Erectile Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Diseases: Comparison
Please note this is a comparison between Version 2 by Conner Chen and Version 1 by Giuseppe Sangiorgi.

Erectile dysfunction (ED) has been defined as the inability to attain or maintain penile erection sufficient for successful sexual intercourse. ED carries a notable influence on life quality, with significant implications for family and social relationships. Because atherosclerosis of penile arteries represents one of the most frequent ED causes, patients presenting with it should always be investigated for potential coexistent coronary or peripheral disease. Up to 75% of ED patients have a stenosis of the iliac-pudendal-penile arteries, supplying the male genital organ’s perfusion. Recently, pathophysiology and molecular basis of male erection have been elucidated, giving the ground to pharmacological and mechanical revascularization treatment of this condition. 

  • erectile dysfunction
  • peripheral atherosclerotic disease
  • smooth muscle cells
Please wait, diff process is still running!

References

  1. McCabe, M.P.; Sharlip, I.D.; Atalla, E.; Balon, R.; Fisher, A.D.; Laumann, E.; Lee, S.W.; Lewis, R.; Segraves, R.T. Definitions of Sexual Dysfunctions in Women and Men: A Consensus Statement From the Fourth International Consultation on Sexual Medicine 2015. J. Sex. Med. 2016, 13, 135–143.
  2. Grover, S.A.; Lowensteyn, I.; Kaouache, M.; Marchand, S.; Coupal, L.; Decarolis, E.; Zoccoli, J.; Defoy, I. The Prevalence of Erectile Dysfunction in the Primary Care Setting. Arch. Intern. Med. 2006, 166, 213–219.
  3. Schouten, B.W.V.; Bosch, J.L.H.R.; Bernsen, R.M.D.; Blanker, M.H.; Thomas, S.; Bohnen, A.M. Incidence rates of erectile dysfunction in the Dutch general population. Effects of definition, clinical relevance and duration of follow-up in the Krimpen Study. Int. J. Impot. Res. 2004, 17, 58–62.
  4. Corona, G.; Lee, D.M.; Forti, G.; O’Connor, D.B.; Maggi, M.; O’Neill, T.W.; Pendleton, N.; Bartfai, G.; Boonen, S.; Casanueva, F.F.; et al. Age-Related Changes in General and Sexual Health in Middle-Aged and Older Men: Results from the European Male Ageing Study (EMAS). J. Sex. Med. 2010, 7, 1362–1380.
  5. Parazzini, F.; Fabris, F.M.; Bortolotti, A.; Calabrò, A.; Chatenoud, L.; Colli, E.; Landoni, M.; Lavezzari, M.; Turchi, P.; Sessa, A.; et al. Frequency and Determinants of Erectile Dysfunction in Italy. Eur. Urol. 2000, 37, 43–49.
  6. Ayta, I.A.; McKinlay, J.B.; Krane, R.J. The likely worldwide increase in erectile dysfunction between 1995 and 2025 and some possible policy consequences. BJU Int. 1999, 84, 50–56.
  7. Alberti, L.; Torlasco, C.; Lauretta, L.; Loffi, M.; Maranta, F.; Salonia, A.; Margonato, A.; Montorsi, F.; Fragasso, G. Erectile dysfunction in heart failure patients: A critical reappraisal. Andrology 2013, 1, 177–191.
  8. Guo, W.; Liao, C.; Zou, Y.; Li, F.; Li, T.; Zhou, Q.; Cao, Y.; Mao, X. Erectile Dysfunction and Risk of Clinical Cardiovascular Events: A Meta-Analysis of Seven Cohort Studies. J. Sex. Med. 2010, 7, 2805–2816.
  9. Montorsi, P.P.; Montorsi, F.; Schulman, C.C. Is Erectile Dysfunction the “Tip of the Iceberg” of a Systemic Vascular Disorder? Eur. Urol. 2003, 44, 352–354.
  10. Feldman, H.A.; Goldstein, I.; Hatzichristou, D.G.; Krane, R.J.; McKinlay, J.B. Impotence and Its Medical and Psychosocial Correlates: Results of the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. J. Urol. 1994, 151, 54–61.
  11. Lorrain, D.S.; Matuszewich, L.; Howard, R.V.; Du, J.; Hull, E.M. Nitric oxide promotes medial preoptic dopamine release during male rat copulation. Neuroreport 1996, 8, 31–34.
  12. Melis, M.R.; Argiolas, A. Role op central nitric oxide in the control of penile erection and yawning. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 1997, 21, 899–922.
  13. Förstermann, U.; Closs, E.I.; Pollock, J.S.; Nakane, M.; Schwarz, P.; Gath, I.; Kleinert, H. Nitric oxide synthase isozymes. Characterization, purification, molecular cloning, and functions. Hypertension 1994, 23, 1121–1131.
  14. Vergoni, A.V.; Bertolini, A.; Mutulis, F.; Wikberg, J.E.; Schiöth, H.B. Differential influence of a selective melanocortin MC4 receptor antagonist (HS014) on melanocortin-induced behavioral effects in rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1998, 362, 95–101.
  15. Naylor, A.M. Endogenous neurotransmitters mediating penile erection. BJU Int. 1998, 81, 424–431.
  16. Hedlund, P.; Aszódi, A.; Pfeifer, A.; Alm, P.; Hofmann, F.; Ahmad, M.; Fässler, R.; Andersson, K.-E. Erectile dysfunction in cyclic GMP-dependent kinase I-deficient mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2000, 97, 2349–2354.
  17. Kim, N.; Azadzoi, K.M.; Goldstein, I.; De Tejada, I.S. A nitric oxide-like factor mediates nonadrenergic-noncholinergic neurogenic relaxation of penile corpus cavernosum smooth muscle. J. Clin. Investig. 1991, 88, 112–118.
  18. Sangiorgi, G.; Colantonio, R.; Antonini, G.; Savino, A.; Sperandio, M. [Percutaneous intervention therapy for vascular erectile dysfunction]. G. Ital. Cardiol. 2016, 17, 12S-21.
  19. Moriel, E.Z.; Mehringer, C.M.; Schwartz, M.; Rajfer, J. Pulmonary Migration of Coils Inserted for Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction Caused by Venous Leakage. J. Urol. 1993, 149, 1316–1318.
  20. McDonald, L.J.; Murad, F. Nitric Oxide and Cyclic GMP Signaling. Exp. Biol. Med. 1996, 211, 1–6.
  21. Beavo, J.A. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases: Functional implications of multiple isoforms. Physiol. Rev. 1995, 75, 725–748.
  22. Ganz, P.; Vita, J.A. Testing Endothelial Vasomotor Function. Circulation 2003, 108, 2049–2053.
  23. Furchgott, R.F.; Zawadzki, J.V. The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine. Nat. Cell Biol. 1980, 288, 373–376.
  24. Vita, J.A.; Keaney, J.F. Endothelial Function. Circulation 2002, 106, 640–642.
  25. Sangiorgi, G.; Pizzuto, A.; Diehm, N.; Greco, F.; Fusco, F.; Chiricolo, G.; Vismara, A.; Altieri, V.; Cereda, A. Sante Bongoet al. Endovascular therapy for erectile dysfunction: A state of the art re-view. Minerva Cardioangiol. 2020, 10.
  26. Gratzke, C.; Angulo, J.; Chitaley, K.; Dai, Y.-T.; Kim, N.N.; Paick, J.-S.; Simonsen, U.; Ückert, S.; Wespes, E.; Andersson, K.E.; et al. Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathophysiology of Erectile Dysfunction. J. Sex. Med. 2010, 7, 445–475.
  27. Lue, T.F.; Tanagho, E.A. Physiology of Erection and Pharmacological Management of Impotence. J. Urol. 1987, 137, 829–836.
  28. Lue, T.F. Physiology of penile erection and pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction. In Campbell-Walsh Urology; Saunders, W., Ed.; Saunders: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2012.
  29. Lue, T.F. Erectile Dysfunction. N. Engl. J. Med. 2000, 342, 1802–1813.
  30. Brotons, F.B.; Campos, J.C.; Gonzalez-Correales, R.; Martin-Morales, A.; Moncada, I.; Pomerol, J.M. Core document on erectile dysfunction: Key aspects in the care of a patient with erectile dysfunction. Int. J. Impot. Res. 2004, 16, S26–S39.
  31. De Angelis, L.; Marfella, M.A.; Siniscalchi, M.; Marino, L.; Nappo, F.; Giugliano, F.; De Lucia, D. Erectile and endothelial dysfunction in Type II diabetes: A possible link. Diabetologia 2001, 44, 1155–1160.
  32. Gazzaruso, C.; Giordanetti, S.; De Amici, E.; Bertone, G.; Falcone, C.; Geroldi, D.; Fratino, P.; Solerte, S.B.; Garzaniti, A. Relationship between Erectile Dysfunction and Silent Myocardial Ischemia in Apparently Uncomplicated Type 2 Diabetic Patients. Circulation 2004, 110, 22–26.
  33. Gupta, B.P.; Murad, M.H.; Clifton, M.M.; Prokop, L.; Nehra, A.; Kopecky, S.L. The Effect of Lifestyle Modification and Cardiovascular Risk Factor Reduction on Erectile Dysfunction. Arch. Intern. Med. 2011, 171, 1797–1803.
  34. Rosen, M.P.; Greenfield, A.J.; Walker, T.G.; Grant, P.; Dubrow, J.; Bettmann, M.A.; Fried, L.E.; Goldstein, I. Cigarette Smoking: An Independent Risk Factor for Atherosclerosis in the Hypogastric-Cavernous Arterial Bed of Men with Arteriogenic Impotence. J. Urol. 1991, 145, 759–763.
  35. Gandaglia, G.; Briganti, A.; Jackson, G.; Kloner, R.A.; Montorsi, F.; Montorsi, P.; Vlachopoulos, C. A Systematic Review of the Association Between Erectile Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Disease. Eur. Urol. 2014, 65, 968–978.
  36. Thompson, I.M.; Tangen, C.M.; Goodman, P.J.; Probstfield, J.L.; Moinpour, C.M.; Coltman, C.A. Erectile Dysfunction and Subsequent Cardiovascular Disease. JAMA 2005, 294, 2996–3002.
  37. Osondu, C.U.; Vo, B.; Oni, E.T.; Blaha, M.J.; Veledar, E.; Feldman, T.; Agatston, A.S.; Nasir, K.; Aneni, E.C. The relationship of erectile dysfunction and subclinical cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vasc. Med. 2018, 23, 9–20.
  38. Uddin, S.M.I.; Mirbolouk, M.; Dardari, Z.; Feldman, D.I.; Cainzos-Achirica, M.; DeFilippis, A.P.; Greenland, P.; Blankstein, R.; Billups, K.L.; Miner, M.M.; et al. Erectile Dysfunction as an Independent Predictor of Future Cardiovascular Events. Circulation 2018, 138, 540–542.
  39. Montorsi, F.; Briganti, A.; Salonia, A.; Rigatti, P.; Margonato, A.; Macchi, A.; Galli, S.; Ravagnani, P.M.; Montorsi, P. Erectile Dysfunction Prevalence, Time of Onset and Association with Risk Factors in 300 Consecutive Patients with Acute Chest Pain and Angiographically Documented Coronary Artery Disease. Eur. Urol. 2003, 44, 360–365.
  40. Watts, G.F.; Chew, K.-K.; Stuckey, B.G. The erectile–endothelial dysfunction nexus: New opportunities for cardiovascular risk prevention. Nat. Clin. Pr. Neurol. 2007, 4, 263–273.
  41. Rosen, M.P.; Greenfield, A.J.; Walker, T.G.; Grant, P.; Guben, J.K.; Dubrow, J.; Bettmann, M.A.; Goldstein, I. Arteriogenic Impotence: Findings in 195 Impotent Men Examined with Selective Internal Pudendal Angiography. Radiology 1990, 174, 1043–1048.
  42. Montorsi, P.; Ravagnani, P.M.; Galli, S.; Rotatori, F.; Veglia, F.; Briganti, A.; Salonia, A.; Dehò, F.; Rigatti, P.; Montorsi, F.; et al. Association between erectile dysfunction and coronary artery disease. Role of coronary clinical presentation and extent of coronary vessels involvement: The COBRA trial. Eur. Heart J. 2006, 27, 2632–2639.
  43. Lehman, T.P.; Jacobs, J.A. Etiology of Diabetic Impotence. J. Urol. 1983, 129, 291–294.
  44. Whitehead, E.D.; Klyde, B.J. Diabetes-Related Impotence in the Elderly. Clin. Geriatr. Med. 1990, 6, 771–795.
  45. Koncz, L.; Balodimos, M. Impotence in diabetes mellitus. Med. Times 1970, 98, 159–170.
  46. Gazzaruso, C.; Solerte, S.B.; Pujia, A.; Coppola, A.; Vezzoli, M.; Salvucci, F.; Valenti, C.; Giustina, A.; Garzaniti, A. Erectile Dysfunction as a Predictor of Cardiovascular Events and Death in Diabetic Patients With Angiographically Proven Asymptomatic Coronary Artery Disease. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2008, 51, 2040–2044.
  47. Seftel, A.D.; Sun, P.; Swindle, R. The prevalence of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus and de-pression in men with erectile dysfunction. J. Urol. 2004, 171, 2341–2345.
  48. Giuliano, F.A.; Leriche, A.; Jaudinot, E.O.; De Gendre, A.S. Prevalence of erectile dysfunction among 7689 patients with diabetes or hypertension, or both. Urology 2004, 64, 1196–1201.
  49. Behr-Roussel, D.; Gorny, D.; Mevel, K.; Compagnie, S.; Kern, P.; Sivan, V.; Bernabé, J.; Bedigian, M.P.; Alexandre, L.; Giuliano, F. Erectile dysfunction: An early marker for hypertension? A longitudinal study in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am. J. Physiol. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2005, 288, R276–R283.
  50. Gandaglia, G.; Briganti, A.; Montorsi, P.; Mottrie, A.; Salonia, A.; Montorsi, F. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Implications of Erectile Dysfunction in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease. Eur. Urol. 2016, 70, 219–222.
  51. Inman, B.A.; Sauver, J.L.S.; Jacobson, D.J.; McGree, M.E.; Nehra, A.; Lieber, M.M.; Roger, V.L.; Jacobsen, S.J. A Population-Based, Longitudinal Study of Erectile Dysfunction and Future Coronary Artery Disease. Mayo Clin. Proc. 2009, 84, 108–113.
  52. Araujo, A.B.; Travison, T.G.; Ganz, P.; Chiu, G.R.; Kupelian, V.; Rosen, R.C.; Hall, S.A.; McKinlay, J.B. Erectile Dysfunction and Mortality. J. Sex. Med. 2009, 6, 2445–2454.
  53. Schwartz, B.G.; Levine, L.A.; Comstock, G.; Stecher, V.J.; Kloner, R.A. Cardiac Uses of Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibitors. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2012, 59, 9–15.
  54. Andersson, D.P.; Lagerros, Y.T.; Grotta, A.; Bellocco, R.; Lehtihet, M.; Holzmann, M.J. Association between treatment for erectile dysfunction and death or cardiovascular outcomes after myocardial infarction. Heart 2017, 103, 1264–1270.
  55. Anderson, S.G.; Hutchings, D.C.; Woodward, M.; Rahimi, K.; Rutter, M.K.; Kirby, M.; Hackett, G.; Trafford, A.W.; Heald, A.H. Phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitor use in type 2 diabetes is associated with a reduction in all-cause mortality. Heart 2016, 102, 1750–1756.
  56. Andersson, D.P.; Landucci, L.; Lagerros, Y.T.; Grotta, A.; Bellocco, R.; Lehtihet, M.; Holzmann, M.J. Association of Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibitors Versus Alprostadil With Survival in Men With Coronary Artery Disease. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2021, 77, 1535–1550.
  57. Hutchings, D.C.; Anderson, S.G.; Caldwell, J.L.; Trafford, A.W. Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors and the heart: Compound cardioprotection? Heart 2018, 104, 1244–1250.
  58. Burnett, A.L.; Nehra, A.; Breau, R.H.; Culkin, D.J.; Faraday, M.M.; Hakim, L.S.; Heidelbaugh, J.; Khera, M.; McVary, K.T.; Miner, M.M.; et al. Erectile Dysfunction: AUA Guideline. J. Urol. 2018, 200, 633–641.
  59. Ahmed, K.; Hatzimouratidis, K.; Muneer, A. Male Sexual Dysfunction and Hypogonadism Guidelines for the Aging Male. Eur. Urol. Focus 2017, 3, 514–516.
  60. Hoeben, A.; Landuyt, B.; Highley, M.S.; Wildiers, H.; Van Oosterom, A.T.; De Bruijn, E.A. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Angiogenesis. Pharmacol. Rev. 2004, 56, 549–580.
  61. Raica, M.; Cimpean, A.M. Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF)/PDGF Receptors (PDGFR) Axis as Target for Antitumor and Antiangiogenic Therapy. Pharmaceuticals 2010, 3, 572–599.
  62. Murakami, M.; Simons, M. Fibroblast growth factor regulation of neovascularization. Curr. Opin. Hematol. 2008, 15, 215–220.
  63. Van Cruijsen, H.; Giaccone, G.; Hoekman, K. Epidermal growth factor receptor and angiogenesis: Opportunities for combined anticancer strategies. Int. J. Cancer 2005, 117, 883–888.
  64. Jacobo, S.M.P.; Kazlauskas, A. Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) Stabilizes Nascent Blood Vessels. J. Biol. Chem. 2015, 290, 6349–6360.
  65. Ding, X.-G.; Li, S.-W.; Zheng, X.-M.; Hu, L.-Q.; Hu, W.-L.; Luo, Y. The effect of platelet-rich plasma on cavernous nerve regeneration in a rat model. Asian J. Androl. 2009, 11, 215–221.
  66. Wu, C.; Wu, Y.; Ho, H.; Chen, K.; Sheu, M.; Chiang, H. The Neuroprotective Effect of Platelet-rich Plasma on Erectile Function in Bilateral Cavernous Nerve Injury Rat Model. J. Sex. Med. 2012, 9, 2838–2848.
  67. Wu, Y.-N.; Wu, C.-C.; Sheu, M.-T.; Chen, K.-C.; Ho, H.-O.; Chiang, H.-S. Optimization of platelet-rich plasma and its effects on the recovery of erectile function after bilateral cavernous nerve injury in a rat model. J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med. 2013, 10, E294–E304.
  68. Epifanova, M.V.; Chalyi, M.E.; Krasnov, A.O. Investigation of mechanisms of action of growth factors of autol-ogous platelet-rich plasma used to treat erectile dysfunction. Urologiia 2017, 4, 46–48.
  69. Matz, E.L.; Pearlman, A.M.; Terlecki, R.P. Safety and feasibility of platelet rich fibrin matrix injections for treatment of common urologic conditions. Investig. Clin. Urol. 2018, 59, 61–65.
  70. Reed-Maldonado, A.B.; Lue, T.F. The Current Status of Stem-Cell Therapy in Erectile Dysfunction: A Review. World J. Mens Heal. 2016, 34, 155–164.
  71. Shan, H.; Chen, F.; Zhang, T.; He, S.; Xu, L.; Wei, A. Stem Cell Therapy for Erectile Dysfunction of Cavernous Nerve Injury Rats: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0121428.
  72. Soebadi, M.A.; Moris, L.; Castiglione, F.; Weyne, E.; Albersen, M. Advances in stem cell research for the treatment of male sexual dysfunctions. Curr. Opin. Urol. 2016, 26, 129–139.
  73. Bahk, J.Y.; Jung, J.H.; Han, H.; Min, S.K.; Lee, Y.S. Treatment of diabetic impotence with umbilical cord blood stem cell intracavernosal transplant: Preliminary report of 7 cases. Exp. Clin. Transplant. 2010, 8, 150–160.
  74. Yiou, R.; Hamidou, L.; Birebent, B.; Bitari, D.; Lecorvoisier, P.; Contremoulins, I.; Khodari, M.; Rodriguez, A.-M.; Augustin, D.; Roudot-Thoraval, F.; et al. Safety of Intracavernous Bone Marrow-Mononuclear Cells for Postradical Prostatectomy Erectile Dysfunction: An Open Dose-Escalation Pilot Study. Eur. Urol. 2016, 69, 988–991.
  75. Haahr, M.K.; Jensen, C.H.; Toyserkani, N.M.; Andersen, D.C.; Damkier, P.; Sørensen, J.A.; Sheikh, S.P.; Lund, L. A 12-Month Follow-up After a Single Intracavernous Injection of Autologous Adipose-Derived Regenerative Cells in Patients with Erectile Dysfunction Following Radical Prostatectomy: An Open-Label Phase I Clinical Trial. Urology 2018, 121, 203.e6–203.e13.
  76. Levy, J.A.; Marchand, M.; Iorio, L.; Cassini, W.; Zahalsky, M.P. Determining the Feasibility of Managing Erectile Dysfunction in Humans With Placental-Derived Stem Cells. J. Am. Osteopat. Assoc. 2016, 116, e1–e5.
  77. Casiraghi, F.; Remuzzi, G.; Abbate, M.; Perico, N. Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Therapy and Risk of Malignancies. Stem Cell Rev. Rep. 2013, 9, 65–79.
More