Silkworm is an economically important insect that synthetizes silk proteins for silk production in silk gland, and silk gland cells undergo endoreplication during larval period. Transcription factor Myc is essential for cell growth and proliferation. Although silkworm Myc gene has been identified previously, its biological functions in silkworm silk gland are still largely unknown. In this study, we examined whether enhanced Myc expression in silk gland could facilitate cell growth and silk production. Based on a transgenic approach, Myc was driven by the promoter of the fibroin heavy chain (FibH) gene to be successfully overexpressed in posterior silk gland. Enhanced Myc expression in the PSG elevated FibH expression by about 20% compared to the control, and also increased the weight and shell rate of the cocoon shell.
- silkworm
- silk gland
- Myc overexpression
- DNA replication
- silk production
1. Introduction
The silkworm (
Bombyx mori) is an economically important insect that synthesizes silk proteins for silk production in the silk gland. The silk gland comprises three parts, namely, anterior (ASG), middle (MSG), and posterior (PSG). Cell numbers in the silk gland are determined by mitosis during the late embryonic stage [1]. During the larval stage, silk gland cells stop the mitotic cell cycle and enter into endoreplication. After approximately 17–19 rounds of endoreplicating cell cycles, also called the endocycle, the DNA content in each cell can be increased by about 400,000 times, which results in a dendritic nucleus [2][3][4].
) is an economically important insect that synthesizes silk proteins for silk production in the silk gland. The silk gland comprises three parts, namely, anterior (ASG), middle (MSG), and posterior (PSG). Cell numbers in the silk gland are determined by mitosis during the late embryonic stage [1]. During the larval stage, silk gland cells stop the mitotic cell cycle and enter into endoreplication. After approximately 17–19 rounds of endoreplicating cell cycles, also called the endocycle, the DNA content in each cell can be increased by about 400,000 times, which results in a dendritic nucleus [2,3,4].
As is well known, endoreplicating cells generally undergo multiple rounds of genome DNA replication without cell mitosis or chromosome segregation, leading to a giant cell nucleus [5][6]. Numerous studies demonstrated that both the transition of mitosis-to-endocycle and oscillation of DNA replication during the endoreplication process are determined by an upregulated expression of a scaffold protein Fzr [6][7]. Previous studies in
As is well known, endoreplicating cells generally undergo multiple rounds of genome DNA replication without cell mitosis or chromosome segregation, leading to a giant cell nucleus [5,6]. Numerous studies demonstrated that both the transition of mitosis-to-endocycle and oscillation of DNA replication during the endoreplication process are determined by an upregulated expression of a scaffold protein Fzr [6,7]. Previous studies in
Drosophila salivary gland and ovary, two tissues with an endoreplicating cell cycle, reveal that blocking Fzr expression results in an arrest of DNA replication and the failure of mitotic-to-endocycle transition [8][9][10]. Notably, the initiation of DNA replication depends on the assembling of the pre-replication complex (preRC) on the origin of DNA replication [11][12]. The mini-chromosome maintenance proteins 2–7 (MCM2-7), which are identified as preRC subunits, form a hexameric complex during the G1 phase and functions as a DNA helicase to unwind genomic DNA bidirectionally during the S phase; then, they initiate DNA replication [12][13][14]. In silkworm silk gland, oncogene
salivary gland and ovary, two tissues with an endoreplicating cell cycle, reveal that blocking Fzr expression results in an arrest of DNA replication and the failure of mitotic-to-endocycle transition [8,9,10]. Notably, the initiation of DNA replication depends on the assembling of the pre-replication complex (preRC) on the origin of DNA replication [11,12]. The mini-chromosome maintenance proteins 2–7 (MCM2-7), which are identified as preRC subunits, form a hexameric complex during the G1 phase and functions as a DNA helicase to unwind genomic DNA bidirectionally during the S phase; then, they initiate DNA replication [12,13,14]. In silkworm silk gland, oncogene
Ras1(CA), insulin, and ecdysone have been shown to be involved in DNA replication [15][16][17]. Undoubtedly, decoding endoreplication of silk gland cells should be helpful for better understanding silk gland growth and silk protein synthesis. Actually, PSG-specific overexpression of some growth-related regulators, such as
, insulin, and ecdysone have been shown to be involved in DNA replication [15,16,17]. Undoubtedly, decoding endoreplication of silk gland cells should be helpful for better understanding silk gland growth and silk protein synthesis. Actually, PSG-specific overexpression of some growth-related regulators, such as
Ras
and
Yorkie, can elevate silk protein genes transcription and silk production by promoting endoreplication progression and increasing DNA content in the PSG cells [15][18]. On the contrary, PSG-specific knockout of the
, can elevate silk protein genes transcription and silk production by promoting endoreplication progression and increasing DNA content in the PSG cells [15,18]. On the contrary, PSG-specific knockout of the
LaminA/C
gene, which is involved in maintaining the chromatin structure, causes a decrease in DNA content, silk protein gene transcriptions, and silk production [19].
Transcription factor Myc has been primarily identified as an oncogene in mammalian tumor cells and belongs to leucine zipper transcription factor family [20]. Previous reports in animals and plants have demonstrated that Myc is involved in regulating multiple physiological processes, such as cell proliferation and differentiation [21][22], cell growth [23], and cell self-renewal [24][25]. Enhanced
Transcription factor Myc has been primarily identified as an oncogene in mammalian tumor cells and belongs to leucine zipper transcription factor family [20]. Previous reports in animals and plants have demonstrated that Myc is involved in regulating multiple physiological processes, such as cell proliferation and differentiation [21,22], cell growth [23], and cell self-renewal [24,25]. Enhanced
Myc
expression promotes tumorigenesis, while
Myc deletion strongly inhibits cell activity and leads to proliferative arrest [22][26]. Increasing evidence demonstrated that Myc is involved in cell-cycle progression mainly by the initiating DNA replication and G1-S phase transition [27][28]. The observation in
deletion strongly inhibits cell activity and leads to proliferative arrest [22,26]. Increasing evidence demonstrated that Myc is involved in cell-cycle progression mainly by the initiating DNA replication and G1-S phase transition [27,28]. The observation in
Drosophila
salivary gland reveals that
Myc
heterozygous mutation induces continuous segregation of mitotic cells and prevents the entrance of endoreplication progression [29].
Previous reports in silkworm have demonstrated that silencing
Myc expression in ovary-derived BmN4 cells causes an arrest in cell-cycle progression, and Myc is also involved in ecdysteroid regulation of cell-cycle progression in wing disc [30][31]. However, the function of Myc in silkworm silk gland with endoreplicating cell cycle remains unclear. In the present study, based on a transgenic approach, we used the promoter of the PSG-specific
expression in ovary-derived BmN4 cells causes an arrest in cell-cycle progression, and Myc is also involved in ecdysteroid regulation of cell-cycle progression in wing disc [30,31]. However, the function of Myc in silkworm silk gland with endoreplicating cell cycle remains unclear. In the present study, based on a transgenic approach, we used the promoter of the PSG-specific
FibH
gene to drive
Myc
overexpression in the PSG. PSG-specific overexpression of the
Myc
gene not only increased the size and DNA content of PSG cells but also elevated the weight and shell rate of cocoon. Mechanistically, in addition to silk protein gene
FibH
,
Myc
overexpression also upregulated the transcription of the
MCM
genes that are involved in DNA replication. These data suggest that enhanced
Myc
expression in silkworm silk gland promotes DNA replication and silk production.
2. Construction of Transgenic Silkworm with PSG-Specific Myc Overexpression
To understand the roles of the
Myc
gene in both silk gland development and silk production, we first constructed transgenic silkworm with PSG-specific
Myc
overexpression. Based on the full-length sequence of silkworm
Myc
gene, we cloned the opening reading frame of the
Myc
gene and constructed recombinant
Myc
overexpression plasmid driven by
FibH
promoter, which is specifically activated in the PSG (
A). In total, 90 non-diapause D9L embryos were microinjected with the
FibH
-
Myc
recombinant plasmid, and 72 embryos were allowed to survive to develop to adults. EGFP-positive eggs in G1 generation were screened as positive transgenic strains (
B,C) and the positive rate was about 5%. Besides, the PSG of transgenic silkworm was isolated to determine whether
Myc
was specifically overexpressed in the PSG. RT-qPCR analysis confirmed that compared to the control,
Myc
was highly expressed in the PSG of transgenic silkworm (
D). These results indicate that
Myc
was specifically overexpressed in the PSG of transgenic silkworm.
Figure 1. Generation of transgenic silkworm with PSG-specific Myc overexpression. (A) Schematic illustration of the vector for Myc overexpression driven by the FibH promoter. (B,C) EGFP-positive eggs (B) and adults (C) were screened in G1 generation. (D) Myc was highly expressed in the PSG of transgenic silkworm. Values are represented as means ± S.E. (error bars). For the significance test: *** p < 0.001 vs. the control.
3. PSG-Specific Myc Overexpression Improves Silk Yield
We next investigated the effects of PSG-specific
Myc
overexpression on silk yield. The results showed that the cocoons of female transgenic silkworm individuals with PSG-specific
Myc
overexpression were obviously bigger than that of wild-type silkworm, and the cocoons of male silkworm increased by a small amount compared to the wild-type silkworm (
A,A’). The cocoon shell rates were elevated by 25% and 22% in female and male transgenic silkworms, respectively (
B,B’). Further statistics analysis revealed that compared to the control,
Myc
overexpression led to an increase in the weight of cocoon shell (
C,C’). Moreover, the transcription of silk protein gene
FibH
increased by about 20% following
Myc
overexpression (
D), but
Myc
overexpression did not affect the transcriptions of PSG-specific fibroin light chain (
FibL
) and
P25
genes (
) as well as MSG-specific sericin 1 (
Ser1
) gene (
E). These data suggest that
Myc
overexpression in the PSG improves silk yield.
Figure 2.
Enhanced
Myc
expression in the PSG elevates silk yield. (
A
,
A
’) Cocoon size of female (
A
) and male (
A
’) transgenic silkworms with
Myc
overexpression increased compared with control. Scale bar, 1 cm. (
B
,
C
’) The cocoon shell rates (
B
,
B
’) and cocoon weight (
C
,
C
’) were both largely increased following PSG-specific
Myc
overexpression. (
D
,
E
)
Myc
overexpression in the PSG promoted the transcription of
FibH
(
D
) but had no effect on the transcription of
Ser1
(
E
). Values are represented as means ± S.E. (error bars). For the significance test: **
p
< 0.01, ***
p
< 0.001 vs. the control.
4. Discussion
Silkworm is an economically important insect that produces silk fiber and silk proteins that are synthesized by the silk gland in which the cells undergo endoreplication. It has been demonstrated that the overexpression of
Ras1(CA)
and
Yorkie in the silk gland improved silk yield by promoting DNA replication and increasing protein synthesis [15][18], while PSG-specific knockout of
in the silk gland improved silk yield by promoting DNA replication and increasing protein synthesis [15,18], while PSG-specific knockout of
LaminA/C causes a decrease in DNA content, silk protein gene transcription, and silk yield [19]. DNA replication in silk gland cells can also be regulated by ecdysone and insulin [16][17]. Intriguingly, previous studies reported that ecdysone mediated DNA replication and cell proliferation in silkworm wing disc cells by positively regulated
causes a decrease in DNA content, silk protein gene transcription, and silk yield [19]. DNA replication in silk gland cells can also be regulated by ecdysone and insulin [16,17]. Intriguingly, previous studies reported that ecdysone mediated DNA replication and cell proliferation in silkworm wing disc cells by positively regulated
Myc
transcription, and Myc is required for DNA replication and tissue growth in
Drosophila endoreplicating tissues [10][29][30][32]. Accordingly, we here conducted a transgenic overexpression of the
endoreplicating tissues [10,29,30,33]. Accordingly, we here conducted a transgenic overexpression of the
Myc
gene in the PSG and observed that enhanced
Myc
expression promotes DNA replication and silk protein synthesis. These data indicate that Myc plays conserved roles in regulating DNA replication and protein synthesis in different types of endoreplicating cells.
The members of the MCM family, MCM2-MCM7, interacted physically to form a hexameric complex and colocalized at assembled replication origins to initiate DNA synthesis in endoreplicating cells [12][13][14]. This hexameric helicase complex is essential for DNA replication by providing a platform for recruitment of other preRC subunits and bidirectionally unwinding genomic DNA [33][34]. Our previous study found that
The members of the MCM family, MCM2-MCM7, interacted physically to form a hexameric complex and colocalized at assembled replication origins to initiate DNA synthesis in endoreplicating cells [12,13,14]. This hexameric helicase complex is essential for DNA replication by providing a platform for recruitment of other preRC subunits and bidirectionally unwinding genomic DNA [34,35]. Our previous study found that
Drosophila
Myc positively regulated the transcription of the
MCM6
gene by directly binding to a specific motif within its promoter during endoreplication [10]. We here observed that
Myc
overexpression in silkworm PSG can upregulate the transcription of three members of the MCM family,
MCM5
,
MCM6
, and
MCM7
, which is most likely correlated with an increase in DNA content following
Myc
overexpression. Whether Myc can directly bind to the promoter of silkworm
MCM
genes needs further investigation.
High expression of silk proteins in silkworm silk gland is required for silk production. We found that enhanced
Myc
expression in the PSG elevates both the transcription of silk protein gene
FibH
and silk production. This elevation may be associated with a
Myc
overexpression-caused increase in DNA content. In addition, the transcription of the
FibH
gene can be regulated by other silk gland-specific transcription by its direct binding to the
FibH promoter, including basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor Sage [35], nuclear hormone receptor FTZ-F1 [36], and fibroin modulator binding protein-1 [37]. It should be necessary for elucidating whether Myc can directly regulate the transcription of silk protein genes.
promoter, including basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor Sage [36], nuclear hormone receptor FTZ-F1 [37], and fibroin modulator binding protein-1 [38]. It should be necessary for elucidating whether Myc can directly regulate the transcription of silk protein genes.