Sarcoidosis: Clinical Manifestations: Comparison
Please note this is a comparison between Version 2 by Rita Xu and Version 1 by Thomas El Jammal.

Sarcoidosis is a multi-system disease of unknown etiology characterized by the formation of granulomas in various organs. It affects people of all ethnic backgrounds and occurs at any time of life but is more frequent in African Americans, Scandinavians and in adults between 30 and 50 years of age. Sarcoidosis can affect any organ with a frequency varying according to ethnicity, sex and age.

  • sarcoidosis
  • granulomatosis
  • cardiac sarcoidosis
  • neurosarcoidosis
Please wait, diff process is still running!

References

  1. Besnier, E.H. Lupus Pernio de La Face; Synovites Fongueuses (Scrofulo-Tuberculeuses) Symétriques Des Extrémités Supérieures. Ann. Derm. Syph. 1889, 10, 333–336.
  2. Sakthivel, P.; Bruder, D. Mechanism of Granuloma Formation in Sarcoidosis. Curr. Opin. Hematol. 2017, 24, 59–65.
  3. Hunninghake, G.; Costabel, U. Statement on Sarcoidosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1999, 160, 20.
  4. Arkema, E.V.; Cozier, Y.C. Epidemiology of Sarcoidosis: Current Findings and Future Directions. Ther. Adv. Chronic Dis. 2018, 9, 227–240.
  5. Rybicki, B.A.; Major, M.; Popovich, J.; Maliank, M.J.; Lannuzzi, M.C. Racial Differences in Sarcoidosis Incidence: A 5-Year Study in a Health Maintenance Organization. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1997, 145, 234–241.
  6. Pereira, C.A.C.; Dornfeld, M.C.; Baughman, R.; Judson, M.A. Clinical Phenotypes in Sarcoidosis. Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med. 2014, 20, 496–502.
  7. Valeyre, D.; Prasse, A.; Nunes, H.; Uzunhan, Y.; Brillet, P.-Y.; Müller-Quernheim, J. Sarcoidosis. Lancet 2014, 383, 1155–1167.
  8. Nunes, H.; Bouvry, D.; Soler, P.; Valeyre, D. Sarcoidosis. Orphanet J. Rare Dis. 2007, 2, 46.
  9. Nardi, A.; Brillet, P.-Y.; Letoumelin, P.; Girard, F.; Brauner, M.; Uzunhan, Y.; Naccache, J.-M.; Valeyre, D.; Nunes, H. Stage IV Sarcoidosis: Comparison of Survival with the General Population and Causes of Death. Eur. Respir. J. 2011, 38, 1368–1373.
  10. Swigris, J.J.; Olson, A.L.; Huie, T.J.; Fernandez-Perez, E.R.; Solomon, J.; Sprunger, D.; Brown, K.K. Sarcoidosis-Related Mortality in the United States from 1988 to 2007. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2011, 183, 1524–1530.
  11. Kirkil, G.; Lower, E.E.; Baughman, R.P. Predictors of Mortality in Pulmonary Sarcoidosis. Chest 2018, 153, 105–113.
  12. Morimoto, T.; Azuma, A.; Abe, S.; Usuki, J.; Kudoh, S.; Sugisaki, K.; Oritsu, M.; Nukiwa, T. Epidemiology of Sarcoidosis in Japan. Eur. Respir. J. 2008, 31, 372–379.
  13. Jamilloux, Y.; Maucort-Boulch, D.; Kerever, S.; Gerfaud-Valentin, M.; Broussolle, C.; Eb, M.; Valeyre, D.; Seve, P. Sarcoidosis-Related Mortality in France: A Multiple-Cause-of-Death Analysis. Eur. Respir. J. 2016, 48, 1700–1709.
  14. Baughman, R.P.; Teirstein, A.S.; Judson, M.A.; Rossman, M.D.; Yeager, H.; Bresnitz, E.A.; DePALO, L.; Hunninghake, G.; Iannuzzi, M.C.; Johns, C.J.; et al. Clinical Characteristics of Patients in a Case Control Study of Sarcoidosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2001, 164, 1885–1889.
  15. Ungprasert, P.; Carmona, E.M.; Utz, J.P.; Ryu, J.H.; Crowson, C.S.; Matteson, E.L. Epidemiology of Sarcoidosis 1946–2013. Mayo Clin. Proc. 2016, 91, 183–188.
  16. Mañá, J.; Rubio-Rivas, M.; Villalba, N.; Marcoval, J.; Iriarte, A.; Molina-Molina, M.; Llatjos, R.; García, O.; Martínez-Yélamos, S.; Vicens-Zygmunt, V.; et al. Multidisciplinary Approach and Long-Term Follow-up in a Series of 640 Consecutive Patients with Sarcoidosis: Cohort Study of a 40-Year Clinical Experience at a Tertiary Referral Center in Barcelona, Spain. Medicine 2017, 96, e7595.
  17. Valeyre, D.; Bernaudin, J.-F.; Jeny, F.; Duchemann, B.; Freynet, O.; Planès, C.; Kambouchner, M.; Nunes, H. Pulmonary Sarcoidosis. Clin. Chest Med. 2015, 36, 631–641.
  18. Judson, M.A. The Diagnosis of Sarcoidosis. Clin. Chest Med. 2008, 29, 415–427.
  19. Drent, M.; Strookappe, B.; Hoitsma, E.; De Vries, J. Consequences of Sarcoidosis. Clin. Chest Med. 2015, 36, 727–737.
  20. Drent, M.; Lower, E.E.; Vries, J.D. Sarcoidosis-Associated Fatigue. Eur. Respir. J. 2012, 40, 255–263.
  21. De Vries, J.; Michielsen, H.; Van Heck, G.L.; Drent, M. Measuring Fatigue in Sarcoidosis: The Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS). Br. J. Health Psychol. 2004, 9, 279–291.
  22. Baughman, R.P.; Sparkman, B.K.; Lower, E.E. Six-Minute Walk Test and Health Status Assessment in Sarcoidosis. Chest 2007, 132, 207–213.
  23. Drent, M.; Wirnsberger, R.M.; de Vries, J.; van Dieijen-Visser, M.P.; Wouters, E.F.M.; Schols, A.M.W.J. Association of Fatigue with an Acute Phase Response in Sarcoidosis. Eur. Respir. J. 1999, 13, 718.
  24. Korenromp, I.H.E.; Heijnen, C.J.; Vogels, O.J.M.; van den Bosch, J.M.M.; Grutters, J.C. Characterization of Chronic Fatigue in Patients with Sarcoidosis in Clinical Remission. Chest 2011, 140, 441–447.
  25. Michielsen, H.J.; Drent, M.; Peros-Golubicic, T.; De Vries, J. Fatigue Is Associated with Quality of Life in Sarcoidosis Patients. Chest 2006, 130, 989–994.
  26. Elfferich, M.D.; Nelemans, P.J.; Ponds, R.W.; Vries, J.D.; Wijnen, P.A.; Drent, M. Everyday Cognitive Failure in Sarcoidosis: The Prevalence and the Effect of Anti-TNF-α Treatment. RES 2010, 80, 212–219.
  27. Crouser, E.D.; Maier, L.A.; Wilson, K.C.; Bonham, C.A.; Morgenthau, A.S.; Patterson, K.C.; Abston, E.; Bernstein, R.C.; Blankstein, R.; Chen, E.S.; et al. Diagnosis and Detection of Sarcoidosis. An Official American Thoracic Society Clinical Practice Guideline. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2020, 201, e26–e51.
  28. Telenti, A.; Hermans, P.E. Idiopathic Granulomatosis Manifesting as Fever of Unknown Origin. Mayo Clin. Proc. 1989, 64, 44–50.
  29. Iannuzzi, M.C.; Rybicki, B.A.; Teirstein, A.S. Sarcoidosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2007, 357, 2153–2165.
  30. Judson, M.A.; Thompson, B.W.; Rabin, D.L.; Steimel, J.; Knattereud, G.L.; Lackland, D.T.; Rose, C.; Rand, C.S.; Baughman, R.P.; Teirstein, A.S. The Diagnostic Pathway to Sarcoidosis*. Chest 2003, 123, 406–412.
  31. Sinha, A.; Lee, K.K.; Rafferty, G.F.; Yousaf, N.; Pavord, I.D.; Galloway, J.; Birring, S.S. Predictors of Objective Cough Frequency in Pulmonary Sarcoidosis. Eur. Respir. J. 2016, 47, 1461–1471.
  32. Jeny, F.; Bernaudin, J.-F.; Cohen Aubart, F.; Brillet, P.-Y.; Bouvry, D.; Nunes, H.; Valeyre, D. Diagnosis Issues in Sarcoidosis. Respir. Med. Res. 2020, 77, 37–45.
  33. Jameson, A.; Revels, J.; Wang, L.L.; Wang, D.T.; Wang, S.S. Sarcoidosis, the Master Mimicker. Curr. Probl. Diagn. Radiol. 2020, S0363018820301973.
  34. Venkata Ramanan, R.; Pudhiavan, A.; Venkataramanan, A. The “Cluster of Black Pearls” Sign of Sarcoid Lymphadenopathy: A New Sign on Thin-Section Contrast-Enhanced Multidetector CT. Clin. Radiol. 2017, 72, 729–736.
  35. Martin, S.G.; Kronek, L.-P.; Valeyre, D.; Brauner, N.; Brillet, P.-Y.; Nunes, H.; Brauner, M.W.; Réty, F. High-Resolution Computed Tomography to Differentiate Chronic Diffuse Interstitial Lung Diseases with Predominant Ground-Glass Pattern Using Logical Analysis of Data. Eur. Radiol. 2010, 20, 1297–1310.
  36. Valeyre, D.; Bernaudin, J.-F.; Uzunhan, Y.; Kambouchner, M.; Brillet, P.-Y.; Soussan, M.; Nunes, H. Clinical Presentation of Sarcoidosis and Diagnostic Work-Up. Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2014, 35, 336–351.
  37. Sharma, S.K.; Verma, U.; Pande, J.N.; Murugesan, K.; Verma, K.; Guleria, J.S. Glucocorticoid Receptors in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid in Sarcoidosis. Chest 1988, 93, 577–579.
  38. Abehsera, M.; Valeyre, D.; Grenier, P.; Jaillet, H.; Battesti, J.P.; Brauner, M.W. Sarcoidosis with Pulmonary Fibrosis: CT Patterns and Correlation with Pulmonary Function. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2000, 174, 1751–1757.
  39. Lavergne, F.; Clerici, C.; Sadoun, D.; Brauner, M.; Battesti, J.-P.; Valeyre, D. Airway Obstruction in Bronchial Sarcoidosis. Chest 1999, 116, 1194–1199.
  40. Chambellan, A.; Turbie, P.; Nunes, H.; Brauner, M.; Battesti, J.-P.; Valeyre, D. Endoluminal Stenosis of Proximal Bronchi in Sarcoidosis. Chest 2005, 127, 472–481.
  41. Udwadia, Z.F.; Pilling, J.R.; Jenkins, P.F.; Harrison, B.D. Bronchoscopic and Bronchographic Findings in 12 Patients with Sarcoidosis and Severe or Progressive Airways Obstruction. Thorax 1990, 45, 272–275.
  42. Naccache, J.-M.; Lavolé, A.; Nunes, H.; Lamberto, C.; Letoumelin, P.; Brauner, M.; Valeyre, D.; Brillet, P.Y. High-Resolution Computed Tomographic Imaging of Airways in Sarcoidosis Patients With Airflow Obstruction. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 2008, 32, 905–912.
  43. Wells, A.U.; Desai, S.R.; Rubens, M.B.; Goh, N.S.L.; Cramer, D.; Nicholson, A.G.; Colby, T.V.; du Bois, R.M.; Hansell, D.M. Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Composite Physiologic Index Derived from Disease Extent Observed by Computed Tomography. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2003, 167, 962–969.
  44. Walsh, S.L.; Wells, A.U.; Sverzellati, N.; Keir, G.J.; Calandriello, L.; Antoniou, K.M.; Copley, S.J.; Devaraj, A.; Maher, T.M.; Renzoni, E.; et al. An Integrated Clinicoradiological Staging System for Pulmonary Sarcoidosis: A Case-Cohort Study. Lancet Respir. Med. 2014, 2, 123–130.
  45. Delobbe, A.; Hélène, P.; Jocelyne, M.; Sophie, R.; Claude, H.-F.; Benoît, W.; Bernard, A. Impaired Exercise Response in Sarcoid Patients with Normal Pulmonary Function. Sarcoidosis Vasc. Diffus. Lung Dis. 2002, 19, 148–153.
  46. Marcellis, R.G.J.; Lenssen, A.F.; de Vries, G.J.; Baughman, R.P.; van der Grinten, C.P.; Verschakelen, J.A.; De Vries, J.; Drent, M. Is There an Added Value of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Sarcoidosis Patients? Lung 2013, 191, 43–52.
  47. Wallaert, B.; Talleu, C.; Wemeau-Stervinou, L.; Duhamel, A.; Robin, S.; Aguilaniu, B. Reduction of Maximal Oxygen Uptake in Sarcoidosis: Relationship with Disease Severity. Respiration 2011, 82, 501–508.
  48. Lopes, A.J.; Menezes, S.L.S.; Dias, C.M.; Oliveira, J.F.; Mainenti, M.R.M.; Guimarães, F.S. Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Variables as Predictors of Long-Term Outcome in Thoracic Sarcoidosis. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 2012, 45, 256–263.
  49. Kollert, F.; Geck, B.; Suchy, R.; Jörres, R.A.; Arzt, M.; Heidinger, D.; Hamer, O.W.; Prasse, A.; Müller-Quernheim, J.; Pfeifer, M.; et al. The Impact of Gas Exchange Measurement during Exercise in Pulmonary Sarcoidosis. Respir. Med. 2011, 105, 122–129.
  50. Costabel, U.; Bonella, F.; Ohshimo, S.; Guzman, J. Diagnostic Modalities in Sarcoidosis: BAL, EBUS, and PET. Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2010, 31, 404–408.
  51. Darlington, P.; Kullberg, S.; Eklund, A.; Grunewald, J. Subpopulations of Cells from Bronchoalveolar Lavage Can Predict Prognosis in Sarcoidosis. Eur. Respir. J. 2020, 55, 1901450.
  52. Mota, P.C.; Morais, A.; Palmares, C.; Beltrão, M.; Melo, N.; Santos, A.C.; Delgado, L. Diagnostic Value of CD103 Expression in Bronchoalveolar Lymphocytes in Sarcoidosis. Respir. Med. 2012, 106, 1014–1020.
  53. Heron, M.; Slieker, W.A.T.; Zanen, P.; van Lochem, E.G.; Hooijkaas, H.; van den Bosch, J.M.M.; van Velzen-Blad, H. Evaluation of CD103 as a Cellular Marker for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Sarcoidosis. Clin. Immunol. 2008, 126, 338–344.
  54. Boucly, A.; Weatherald, J.; Savale, L.; Jaïs, X.; Cottin, V.; Prevot, G.; Picard, F.; de Groote, P.; Jevnikar, M.; Bergot, E.; et al. Risk Assessment, Prognosis and Guideline Implementation in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Eur. Respir. J. 2017, 50, 1700889.
  55. Rubio-Rivas, M.; Franco, J.; Corbella, X. Sarcoidosis Presenting with and without Löfgren’s Syndrome: Clinical, Radiological and Behavioral Differences Observed in a Group of 691 Patients. Jt. Bone Spine 2020, 87, 141–147.
  56. Karakaya, B.; Kaiser, Y.; van Moorsel, C.; Grunewald, J. Löfgren’s Syndrome: Diagnosis, Management, and Disease Pathogenesis. Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2017, 38, 463–476.
  57. Goussault, C.; Albert, J.-D.; Coiffier, G.; Lamer, F.; Guillin, R.; Le Goff, B.; Bouvard, B.; Dernis, E.; Ferreyra, M.; Cormier, G.; et al. Ultrasound Characterization of Ankle Involvement in Löfgren Syndrome. Jt. Bone Spine 2018, 85, 65–69.
  58. Anandacoomarasamy, A.; Peduto, A.; Howe, G.; Maniolos, N.; Spencer, D. Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Löfgren’s Syndrome: Demonstration of Periarthritis. Clin. Rheumatol. 2006, 26, 572–575.
  59. Cacciatore, C.; Belnou, P.; Thietart, S.; Desthieux, C.; Versini, M.; Abisror, N.; Ottaviani, S.; Cormier, G.; Deroux, A.; Dellal, A.; et al. Acute and Chronic Sarcoid Arthropathies: Characteristics and Treatments From a Retrospective Nationwide French Study. Front. Med. 2020, 7, 565420.
  60. Bechman, K.; Christidis, D.; Walsh, S.; Birring, S.S.; Galloway, J. A Review of the Musculoskeletal Manifestations of Sarcoidosis. Rheumatology 2018, 57, 777–783.
  61. Sweiss, N.; Patterson, K.; Sawaqed, R.; Jabbar, U.; Korsten, P.; Hogarth, K.; Wollman, R.; Garcia, J.; Niewold, T.; Baughman, R. Rheumatologic Manifestations of Sarcoidosis. Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2010, 31, 463–473.
  62. Visser, H. Sarcoid Arthritis: Clinical Characteristics, Diagnostic Aspects, and Risk Factors. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2002, 61, 499–504.
  63. Kobak, S.; Sever, F.; Usluer, O.; Goksel, T.; Orman, M. The Clinical Characteristics of Sarcoid Arthropathy Based on a Prospective Cohort Study. Ther. Adv. Musculoskelet. Dis. 2016, 8, 220–224.
  64. Sukenik, S.; Hendler, N.; Yerushalmi, B.; Buskila, D.; Liberman, N. Jaccoud’s-Type Arthropathy: An Association with Sarcoidosis. J. Rheumatol. 1991, 18, 915–917.
  65. Erb, N.; Cushley, M.J.; Kassimos, D.G.; Shave, R.M.; Kitas, G.D. An Assessment of Back Pain and the Prevalence of Sacroiliitis in Sarcoidosis. Chest 2005, 127, 192–196.
  66. Sparks, J.A.; McSparron, J.I.; Shah, N.; Aliabadi, P.; Paulson, V.; Fanta, C.H.; Coblyn, J.S. Osseous Sarcoidosis: Clinical Characteristics, Treatment, and Outcomes—Experience from a Large, Academic Hospital. Semin. Arthritis Rheum. 2014, 44, 371–379.
  67. Berger, C.; Sommer, C.; Meinck, H.-M. Isolated Sarcoid Myopathy. Muscle Nerve 2002, 26, 553–556.
  68. Douglas, A.C.; Macleod, J.G.; Matthews, J.D. Symptomatic Sarcoidosis of Skeletal Muscle. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 1973, 36, 7.
  69. Silverstein, A.; Siltzbach, L.E. Muscle Involvement in Sarcoidosis. Arch. Neurol. 1969, 21, 7.
  70. Wolfe, S.M.; Pinals, R.S.; Aelion, J.A.; Goodman, R.E. Myopathy in Sarcoidosis: Clinical and Pathologic Study of Four Cases and Review of the Literature. Semin. Arthritis Rheum. 1987, 16, 300–306.
  71. Cremers, J.P.; Van Kroonenburgh, M.J.; Mostard, R.L.; Vöö, S.A.; Wijnen, P.A.; Koek, G.H.; Drent, M. Extent of Disease Activity Assessed by 18F-FDG PET/CT in a Dutch Sarcoidosis Population. Sarcoidosis Vasc. Diffus. Lung Dis. 2014, 31, 37–45.
  72. Roux, K.L.; Streichenberger, N.; Vial, C.; Petiot, P.; Feasson, L.; Bouhour, F.; Ninet, J.; Lachenal, F.; Broussolle, C.; Sève, P. Granulomatous Myositis: A Clinical Study of Thirteen Cases. Muscle Nerve 2007, 35, 171–177.
  73. Androdias, G.; Maillet, D.; Marignier, R.; Pinede, L.; Confavreux, C.; Broussolle, C.; Vukusic, S.; Seve, P. Mycophenolate Mofetil May Be Effective in CNS Sarcoidosis but Not in Sarcoid Myopathy. Neurology 2011, 76, 1168–1172.
  74. Dieudonné, Y.; Allenbach, Y.; Benveniste, O.; Leonard-Louis, S.; Hervier, B.; Mariampillai, K.; Nespola, B.; Lannes, B.; Echaniz-Laguna, A.; Wendling, D.; et al. Granulomatosis-Associated Myositis: High Prevalence of Sporadic Inclusion Body Myositis. Neurology 2020, 94, e910–e920.
  75. Ungprasert, P.; Crowson, C.S.; Matteson, E.L. Influence of Gender on Epidemiology and Clinical Manifestations of Sarcoidosis: A Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study 1976-2013. Lung 2017, 195, 87–91.
  76. James, D.G.; Neville, E.; Siltzbach, L.E.; Turiaf, J.; Battesti, J.P.; Sharma, O.P.; Hosoda, Y.; Mikami, R.; Odaka, M.; Villar, T.G.; et al. A Worldwide Review of Sarcoidosis*. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1976, 278, 321–334.
  77. Studdy, P.R.; Bird, R.; Neville, E.; James, D.G. Biochemical Findings in Sarcoidosis. J. Clin. Pathol. 1980, 33, 528–533.
  78. Baughman, R.P.; Janovcik, J.; Ray, M.; Sweiss, N.; Lower, E.E. Calcium and Vitamin D Metabolism in Sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc. Diffus. Lung Dis. 2013, 30, 113–120.
  79. Gwadera, Ł.; Białas, A.J.; Iwański, M.A.; Górski, P.; Piotrowski, W.J. Sarcoidosis and Calcium Homeostasis Disturbances—Do We Know Where We Stand? Chron. Respir. Dis. 2019, 16.
  80. Adams, J.S. Vitamin D Metabolite-Mediated Hypercalcemia. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. N. Am. 1989, 18, 765–778.
  81. Caplan, A.; Rosenbach, M.; Imadojemu, S. Cutaneous Sarcoidosis. Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2020, 41, 689–699.
  82. Marcoval, J.; Mañá, J.; Rubio, M. Specific Cutaneous Lesions in Patients with Systemic Sarcoidosis: Relationship to Severity and Chronicity of Disease. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 2011, 36, 739–744.
  83. Haimovic, A.; Sanchez, M.; Judson, M.A.; Prystowsky, S. Sarcoidosis: A Comprehensive Review and Update for the Dermatologist. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2012, 66, 719.e1–719.e10.
  84. Bodaghi, B.; Touitou, V.; Fardeau, C.; Chapelon, C.; LeHoang, P. Ocular Sarcoidosis. La Presse Médicale 2012, 41, e349–e354.
  85. Jamilloux, Y.; Kodjikian, L.; Broussolle, C.; Sève, P. Sarcoidosis and Uveitis. Autoimmun. Rev. 2014, 13, 840–849.
  86. Pasadhika, S.; Rosenbaum, J.T. Ocular Sarcoidosis. Clin. Chest Med. 2015, 36, 669–683.
  87. Rothova, A. Ocular Involvement in Sarcoidosis. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2000, 84, 110–116.
  88. Koczman, J.J.; Rouleau, J.; Gaunt, M.; Kardon, R.H.; Wall, M.; Lee, A.G. Neuro-Ophthalmic Sarcoidosis: The University of Iowa Experience. Semin. Ophthalmol. 2008, 23, 157–168.
  89. Prabhakaran, V.C.; Saeed, P.; Esmaeli, B.; Sullivan, T.J.; McNab, A.; Davis, G.; Valenzuela, A.; Leibovitch, I.; Kesler, A.; Sivak-Callcott, J.; et al. Orbital and Adnexal Sarcoidosis. Arch. Ophthalmol. 2007, 125, 1657–1662.
  90. Braswell, R.A.; Kline, L.B. Neuro-Ophthalmologic Manifestations of Sarcoidosis. Int. Ophthalmol. Clin. 2007, 47, 67–77.
  91. Leclercq, M.; Langlois, V.; Girszyn, N.; Le Besnerais, M.; Benhamou, Y.; Levesque, H.; Muraine, M.; Gueudry, J. Comparison of Conventional Immunosuppressive Drugs versus Anti-TNF-α Agents in Non-Infectious Non-Anterior Uveitis. J. Autoimmun. 2020, 113, 102481.
  92. Coulon, C.; Kodjikian, L.; Rochepeau, C.; Perard, L.; Jardel, S.; Burillon, C.; Broussolle, C.; Jamilloux, Y.; Seve, P. Ethnicity and Association with Ocular, Systemic Manifestations and Prognosis in 194 Patients with Sarcoid Uveitis. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 2019, 257, 2495–2503.
  93. Birnbaum, A.D.; French, D.D.; Mirsaeidi, M.; Wehrli, S. Sarcoidosis in the National Veteran Population. Ophthalmology 2015, 122, 934–938.
  94. Ma, S.P.; Rogers, S.L.; Hall, A.J.; Hodgson, L.; Brennan, J.; Stawell, R.J.; Lim, L.L. Sarcoidosis-Related Uveitis: Clinical Presentation, Disease Course, and Rates of Systemic Disease Progression After Uveitis Diagnosis. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 2019, 198, 30–36.
  95. Greenberg, G.; Anderson, R.; Sharpstone, P.; James, D.G. Enlargement of Parotid Gland Due to Sarcoidosis. Br. Med. J. 1964, 2, 861–862.
  96. Darlington, P.; Tallstedt, L.; Padyukov, L.; Kockum, I.; Cederlund, K.; Eklund, A.; Grunewald, J. HLA-DRB1* Alleles and Symptoms Associated with Heerfordt’s Syndrome in Sarcoidosis. Eur. Respir. J. 2011.
  97. Heerfordt, C. Über Eine ‘Febris Uveoparotidea Subchronica’ an Der Glandula Parotis Der Uvea Des Auges Lokalisiert Und Häufig Mit Paresen Cerebrospinaler Nerver Kompliziert. Arch. Ophthalmol. 1909, 70, 254–273.
  98. Makimoto, G.; Kawakado, K.; Nakanishi, M.; Tamura, T.; Noda, M.; Makimoto, S.; Sato, Y.; Kuyama, S. Heerfordt’s Syndrome Associated with Trigeminal Nerve Palsy and Reversed Halo Sign. Intern. Med. 2020.
  99. Mikulic, S.; Patel, P.; Sheffield, S.; Kandah, F.; Velarde, G. Heerfordt-Waldenström Syndrome Manifesting as Cardiac Sarcoidosis. Cureus 2020, 12, e10619.
  100. Rochepeau, C.; Jamilloux, Y.; Kerever, S.; Febvay, C.; Perard, L.; Broussolle, C.; Burillon, C.; Kodjikian, L.; Seve, P. Long-Term Visual and Systemic Prognoses of 83 Cases of Biopsy-Proven Sarcoid Uveitis. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2017, 101, 856–861.
  101. Sève, P.; Jamilloux, Y.; Tilikete, C.; Gerfaud-Valentin, M.; Kodjikian, L.; El Jammal, T. Ocular Sarcoidosis. Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2020, 41, 673–688.
  102. Paovic, J.; Paovic, P.; Sredovic, V.; Jovanovic, S. Clinical Manifestations, Complications and Treatment of Ocular Sarcoidosis: Correlation between Visual Efficiency and Macular Edema as Seen on Optical Coherence Tomography. Semin. Ophthalmol. 2016, 1–8.
  103. Miserocchi, E.; Modorati, G.; Di Matteo, F.; Galli, L.; Rama, P.; Bandello, F. Visual Outcome in Ocular Sarcoidosis: Retrospective Evaluation of Risk Factors. Eur. J. Ophthalmol. 2011, 21, 802–810.
  104. Dana, M.-R.; Merayo-Lloves, J.; Schaumberg, D.A.; Foster, C.S. Prognosticators for Visual Outcome in Sarcoid Uveitis. Ophthalmology 1996, 103, 1846–1853.
  105. Tadros, M.; Forouhar, F.; Wu, G.Y. Hepatic Sarcoidosis. J. Clin. Transl. Hepatol. 2013, 1, 87–93.
  106. Deutsch-Link, S.; Fortuna, D.; Weinberg, E.M. A Comprehensive Review of Hepatic Sarcoid. Semin. Liver Dis. 2018, 38, 284–297.
  107. Judson, M. Extrapulmonary Sarcoidosis. Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2007, 28, 083–101.
  108. Bihari, C.; Rastogi, A.; Kumar, N.; Rajesh, S.; Sarin, S.K. Hepatic Sarcoidosis: Clinico-Pathological Characterization of Symptomatic Cases. Acta Gastroenterol. Belg. 2015, 78, 306–313.
  109. Moreno-Merlo, F.; Wanless, I.R.; Shimamatsu, K.; Sherman, M.; Greig, P.; Chiasson, D. The Role of Granulomatous Phlebitis and Thrombosis in the Pathogenesis of Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension in Sarcoidosis. Hepatology 1997, 26, 554–560.
  110. Alam, I.; Levenson, S.D.; Ferrell, L.D.; Bass, N.M. Diffuse Intrahepatic Biliary Strictures in Sarcoidosis Resembling Sclerosing Cholangitis (Case Report and Review of the Literature). Dig. Dis. Sci. 1997, 42, 1295–1301.
  111. Delfosse, V.; de Leval, L.; De Roover, A.; Delwaide, J.; Honoré, P.; Boniver, J.; Detry, O. Budd-Chiari Syndrome Complicating Hepatic Sarcoidosis: Definitive Treatment by Liver Transplantation: A Case Report. Transplant. Proc. 2009, 41, 3432–3434.
  112. Ungprasert, P.; Crowson, C.S.; Simonetto, D.A.; Matteson, E.L. Clinical Characteristics and Outcome of Hepatic Sarcoidosis: A Population-Based Study 1976–2013. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2017, 112, 1556–1563.
  113. Warshauer, D.M.; Dumbleton, S.A.; Molina, P.L.; Yankaskas, B.C.; Parker, L.A.; Woosley, J.T. Abdominal CT Findings in Sarcoidosis: Radiologic and Clinical Correlation. Radiology 1994, 192, 93–98.
  114. Ungprasert, P.; Ryu, J.H.; Matteson, E.L. Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Sarcoidosis. Mayo Clin. Proc. Innov. Qual. Outcomes 2019, 3, 358–375.
  115. Syed, U.; Alkhawam, H.; Bakhit, M.; Companioni, R.A.C.; Walfish, A. Hepatic Sarcoidosis: Pathogenesis, Clinical Context, and Treatment Options. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 2016, 51, 1025–1030.
  116. Coash, M.; Forouhar, F.; Wu, C.H.; Wu, G.Y. Granulomatous Liver Diseases: A Review. J. Formos. Med. Assoc. 2012, 111, 3–13.
  117. Lagana, S.M.; Moreira, R.K.; Lefkowitch, J.H. Hepatic Granulomas: Pathogenesis and Differential Diagnosis. Clin. Liver Dis. 2010, 14, 605–617.
  118. Gaya, D.R. Hepatic Granulomas: A 10 Year Single Centre Experience. J. Clin. Pathol. 2003, 56, 850–853.
  119. Geri, G.; Cacoub, P. Granulomatose hépatique. Rev. Méd. Interne 2011, 32, 560–566.
  120. Wainwright, H. Hepatic Granulomas. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2007, 19, 93–95.
  121. Esfeh, J.M.; Culver, D.; Plesec, T.; John, B. Clinical Presentation and Protocol for Management of Hepatic Sarcoidosis. Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2015, 9, 349–358.
  122. Britt, A.R.; Francis, I.R.; Glazer, G.M.; Ellis, J.H. Sarcoidosis: Abdominal Manifestations at CT. Radiology 1991, 178, 91–94.
  123. Folz, S.J.; Johnson, C.D.; Swensen, S.J. Abdominal Manifestations of Sarcoidosis in CT Studies. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 1995, 19, 573–579.
  124. Warshauer, D.M.; Molina, P.L.; Hamman, S.M.; Koehler, R.E.; Paulson, E.K.; Bechtold, R.E.; Perlmutter, M.L.; Hiken, J.N.; Francis, I.R.; Cooper, C.J. Nodular Sarcoidosis of the Liver and Spleen: Analysis of 32 Cases. Radiology 1995, 195, 757–762.
  125. Tetikkurt, C.; Yanardag, H.; Pehlivan, M.; Bilir, M. Clinical Features and Prognostic Significance of Splenic Involvement in Sarcoidosis. Monaldi Arch. Chest Dis. 2017, 87.
  126. Warshauer, D.M.; Lee, J.K.T. Imaging Manifestations of Abdominal Sarcoidosis. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2004, 182, 15–28.
  127. Tana, C.; Donatiello, I.; Coppola, M.G.; Ricci, F.; Maccarone, M.T.; Ciarambino, T.; Cipollone, F.; Giamberardino, M.A. CT Findings in Pulmonary and Abdominal Sarcoidosis. Implications for Diagnosis and Classification. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 3028.
  128. Ghrenassia, E.; Mekinian, A.; Chapelon-Albric, C.; Levy, P.; Cosnes, J.; Sève, P.; Lefèvre, G.; Dhôte, R.; Launay, D.; Prendki, V.; et al. Digestive-Tract Sarcoidosis: French Nationwide Case-Control Study of 25 Cases. Medicine 2016, 95, e4279.
  129. Munker, M.; Sharma, O.P. Fatal Gastrointestinal Haemorrhage in Sarcoidosis: A Previously Unreported Occurrence. Sarcoidosis 1987, 4, 55–57.
  130. Inomata, M.; Ikushima, S.; Awano, N.; Kondoh, K.; Satake, K.; Masuo, M.; Moriya, A.; Kamiya, H.; Ando, T.; Azuma, A.; et al. Upper Gastrointestinal Sarcoidosis: Report of Three Cases. Intern. Med. 2012, 51, 1689–1694.
  131. Rubio-Rivas, M.; Corbella, X. Clinical Phenotypes and Prediction of Chronicity in Sarcoidosis Using Cluster Analysis in a Prospective Cohort of 694 Patients. Eur. J. Intern. Med. 2020, 77, 59–65.
  132. Schupp, J.C.; Freitag-Wolf, S.; Bargagli, E.; Mihailović-Vučinić, V.; Rottoli, P.; Grubanovic, A.; Müller, A.; Jochens, A.; Tittmann, L.; Schnerch, J.; et al. Phenotypes of Organ Involvement in Sarcoidosis. Eur. Respir. J. 2018, 51, 1700991.
  133. Chapelon-Abric, C.; De Zuttere, D.; Duhaut, P.; Veyssier, P.; Wechsler, B.; Huong, D.L.T.; De Gennes, C.; Papo, T.; Blétry, O.; Godeau, P.; et al. Cardiac Sarcoidosis: A Retrospective Study of 41 Cases. Medicine 2004, 83, 315–334.
  134. Han, Y.S.; Rivera-Grana, E.; Salek, S.; Rosenbaum, J.T. Distinguishing Uveitis Secondary to Sarcoidosis From Idiopathic Disease: Cardiac Implications. Jama Ophthalmol. 2018, 136, 109.
  135. Birnie, D.H.; Sauer, W.H.; Bogun, F.; Cooper, J.M.; Culver, D.A.; Duvernoy, C.S.; Judson, M.A.; Kron, J.; Mehta, D.; Cosedis Nielsen, J.; et al. HRS Expert Consensus Statement on the Diagnosis and Management of Arrhythmias Associated with Cardiac Sarcoidosis. Heart Rhythm. 2014, 11, 1304–1323.
  136. Mehta, D.; Lubitz, S.A.; Frankel, Z.; Wisnivesky, J.P.; Einstein, A.J.; Goldman, M.; Machac, J.; Teirstein, A. Cardiac Involvement in Patients with Sarcoidosis: Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Outpatient Testing. Chest 2008, 133, 1426–1435.
  137. Kouranos, V.; Tzelepis, G.E.; Rapti, A.; Mavrogeni, S.; Aggeli, K.; Douskou, M.; Prasad, S.; Koulouris, N.; Sfikakis, P.; Wells, A.; et al. Complementary Role of CMR to Conventional Screening in the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Cardiac Sarcoidosis. JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging 2017, 10, 1437–1447.
  138. Silverman, K.J.; Hutchins, G.M.; Bulkley, B.H. Cardiac Sarcoid: A Clinicopathologic Study of 84 Unselected Patients with Systemic Sarcoidosis. Circulation 1978, 58, 1204–1211.
  139. Iwai, K.; Tachibana, T.; Takemura, T.; Matsui, Y.; Kitalchi, M.; Kawabata, Y. Pathological Studies on Sarcoidosis Autopsy. I. Epidemiological Features of 320 Cases in Japan. Pathol. Int. 1993, 43, 372–376.
  140. Nunes, H.; Freynet, O.; Naggara, N.; Soussan, M.; Weinman, P.; Diebold, B.; Brillet, P.-Y.; Valeyre, D. Cardiac Sarcoidosis. Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2010, 31, 428–441.
  141. Kandolin, R.; Lehtonen, J.; Airaksinen, J.; Vihinen, T.; Miettinen, H.; Ylitalo, K.; Kaikkonen, K.; Tuohinen, S.; Haataja, P.; Kerola, T.; et al. Cardiac Sarcoidosis: Epidemiology, Characteristics, and Outcome over 25 Years in a Nationwide Study. Circulation 2015, 131, 624–632.
  142. Ribeiro Neto, M.L.; Jellis, C.L.; Joyce, E.; Callahan, T.D.; Hachamovitch, R.; Culver, D.A. Update on Cardiac Sarcoidosis. Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc. 2019.
  143. Zhou, Y.; Lower, E.E.; Li, H.-P.; Costea, A.; Attari, M.; Baughman, R.P. Cardiac Sarcoidosis: The Impact of Age and Implanted Devices on Survival. Chest 2017, 151, 139–148.
  144. Kurmann, R. Echocardiography in Sarcoidosis. Curr. Cardiol. Rep. 2018, 20, 118.
  145. Terasaki, F.; Yoshinaga, K. New Guidelines for Diagnosis of Cardiac Sarcoidosis in Japan. Ann. Nucl. Cardiol. 2017, 3, 42–45.
  146. Murtagh, G.; Laffin, L.J.; Beshai, J.F.; Maffessanti, F.; Bonham, C.A.; Patel, V.A.; Yu, Z.; Addetia, K.; Mor-Avi, V.; Moss, J.D.; et al. Prognosis of Myocardial Damage in Sarcoidosis Patients with Preserved Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction: Risk Stratification Using Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging 2016, 9, 1–9.
  147. Hulten, E.; Agarwal, V.; Cahill, M.; Cole, G.; Vita, T.; Parrish, S.; Bittencourt, M.S.; Murthy, V.L.; Kwong, R.; Di Carli, M.F.; et al. Presence of Late Gadolinium Enhancement by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Among Patients With Suspected Cardiac Sarcoidosis Is Associated With Adverse Cardiovascular Prognosis. Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging 2016, 9, 139–148.
  148. Nadel, J.; Lancefield, T.; Voskoboinik, A.; Taylor, A.J. Late Gadolinium Enhancement Identified with Cardiacmagnetic Resonance Imaging in Sarcoidosis Patients Is Associated with Long-Term Ventricular Arrhythmia and Sudden Cardiac Death. Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging 2015, 16, 634–641.
  149. Shafee, M.A.; Fukuda, K.; Wakayama, Y.; Nakano, M.; Kondo, M.; Hasebe, Y.; Kawana, A.; Shimokawa, H. Delayed Enhancement on Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Is a Poor Prognostic Factor in Patients with Cardiac Sarcoidosis. J. Cardiol. 2012, 60, 448–453.
  150. Vita, T.; Okada, D.R.; Veillet-Chowdhury, M.; Bravo, P.E.; Mullins, E.; Hulten, E.; Agrawal, M.; Madan, R.; Taqueti, V.R.; Steigner, M.; et al. Complementary Value of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography in the Assessment of Cardiac Sarcoidosis. Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging 2018, 11, e007030.
  151. Birnie, D.; Beanlands, R.S.B.; Nery, P.; Aaron, S.D.; Culver, D.A.; DeKemp, R.A.; Gula, L.; Ha, A.; Healey, J.S.; Inoue, Y.; et al. Cardiac Sarcoidosis Multi-Center Randomized Controlled Trial (CHASM CS- RCT). Am. Heart J. 2020, 220, 246–252.
  152. Ardehali, H.; Howard, D.L.; Hariri, A.; Qasim, A.; Hare, J.M.; Baughman, K.L.; Kasper, E.K. A Positive Endomyocardial Biopsy Result for Sarcoid Is Associated with Poor Prognosis in Patients with Initially Unexplained Cardiomyopathy. Am. Heart J. 2005, 150, 459–463.
  153. Fritz, D.; van de Beek, D.; Brouwer, M.C. Clinical Features, Treatment and Outcome in Neurosarcoidosis: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. BMC Neurol. 2016, 16, 220.
  154. Cação, G.; Branco, A.; Meireles, M.; Alves, J.E.; Mateus, A.; Silva, A.M.; Santos, E. Neurosarcoidosis According to Zajicek and Scolding Criteria: 15 Probable and Definite Cases, Their Treatment and Outcomes. J. Neurol. Sci. 2017, 379, 84–88.
  155. Kidd, D.P. Neurosarcoidosis: Clinical Manifestations, Investigation and Treatment. Pract. Neurol. 2020, 20, 199–212.
  156. Ungprasert, P.; Crowson, C.S.; Matteson, E.L. Characteristics and Long-Term Outcome of Neurosarcoidosis: A Population-Based Study from 1976-2013. Neuroepidemiology 2017, 48, 87–94.
  157. Ungprasert, P.; Matteson, E.L. Neurosarcoidosis. Rheum. Dis. Clin. N. Am. 2017, 43, 593–606.
  158. Culver, D.A.; Neto, M.L.R.; Moss, B.P.; Willis, M.A. Neurosarcoidosis. Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2017, 38, 499–513.
  159. Joubert, B.; Chapelon-Abric, C.; Biard, L.; Saadoun, D.; Demeret, S.; Dormont, D.; Resche-Rigon, M.; Cacoub, P. Association of Prognostic Factors and Immunosuppressive Treatment With Long-Term Outcomes in Neurosarcoidosis. JAMA Neurol. 2017, 74, 1336–1344.
  160. Arun, T.; Pattison, L.; Palace, J. Distinguishing Neurosarcoidosis from Multiple Sclerosis Based on CSF Analysis: A Retrospective Study. Neurology 2020, 94, e2545–e2554.
  161. Durel, C.-A.; Marignier, R.; Maucort-Boulch, D.; Iwaz, J.; Berthoux, E.; Ruivard, M.; André, M.; Le Guenno, G.; Pérard, L.; Dufour, J.-F.; et al. Clinical Features and Prognostic Factors of Spinal Cord Sarcoidosis: A Multicenter Observational Study of 20 BIOPSY-PROVEN Patients. J. Neurol. 2016, 263, 981–990.
  162. Langrand, C.; Bihan, H.; Raverot, G.; Varron, L.; Androdias, G.; Borson-Chazot, F.; Brue, T.; Cathebras, P.; Pinede, L.; Muller, G.; et al. Hypothalamo-Pituitary Sarcoidosis: A Multicenter Study of 24 Patients. QJM 2012, 105, 981–995.
  163. Hebel, R.; Dubaniewicz-Wybieralska, M.; Dubaniewicz, A. Overview of Neurosarcoidosis: Recent Advances. J. Neurol. 2015, 262, 258–267.
  164. Colvin, I.B. Audiovestibular Manifestations of Sarcoidosis: A Review of the Literature. Laryngoscope 2006, 116, 75–82.
  165. Hoitsma, E.; Faber, C.G.; Drent, M.; Sharma, O.P. Neurosarcoidosis: A Clinical Dilemma. Lancet Neurol 2004, 3, 397–407.
  166. Burns, T.M.; Dyck, P.J.B.; Aksamit, A.J.; Dyck, P.J. The Natural History and Long-Term Outcome of 57 Limb Sarcoidosis Neuropathy Cases. J. Neurol. Sci. 2006, 244, 77–87.
  167. Tavee, J.O.; Karwa, K.; Ahmed, Z.; Thompson, N.; Parambil, J.; Culver, D.A. Sarcoidosis-Associated Small Fiber Neuropathy in a Large Cohort: Clinical Aspects and Response to IVIG and Anti-TNF Alpha Treatment. Respir. Med. 2017, 126, 135–138.
  168. Jachiet, V.; Lhote, R.; Rufat, P.; Pha, M.; Haroche, J.; Crozier, S.; Dupel-Potier, C.; Psimaras, D.; Amoura, Z.; Cohen Aubart, F. Clinical, Imaging, and Histological Presentations and Outcomes of Stroke Related to Sarcoidosis. J. Neurol. 2018, 265, 2333–2341.
  169. Bridel, C.; Courvoisier, D.S.; Vuilleumier, N.; Lalive, P.H. Cerebrospinal Fluid Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme for Diagnosis of Neurosarcoidosis. J. Neuroimmunol. 2015, 285, 1–3.
  170. Chazal, T.; Costopoulos, M.; Maillart, E.; Fleury, C.; Psimaras, D.; Legendre, P.; Pineton de Chambrun, M.; Haroche, J.; Lubetzki, C.; Amoura, Z.; et al. The Cerebrospinal Fluid CD4/CD8 Ratio and Interleukin-6 and -10 Levels in Neurosarcoidosis: A Multicenter, Pragmatic, Comparative Study. Eur. J. Neurol. 2019, 26, 1274–1280.
  171. Stern, B.J.; Aksamit, A.; Clifford, D.; Scott, T.F. Neurosarcoidosis Study Group Neurologic Presentations of Sarcoidosis. Neurol. Clin. 2010, 28, 185–198.
  172. Scott, T.F.; Yandora, K.; Valeri, A.; Chieffe, C.; Schramke, C. Aggressive Therapy for Neurosarcoidosis: Long-Term Follow-up of 48 Treated Patients. Arch. Neurol. 2007, 64, 691–696.
  173. Bogousslavsky, J.; Hungerbühler, J.P.; Regli, F.; Graf, H.J. Subacute Myelopathy as the Presenting Manifestation of Sarcoidosis. Acta Neurochir. 1982, 65, 193–197.
  174. Spencer, T.S.; Campellone, J.V.; Maldonado, I.; Huang, N.; Usmani, Q.; Reginato, A.J. Clinical and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Manifestations of Neurosarcoidosis. Semin. Arthritis Rheum. 2005, 34, 649–661.
  175. Murphy, O.; Salazar-Camelo, A.; Jimenez, J.; Barreras, P.; Reyes, M.; Garcia, M.; Moller, D.; Chen, E.; Pardo, C. Clinical and MRI Phenotypes of Sarcoidosis-Associated Myelopathy. Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm. 2020, 7, e722.
  176. Freda, P.U.; Post, K.D. Differential Diagnosis of Sellar Masses. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. N. Am. 1999, 28, 81–117.
  177. Hoitsma, E.; Reulen, J.P.H.; de Baets, M.; Drent, M.; Spaans, F.; Faber, C.G. Small Fiber Neuropathy: A Common and Important Clinical Disorder. J. Neurol. Sci. 2004, 227, 119–130.
  178. Parambil, J.G.; Tavee, J.O.; Zhou, L.; Pearson, K.S.; Culver, D.A. Efficacy of Intravenous Immunoglobulin for Small Fiber Neuropathy Associated with Sarcoidosis. Respir. Med. 2011, 105, 101–105.
  179. Hoitsma, E.; De Vries, J.; Drent, M. The Small Fiber Neuropathy Screening List: Construction and Cross-Validation in Sarcoidosis. Respir. Med. 2011, 105, 95–100.
  180. Mahévas, M.; Lescure, F.X.; Boffa, J.-J.; Delastour, V.; Belenfant, X.; Chapelon, C.; Cordonnier, C.; Makdassi, R.; Piette, J.-C.; Naccache, J.-M.; et al. Renal Sarcoidosis: Clinical, Laboratory, and Histologic Presentation and Outcome in 47 Patients. Medicine 2009, 88, 98–106.
  181. Cozier, Y.C.; Berman, J.S.; Palmer, J.R.; Boggs, D.A.; Serlin, D.M.; Rosenberg, L. Sarcoidosis in Black Women in the United States: Data from the Black Women’s Health Study. Chest 2011, 139, 144–150.
  182. Judson, M.A.; Boan, A.D.; Lackland, D.T. The Clinical Course of Sarcoidosis: Presentation, Diagnosis, and Treatment in a Large White and Black Cohort in the United States. Sarcoidosis Vasc. Diffus. Lung Dis. 2012, 29, 119–127.
  183. Kamata, Y.; Sato, H.; Joh, K.; Tsuchiya, Y.; Kunugi, S.; Shimizu, A.; Konta, T.; Baughman, R.P.; Azuma, A. Clinical Characteristics of Biopsy-Proven Renal Sarcoidosis in Japan. Sarcoidosis Vasc. Diffus. Lung Dis. 2018, 35, 252–260.
  184. Javaud, N.; Belenfant, X.; Stirnemann, J.; Laederich, J.; Ziol, M.; Callard, P.; Ronco, P.; Rondeau, E.; Fain, O. Renal Granulomatoses: A Retrospective Study of 40 Cases and Review of the Literature. Medicine 2007, 86, 170–180.
  185. Shah, S.; Carter-Monroe, N.; Atta, M.G. Granulomatous Interstitial Nephritis. Clin. Kidney J. 2015, 8, 516–523.
  186. Clive, D.M.; Vanguri, V.K. The Syndrome of Tubulointerstitial Nephritis With Uveitis (TINU). Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2018, 72, 118–128.
  187. Bergner, R.; Hoffmann, M.; Waldherr, R.; Uppenkamp, M. Frequency of Kidney Disease in Chronic Sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc. Diffus. Lung Dis. 2003, 20, 126–132.
  188. Bergner, R.; Löffler, C. Renal Sarcoidosis: Approach to Diagnosis and Management. Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med. 2018, 24, 513–520.
  189. Mrówka-Kata, K.; Kata, D.; Lange, D.; Namysłowski, G.; Czecior, E.; Banert, K. Sarcoidosis and Its Otolaryngological Implications. Eur. Arch. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol. Off. J. Eur. Fed. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol. Soc. (Eufos) Affil. Ger. Soc. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2010, 267, 1507–1514.
  190. Aubart, F.C.; Ouayoun, M.; Brauner, M.; Attali, P.; Kambouchner, M.; Valeyre, D.; Nunes, H. Sinonasal Involvement in Sarcoidosis: A Case-Control Study of 20 Patients. Medicine 2006, 85, 365–371.
  191. Lawson, W.; Jiang, N.; Cheng, J. Sinonasal Sarcoidosis: A New System of Classification Acting as a Guide to Diagnosis and Treatment. Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy 2014, 28, 317–322.
  192. Edriss, H.; Kelley, J.S.; Demke, J.; Nugent, K. Sinonasal and Laryngeal Sarcoidosis—An Uncommon Presentation and Management Challenge. Am. J. Med. Sci. 2019, 357, 93–102.
  193. Duchemann, B.; Lavolé, A.; Naccache, J.-M.; Nunes, H.; Benzakin, S.; Lefevre, M.; Kambouchner, M.; Périé, S.; Valeyre, D.; Cadranel, J. Laryngeal Sarcoidosis: A Case-Control Study. Sarcoidosis Vasc. Diffus. Lung Dis. 2014, 31, 227–234.
  194. Rotman, A.; Maughan, E.F.; Rouhani, M.J.; Holroyd, A.; Ashcroft, M.; Al Yaghchi, C.; Sandhu, G. Laryngeal Sarcoidosis at a Tertiary Airway Centre: Our Experience with 32 Patients. Clin. Otolaryngol. 2020.
  195. Lhote, R.; Annesi-Maesano, I.; Nunes, H.; Launay, D.; Borie, R.; Sacré, K.; Schleinitz, N.; Hamidou, M.; Mahevas, M.; Devilliers, H.; et al. Clinical Phenotypes of Extrapulmonary Sarcoidosis: An Analysis of a French, Multiethnic, Multicenter Cohort. Eur. Respir. J. 2020, 2001160.
  196. Kreider, M.E.; Christie, J.D.; Thompson, B.; Newman, L.; Rose, C.; Barnard, J.; Bresnitz, E.; Judson, M.A.; Lackland, D.T.; Rossman, M.D. Relationship of Environmental Exposures to the Clinical Phenotype of Sarcoidosis. Chest 2005, 128, 207–215.
  197. Judson, M.A.; Costabel, U.; Drent, M.; Wells, A.; Maier, L.; Koth, L.; Shigemitsu, H.; Culver, D.A.; Gelfand, J.; Valeyre, D.; et al. The WASOG Sarcoidosis Organ Assessment Instrument: An Update of a Previous Clinical Tool. Sarcoidosis Vasc. Diffus. Lung Dis. 2014, 31, 19–27.
  198. Bickett, A.N.; Lower, E.E.; Baughman, R.P. Sarcoidosis Diagnostic Score. Chest 2018, 154, 1052–1060.
  199. Agrawal, A.; Ghori, U.; Chaddha, U.; Murgu, S. Combined EBUS-IFB and EBUS-TBNA vs. EBUS-TBNA Alone for Intrathoracic Adenopathy: A Meta-Analysis. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2021.
  200. Bernard, C.; Kodjikian, L.; Bancel, B.; Isaac, S.; Broussolle, C.; Seve, P. Ocular Sarcoidosis: When Should Labial Salivary Gland Biopsy Be Performed? Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 2013, 251, 855–860.
  201. Blaise, P.; Fardeau, C.; Chapelon, C.; Bodaghi, B.; Le Hoang, P. Minor Salivary Gland Biopsy in Diagnosing Ocular Sarcoidosis. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2011, 95, 1731–1734.
  202. Keijsers, R.G.M.; Grutters, J.C. In Which Patients with Sarcoidosis Is FDG PET/CT Indicated? J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 890.
  203. Rahmi, A.; Deshayes, E.; Maucort-Boulch, D.; Varron, L.; Grange, J.D.; Kodjikian, L.; Seve, P. Intraocular Sarcoidosis: Association of Clinical Characteristics of Uveitis with Findings from 18 F-Labelled Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2012, 96, 99–103.
  204. Tan, J.L.; Fong, H.K.; Birati, E.Y.; Han, Y. Cardiac Sarcoidosis. Am. J. Cardiol. 2019, 123, 513–522.
  205. Yoshinaga, K.; Miyagawa, M.; Kiso, K.; Ishida, Y. Japanese Guidelines for Cardiac Sarcoidosis. Ann. Nucl. Cardiol. 2017, 3, 121–124.
  206. Stern, B.J.; Royal, W.; Gelfand, J.M.; Clifford, D.B.; Tavee, J.; Pawate, S.; Berger, J.R.; Aksamit, A.J.; Krumholz, A.; Pardo, C.A.; et al. Definition and Consensus Diagnostic Criteria for Neurosarcoidosis: From the Neurosarcoidosis Consortium Consensus Group. JAMA Neurol. 2018, 75, 1546.
  207. Herbort, C.P.; Rao, N.A.; Mochizuki, M. The members of the Scientific Commi International Criteria for the Diagnosis of Ocular Sarcoidosis: Results of the First International Workshop on Ocular Sarcoidosis (IWOS). Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm. 2009, 17, 160–169.
  208. Mochizuki, M.; Smith, J.R.; Takase, H.; Kaburaki, T.; Acharya, N.R.; Rao, N.A. Revised Criteria of International Workshop on Ocular Sarcoidosis (IWOS) for the Diagnosis of Ocular Sarcoidosis. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2019, 103, 1418–1422.
  209. Rosen, Y. Four Decades of Necrotizing Sarcoid Granulomatosis: What Do We Know Now? Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 2015, 139, 252–262.
  210. Criado, E.; Sánchez, M.; Ramírez, J.; Arguis, P.; de Caralt, T.M.; Perea, R.J.; Xaubet, A. Pulmonary Sarcoidosis: Typical and Atypical Manifestations at High-Resolution CT with Pathologic Correlation. RadioGraphics 2010, 30, 1567–1586.
  211. Park, H.J.; Jung, J.I.; Chung, M.H.; Song, S.W.; Kim, H.L.; Baik, J.H.; Han, D.H.; Kim, K.J.; Lee, K.-Y. Typical and Atypical Manifestations of Intrathoracic Sarcoidosis. Korean J. Radiol. 2009, 10, 623.
  212. Spagnolo, P.; Luppi, F.; Roversi, P.; Cerri, S.; Fabbri, L.M.; Richeldi, L. Sarcoidosis: Challenging Diagnostic Aspects of an Old Disease. Am. J. Med. 2012, 125, 118–125.
  213. El Jammal, T.; Jamilloux, Y.; Gerfaud-Valentin, M.; Valeyre, D.; Sève, P. Refractory Sarcoidosis: A Review. TCRM 2020, 16, 323–345.
  214. Gousseff, M.; Mechaï, F.; Lecuit, M.; Lortholary, O. Les granulomatoses systémiques d’origine infectieuse. La Rev. De Médecine Interne 2008, 29, 15–27.
  215. Piotrowski, W.J.; Żądło, P.P.L.J.; Górski, W.; Kumor-Kisielewska, A.; Fijałkowski, M.; Kurmanowska, Z.; Marczak, J.; Gwadera, Ł.; Angowski, W.; Górski, P.; et al. QuantiFERON-TB-GOLD In-Tube in Patients with Sarcoidosis. Adv. Respir. Med. 2018, 86, 234–239.
  216. O’Sullivan, C.E.; Miller, D.R.; Schneider, P.S.; Roberts, G.D. Evaluation of Gen-Probe Amplified Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Direct Test by Using Respiratory and Nonrespiratory Specimens in a Tertiary Care Center Laboratory. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2002, 40, 1723–1727.
  217. Dhooria, S.; Gupta, N.; Bal, A. Role of Xpert MTB/RIF in Differentiating Tuberculosis from Sarcoidosis in Patients with Mediastinal Lymphadenopathy Undergoing EBUS-TBNA: A Study of 147 Patients. Sarcoidosis Vasc. Diffus. Lung Dis. 2016, 33, 258–266.
  218. Ohshimo, S.; Guzman, J.; Costabel, U.; Bonella, F. Differential Diagnosis of Granulomatous Lung Disease: Clues and Pitfalls: Number 4 in the Series “Pathology for the Clinician” Edited by Peter Dorfmüller and Alberto Cavazza. Eur. Respir. Rev. 2017, 26, 170012.
  219. Ramos-Casals, M.; Mañá, J.; Nardi, N.; Brito-Zerón, P.; Xaubet, A.; Sánchez-Tapias, J.M.; Cervera, R.; Font, J. Sarcoidosis in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection: Analysis of 68 Cases. Medicine 2005, 84, 69–80.
  220. Chopra, A.; Nautiyal, A.; Kalkanis, A.; Judson, M.A. Drug-Induced Sarcoidosis-Like Reactions. Chest 2018, 154, 664–677.
  221. Cohen Aubart, F.; Lhote, R.; Amoura, A.; Valeyre, D.; Haroche, J.; Amoura, Z.; Lebrun-Vignes, B. Drug-induced Sarcoidosis: An Overview of the WHO Pharmacovigilance Database. J. Intern. Med. 2019.
  222. Bouvry, D.; Mouthon, L.; Brillet, P.-Y.; Kambouchner, M.; Ducroix, J.-P.; Cottin, V.; Haroche, J.; Viallard, J.-F.; Lazor, R.; Lebargy, F.; et al. Granulomatosis-Associated Common Variable Immunodeficiency Disorder: A Case-Control Study versus Sarcoidosis. Eur. Respir. J. 2013, 41, 115–122.
  223. El Jammal, T.; Pavic, M.; Gerfaud-Valentin, M.; Jamilloux, Y.; Seve, P. Sarcoidosis and Cancer: A Complex Relationship. Front. Med. 2020. Accepted for publication.
  224. Lococo, F.; Muoio, B.; Chiappetta, M.; Nachira, D.; Petracca Ciavarella, L.; Margaritora, S.; Treglia, G. Diagnostic Performance of PET or PET/CT with Different Radiotracers in Patients with Suspicious Lung Cancer or Pleural Tumours According to Published Meta-Analyses. Contrast Media Mol. Imaging 2020, 2020, 1–7.
  225. Law, L.Y.; Riminton, D.S.; Nguyen, M.; Barnett, M.H.; Reddel, S.W.; Hardy, T.A. The Spectrum of Immune-Mediated and Inflammatory Lesions of the Brainstem: Clues to Diagnosis. Neurology 2019, 93, 390–405.
More
Video Production Service