at 90

⁰

C in the presence of NMM. The reaction was completed within 5 min and it gave a mixture of

cis

(5-10%) and

trans

(90-95%) β-lactams.

Experiment 5:

Experiment 5:

In another experiment, the oil bath was used, but the temperature was gradually increased from room temperature to 90

⁰

C. Chlorobenzene was chosen as the solvent and NMM was the base. The same reaction of the imine with acid chloride was performed and it was completed within 15 min. It produced a mixture of

cis

(50%) and

trans

(50%) β-lactams.

Experiment 6:

Experiment 6:

Another variation of this reaction was conducted using a one-pot method. In this experiment, benzaldehyde and

p

-anisidine were reacted in the presence of clay. NMM, AcOCH

₂

COCl, and chlorobenzene were added to it. Irradiating the reaction mixture in a microwave for 2 min, the 

trans

isomer of β-lactam was formed.  The reaction produced only the

cis

isomer in the absence of microwave irradiation at room temperature.

3. Results with Acetoxy Derivative:

Results with Acetoxy Derivative:

The results obtained under different reaction conditions were extremely interesting. 

Table 1

showed the ratios of the

cis

and

trans

β-lactams obtained under different conditions. The data showed that reaction conditions 2, 3, 4, and 6(a) were helpful for the synthesis of

trans

β-lactam. In contrast, reaction conditions 1 and 6(b) were good for the synthesis of

cis

β-lactam. On the other hand, reaction condition 5 was perfect for the synthesis of a mixture of

cis

and

trans

β-lactams. The graphical representation of these observations under diverse conditions is shown in

Figure 1.

.

Table 1:

Ratios of the cis and trans lactams under diverse conditions.

 Figure 1:

Graphical representation of the β-lactam formation under diverse conditions.

Also, the

cis

β-lactams did not change to

trans

β-lactams when they were treated with NMM in chlorobenzene in a domestic microwave oven for 2-3 min even at 90

⁰

C. This experiment established that there is no isomerization of the

cis

β-lactams to the more thermodynamically stable

trans

β-lactams under microwave irradiation at a high temperature.

The reaction was performed with phenyl-substituted imine and similar ratios of the

cis

and

trans

isomers were formed.

Experiment 7:

Experiment 7:

The reaction of benzyloxyacetyl chloride with imine in the presence of dimethyl-formamide (DMF) and NMM also yielded a mixture of

cis

and

trans-

β-lactam in varying proportions.

Table 2 showed the

cis

/

trans

ratios during the time of microwave irradiation. The results showed that

cis

lactams were formed with low power radiation. On the other hand, high power radiation generated

trans lactams formation preferentially.

lactams formation preferentially.

Table 2:

Ratios of the

cis 

and

trans

lactams with respect to time.

Figure 2 represented graphically the variation of the

Figure 2 represented graphically the variation of the

cis

and

trans

ratios with irradiation time up to 5 min at low power mode. The data indicated that the 

cis

/

trans

ratio decreases with the progress of time and finally stabilizes at 4-5 min.

Figure 2:

Graphical representation of the 

cis/trans

ratio of

β

-lactam with the time of irradiation.

Experiment 8:

Experiment 8:

Microwave irradiation of activated phthalimido acetic acid with imine in the presence of chlorobenzene and NMM produced a mixture of 

cis

and

trans

β-lactams.

Experiment 9:

Experiment 9:

Microwave irradiation of acid chloride with imine (produced from D-glyceraldehyde) in the presence of chlorobenzene and NMM in 0-5 min gave

cis

β-lactam. However,  irradiation of acid chloride with imine (obtained from L-glyceraldehyde) gave

cis

β-lactam with opposite absolute stereochemistry.

Experiment 10:

trans

β-Lactam was formed in 100% yield by slow addition of NMM in ethylene dichloride to a refluxing solution of imine and the acid chloride.

4. Conclusion

CONCLUSIONS

The stereochemistry (

cis

and/or

trans

) of the β-lactams under diverse conditions was analyzed. The data showed that some reaction conditions are favorable for the synthesis of

trans

β-lactams. On the other hand, some reaction conditions are favorable for the synthesis of

cis

β-lactams. A few reaction conditions are favorable for the synthesis of a mixture of

cis

and

trans β-lactam. The diastereoselectivity of the β-lactam formation strongly depends on reactants and reaction conditions. The data suggest that the β-lactam formation reaction depends on two pathways.  One pathway is favored at high temperatures and or concentrated solution/microwave-mediated reaction conditions. 

β-lactam. The diastereoselectivity of the β-lactam formation strongly depends on reactants and reaction conditions. The data suggest that the β-lactam formation reaction depends on two pathways.  One pathway is favored at high temperatures and or concentrated solution/microwave-mediated reaction conditions.

Contributors   

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

Aparna Das^a, Ajay K. Bose^b and Bimal Krishna Banik^c

The authors confirm that this result has no conflict of interest.

^a Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, College of Sciences and Human Studies, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar 31952, KSA; Email: aparnadasam@gmail.com; Email: adas@pmu.edu.sa

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

^b Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, USA;

AD and BKB are grateful to Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University for support. BKB is also grateful to US NIH, US NCI, and Kleberg Foundation of Texas for finance support.          

^c Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, College of Sciences and Human Studies, Deanship of Research, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar 31952, KSA; Email: bimalbanik10@gmail.com; bbanik@pmu.edu.sa

Acknowledgements

AD and BKB are grateful to Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University for support. BKB is also grateful to US NIH, US NCI, and Kleberg Foundation of Texas for finance support.