Please note this is a comparison between Version 2 by Vivi Li and Version 1 by ANINDITA DAS.
An infectious coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is accompanied with elevated risk and adverse outcome among infected patients, even sudden death due to significant multiple organ dysfunction, including dire cardiovascular complications. Myocardial impairment due to invasion of SARS-CoV-2 virus via angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor to cardiovascular cells/tissue leads to endothelial inflammation and dysfunction, de-stabilization of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques, stent thrombosis and cardiac stress, caused by diminished oxygen supply and cardiac muscle damage and myocardial infarction. A number of promising therapeutic approaches are currently under clinical trials to avoid a massive surge of COVID-19 patients with prevalence of adverse cardiac events.
cardiovascular diseases
COVID-19
treatment strategies
angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor
Hypertension
Myocardial Injury and Heart Failure
Myocarditis
Myocardial Arrhythmias
Please wait, diff process is still running!
References
Mousavizadeh, L.; Ghasemi, S. Genotype and phenotype of COVID-19: Their roles in pathogenesis. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2020, 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.03.022. doi:10.1016/j.jmii.2020.03.022.
Xu, H.; Zhong, L.; Deng, J.; Peng, J.; Dan, H.; Zeng, X.; Li, T.; Chen, Q. High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa. Int J Oral Sci 2020, 12, 8. doi:10.1038/s41368-020-0074-x.
Gemmati, D.; Bramanti, B.; Serino, M.L.; Secchiero, P.; Zauli, G.; Tisato, V. COVID-19 and Individual Genetic Susceptibility/Receptivity: Role of ACE1/ACE2 Genes, Immunity, Inflammation and Coagulation. Might the Double X-chromosome in Females Be Protective against SARS-CoV-2 Compared to the Single X-Chromosome in Males? Int J Mol Sci 2020, 21. doi:10.3390/ijms21103474.
Ackermann, M.; Verleden, S.E.; Kuehnel, M.; Haverich, A.; Welte, T.; Laenger, F.; Vanstapel, A.; Werlein, C.; Stark, H.; Tzankov, A.; Li, W.W.; Li, V.W.; Mentzer, S.J.; Jonigk, D. Pulmonary Vascular Endothelialitis, Thrombosis, and Angiogenesis in Covid-19. N Engl J Med 2020, 383, 120-128. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2015432.
Collaborative, C.O. Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study. Lancet 2020, 396, 27-38. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31182-X.
Ullah, W.; Saeed, R.; Sarwar, U.; Patel, R.; Fischman, D.L. COVID-19 Complicated by Acute Pulmonary Embolism and Right-Sided Heart Failure. JACC Case Rep 2020, 2, 1379-1382. doi:10.1016/j.jaccas.2020.04.008.
Guo, J.; Huang, Z.; Lin, L.; Lv, J. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Cardiovascular Disease: A Viewpoint on the Potential Influence of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/Angiotensin Receptor Blockers on Onset and Severity of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection. J Am Heart Assoc 2020, 9, e016219. doi:10.1161/JAHA.120.016219.
Turner, A.J.; Hiscox, J.A.; Hooper, N.M. ACE2: from vasopeptidase to SARS virus receptor. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2004, 25, 291-294. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2004.04.001.
Richardson, S.; Hirsch, J.S.; Narasimhan, M.; Crawford, J.M.; McGinn, T.; Davidson, K.W.; and the Northwell, C.-R.C.; Barnaby, D.P.; Becker, L.B.; Chelico, J.D.; Cohen, S.L.; Cookingham, J.; Coppa, K.; Diefenbach, M.A.; Dominello, A.J.; Duer-Hefele, J.; Falzon, L.; Gitlin, J.; Hajizadeh, N.; Harvin, T.G.; Hirschwerk, D.A.; Kim, E.J.; Kozel, Z.M.; Marrast, L.M.; Mogavero, J.N.; Osorio, G.A.; Qiu, M.; Zanos, T.P. Presenting Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Outcomes Among 5700 Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 in the New York City Area. JAMA 2020, 10.1001/jama.2020.6775. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.6775.
Guo, T.; Fan, Y.; Chen, M.; Wu, X.; Zhang, L.; He, T.; Wang, H.; Wan, J.; Wang, X.; Lu, Z. Cardiovascular Implications of Fatal Outcomes of Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol 2020, 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1017. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1017.
Zhou, F.; Yu, T.; Du, R.; Fan, G.; Liu, Y.; Liu, Z.; Xiang, J.; Wang, Y.; Song, B.; Gu, X.; Guan, L.; Wei, Y.; Li, H.; Wu, X.; Xu, J.; Tu, S.; Zhang, Y.; Chen, H.; Cao, B. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 2020, 395, 1054-1062. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3.
Shi, S.; Qin, M.; Shen, B.; Cai, Y.; Liu, T.; Yang, F.; Gong, W.; Liu, X.; Liang, J.; Zhao, Q.; Huang, H.; Yang, B.; Huang, C. Association of Cardiac Injury With Mortality in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Cardiol 2020, 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.0950. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2020.0950.
Ruan, Q.; Yang, K.; Wang, W.; Jiang, L.; Song, J. Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China. Intensive Care Med 2020, 46, 846-848. doi:10.1007/s00134-020-05991-x.
Arentz, M.; Yim, E.; Klaff, L.; Lokhandwala, S.; Riedo, F.X.; Chong, M.; Lee, M. Characteristics and Outcomes of 21 Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19 in Washington State. JAMA 2020, 10.1001/jama.2020.4326. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.4326.
Wang, C.J.; Ng, C.Y.; Brook, R.H. Response to COVID-19 in Taiwan: Big Data Analytics, New Technology, and Proactive Testing. JAMA 2020, 10.1001/jama.2020.3151. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.3151.
Vaduganathan, M.; Vardeny, O.; Michel, T.; McMurray, J.J.V.; Pfeffer, M.A.; Solomon, S.D. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Inhibitors in Patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med 2020, 382, 1653-1659. doi:10.1056/NEJMsr2005760.
Guan, W.J.; Ni, Z.Y.; Hu, Y.; Liang, W.H.; Ou, C.Q.; He, J.X.; Liu, L.; Shan, H.; Lei, C.L.; Hui, D.S.C.; Du, B.; Li, L.J.; Zeng, G.; Yuen, K.Y.; Chen, R.C.; Tang, C.L.; Wang, T.; Chen, P.Y.; Xiang, J.; Li, S.Y.; Wang, J.L.; Liang, Z.J.; Peng, Y.X.; Wei, L.; Liu, Y.; Hu, Y.H.; Peng, P.; Wang, J.M.; Liu, J.Y.; Chen, Z.; Li, G.; Zheng, Z.J.; Qiu, S.Q.; Luo, J.; Ye, C.J.; Zhu, S.Y.; Zhong, N.S.; China Medical Treatment Expert Group for, C. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med 2020, 382, 1708-1720. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2002032.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, N.C.f.H.S. Weekly Updates by Select Demographic and Geographic Characteristics. 2020, https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/vsrr/covid_weekly/index.htm#Comorbidities.
Dostal, D.E.; Baker, K.M. The cardiac renin-angiotensin system: conceptual, or a regulator of cardiac function? Circ Res 1999, 85, 643-650. doi:10.1161/01.res.85.7.643.
Zores, F.; Rebeaud, M.E. COVID and the Renin-Angiotensin System: Are Hypertension or Its Treatments Deleterious? Front Cardiovasc Med 2020, 7, 71. doi:10.3389/fcvm.2020.00071.
Olkowicz, M.; Chlopicki, S.; Smolenski, R.T. Perspectives for angiotensin profiling with liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry to evaluate ACE/ACE2 balance in endothelial dysfunction and vascular pathologies. Pharmacol Rep 2015, 67, 778-785. doi:10.1016/j.pharep.2015.03.017.
Epelman, S.; Tang, W.H.; Chen, S.Y.; Van Lente, F.; Francis, G.S.; Sen, S. Detection of soluble angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in heart failure: insights into the endogenous counter-regulatory pathway of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008, 52, 750-754. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.02.088.
Tomasoni, D.; Italia, L.; Adamo, M.; Inciardi, R.M.; Lombardi, C.M.; Solomon, S.D.; Metra, M. COVID-19 and heart failure: from infection to inflammation and angiotensin II stimulation. Searching for evidence from a new disease. Eur J Heart Fail 2020, 22, 957-966. doi:10.1002/ejhf.1871.
Basu, R.; Poglitsch, M.; Yogasundaram, H.; Thomas, J.; Rowe, B.H.; Oudit, G.Y. Roles of Angiotensin Peptides and Recombinant Human ACE2 in Heart Failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017, 69, 805-819. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2016.11.064.
Oudit, G.Y.; Pfeffer, M.A. Plasma angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: novel biomarker in heart failure with implications for COVID-19. Eur Heart J 2020, 41, 1818-1820. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa414.
Zhang, H.; Penninger, J.M.; Li, Y.; Zhong, N.; Slutsky, A.S. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a SARS-CoV-2 receptor: molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic target. Intensive Care Med 2020, 46, 586-590. doi:10.1007/s00134-020-05985-9.
Khan, A.; Benthin, C.; Zeno, B.; Albertson, T.E.; Boyd, J.; Christie, J.D.; Hall, R.; Poirier, G.; Ronco, J.J.; Tidswell, M.; Hardes, K.; Powley, W.M.; Wright, T.J.; Siederer, S.K.; Fairman, D.A.; Lipson, D.A.; Bayliffe, A.I.; Lazaar, A.L. A pilot clinical trial of recombinant human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care 2017, 21, 234. doi:10.1186/s13054-017-1823-x.
Batlle, D.; Wysocki, J.; Satchell, K. Soluble angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: a potential approach for coronavirus infection therapy? Clin Sci (Lond) 2020, 134, 543-545. doi:10.1042/CS20200163.
Sama, I.E.; Ravera, A.; Santema, B.T.; van Goor, H.; Ter Maaten, J.M.; Cleland, J.G.F.; Rienstra, M.; Friedrich, A.W.; Samani, N.J.; Ng, L.L.; Dickstein, K.; Lang, C.C.; Filippatos, G.; Anker, S.D.; Ponikowski, P.; Metra, M.; van Veldhuisen, D.J.; Voors, A.A. Circulating plasma concentrations of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in men and women with heart failure and effects of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone inhibitors. Eur Heart J 2020, 41, 1810-1817. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa373.
Wu, C.; Chen, X.; Cai, Y.; Xia, J.; Zhou, X.; Xu, S.; Huang, H.; Zhang, L.; Zhou, X.; Du, C.; Zhang, Y.; Song, J.; Wang, S.; Chao, Y.; Yang, Z.; Xu, J.; Zhou, X.; Chen, D.; Xiong, W.; Xu, L.; Zhou, F.; Jiang, J.; Bai, C.; Zheng, J.; Song, Y. Risk Factors Associated With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Death in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Intern Med 2020, 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.0994. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.0994.
Inciardi, R.M.; Lupi, L.; Zaccone, G.; Italia, L.; Raffo, M.; Tomasoni, D.; Cani, D.S.; Cerini, M.; Farina, D.; Gavazzi, E.; Maroldi, R.; Adamo, M.; Ammirati, E.; Sinagra, G.; Lombardi, C.M.; Metra, M. Cardiac Involvement in a Patient With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol 2020, 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1096. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1096.
Wu, Z.; McGoogan, J.M. Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA 2020, 10.1001/jama.2020.2648. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.2648.
Epidemiology Working Group for Ncip Epidemic Response, C.C.f.D.C.; Prevention. [The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in China]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2020, 41, 145-151. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2020.02.003.
Li, J.; Wang, X.; Chen, J.; Zhang, H.; Deng, A. Association of Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitors With Severity or Risk of Death in Patients With Hypertension Hospitalized for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection in Wuhan, China. JAMA Cardiol 2020, 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1624. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1624.
Fang, L.; Karakiulakis, G.; Roth, M. Are patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus at increased risk for COVID-19 infection? Lancet Respir Med 2020, 8, e21. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30116-8.
Sun, M.L.; Yang, J.M.; Sun, Y.P.; Su, G.H. [Inhibitors of RAS Might Be a Good Choice for the Therapy of COVID-19 Pneumonia]. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi 2020, 43, 219-222. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-0939.2020.03.016.
Furuhashi, M.; Moniwa, N.; Mita, T.; Fuseya, T.; Ishimura, S.; Ohno, K.; Shibata, S.; Tanaka, M.; Watanabe, Y.; Akasaka, H.; Ohnishi, H.; Yoshida, H.; Takizawa, H.; Saitoh, S.; Ura, N.; Shimamoto, K.; Miura, T. Urinary angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in hypertensive patients may be increased by olmesartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker. Am J Hypertens 2015, 28, 15-21. doi:10.1093/ajh/hpu086.
Mancia, G.; Rea, F.; Ludergnani, M.; Apolone, G.; Corrao, G. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Blockers and the Risk of Covid-19. N Engl J Med 2020, 382, 2431-2440. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2006923.
Jarcho, J.A.; Ingelfinger, J.R.; Hamel, M.B.; D'Agostino, R.B., Sr.; Harrington, D.P. Inhibitors of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System and Covid-19. N Engl J Med 2020, 382, 2462-2464. doi:10.1056/NEJMe2012924.
Reynolds, H.R.; Adhikari, S.; Pulgarin, C.; Troxel, A.B.; Iturrate, E.; Johnson, S.B.; Hausvater, A.; Newman, J.D.; Berger, J.S.; Bangalore, S.; Katz, S.D.; Fishman, G.I.; Kunichoff, D.; Chen, Y.; Ogedegbe, G.; Hochman, J.S. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Inhibitors and Risk of Covid-19. N Engl J Med 2020, 382, 2441-2448. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2008975.
Oudit, G.Y.; Kassiri, Z.; Jiang, C.; Liu, P.P.; Poutanen, S.M.; Penninger, J.M.; Butany, J. SARS-coronavirus modulation of myocardial ACE2 expression and inflammation in patients with SARS. Eur J Clin Invest 2009, 39, 618-625. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2362.2009.02153.x.
Mehra, M.R.; Ruschitzka, F. COVID-19 Illness and Heart Failure: A Missing Link? JACC Heart Fail 2020, 8, 512-514. doi:10.1016/j.jchf.2020.03.004.
Warren-Gash, C.; Smeeth, L.; Hayward, A.C. Influenza as a trigger for acute myocardial infarction or death from cardiovascular disease: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis 2009, 9, 601-610. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70233-6.
Das, A.; Smolenski, A.; Lohmann, S.M.; Kukreja, R.C. Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase Ialpha attenuates necrosis and apoptosis following ischemia/reoxygenation in adult cardiomyocyte. J Biol Chem 2006, 281, 38644-38652. doi:10.1074/jbc.M606142200.
Saraste, A.; Pulkki, K.; Kallajoki, M.; Henriksen, K.; Parvinen, M.; Voipio-Pulkki, L.M. Apoptosis in human acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1997, 95, 320-323. doi:10.1161/01.cir.95.2.320.
Heusch, G.; Gersh, B.J. The pathophysiology of acute myocardial infarction and strategies of protection beyond reperfusion: a continual challenge. Eur Heart J 2017, 38, 774-784. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehw224.
Klok, F.A.; Kruip, M.; van der Meer, N.J.M.; Arbous, M.S.; Gommers, D.; Kant, K.M.; Kaptein, F.H.J.; van Paassen, J.; Stals, M.A.M.; Huisman, M.V.; Endeman, H. Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19. Thromb Res 2020, 191, 145-147. doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2020.04.013.
Stefanini, G.G.; Montorfano, M.; Trabattoni, D.; Andreini, D.; Ferrante, G.; Ancona, M.; Metra, M.; Curello, S.; Maffeo, D.; Pero, G.; Cacucci, M.; Assanelli, E.; Bellini, B.; Russo, F.; Ielasi, A.; Tespili, M.; Danzi, G.B.; Vandoni, P.; Bollati, M.; Barbieri, L.; Oreglia, J.; Lettieri, C.; Cremonesi, A.; Carugo, S.; Reimers, B.; Condorelli, G.; Chieffo, A. ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction in Patients With COVID-19: Clinical and Angiographic Outcomes. Circulation 2020, 141, 2113-2116. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047525.
Dong, N.; Cai, J.; Zhou, Y.; Liu, J.; Li, F. End-Stage Heart Failure With COVID-19: Strong Evidence of Myocardial Injury by 2019-nCoV. JACC Heart Fail 2020, 8, 515-517. doi:10.1016/j.jchf.2020.04.001.
Tavazzi, G.; Pellegrini, C.; Maurelli, M.; Belliato, M.; Sciutti, F.; Bottazzi, A.; Sepe, P.A.; Resasco, T.; Camporotondo, R.; Bruno, R.; Baldanti, F.; Paolucci, S.; Pelenghi, S.; Iotti, G.A.; Mojoli, F.; Arbustini, E. Myocardial localization of coronavirus in COVID-19 cardiogenic shock. Eur J Heart Fail 2020, 22, 911-915. doi:10.1002/ejhf.1828.
Markousis-Mavrogenis, G.; Tromp, J.; Ouwerkerk, W.; Devalaraja, M.; Anker, S.D.; Cleland, J.G.; Dickstein, K.; Filippatos, G.S.; van der Harst, P.; Lang, C.C.; Metra, M.; Ng, L.L.; Ponikowski, P.; Samani, N.J.; Zannad, F.; Zwinderman, A.H.; Hillege, H.L.; van Veldhuisen, D.J.; Kakkar, R.; Voors, A.A.; van der Meer, P. The clinical significance of interleukin-6 in heart failure: results from the BIOSTAT-CHF study. Eur J Heart Fail 2019, 21, 965-973. doi:10.1002/ejhf.1482.
van der Pol, A.; van Gilst, W.H.; Voors, A.A.; van der Meer, P. Treating oxidative stress in heart failure: past, present and future. Eur J Heart Fail 2019, 21, 425-435. doi:10.1002/ejhf.1320.
Almufleh, A.; Ahluwalia, M.; Givertz, M.M.; Weintraub, J.; Young, M.; Cooper, I.; Shea, E.L.; Mehra, M.R.; Desai, A.S. Short-term Outcomes in Ambulatory Heart Failure during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Insights from Pulmonary Artery Pressure Monitoring. J Card Fail 2020, 26, 633-634. doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2020.05.021.
Colivicchi, F.; Di Fusco, S.A.; Magnanti, M.; Cipriani, M.; Imperoli, G. The Impact of the Coronavirus Disease-2019 Pandemic and Italian Lockdown Measures on Clinical Presentation and Management of Acute Heart Failure. J Card Fail 2020, 26, 464-465. doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2020.05.007.
Tang, N.; Li, D.; Wang, X.; Sun, Z. Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost 2020, 18, 844-847. doi:10.1111/jth.14768.
Tang, N.; Bai, H.; Chen, X.; Gong, J.; Li, D.; Sun, Z. Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy. J Thromb Haemost 2020, 18, 1094-1099. doi:10.1111/jth.14817.
Sun, H.; Wang, X.; Degen, J.L.; Ginsburg, D. Reduced thrombin generation increases host susceptibility to group A streptococcal infection. Blood 2009, 113, 1358-1364. doi:10.1182/blood-2008-07-170506.
Cooper, L.T., Jr. Myocarditis. N Engl J Med 2009, 360, 1526-1538. doi:10.1056/NEJMra0800028.
Siddiqi, H.K.; Mehra, M.R. COVID-19 illness in native and immunosuppressed states: A clinical-therapeutic staging proposal. J Heart Lung Transplant 2020, 39, 405-407. doi:10.1016/j.healun.2020.03.012.
Doyen, D.; Moceri, P.; Ducreux, D.; Dellamonica, J. Myocarditis in a patient with COVID-19: a cause of raised troponin and ECG changes. Lancet 2020, 395, 1516. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30912-0.
Kochi, A.N.; Tagliari, A.P.; Forleo, G.B.; Fassini, G.M.; Tondo, C. Cardiac and arrhythmic complications in patients with COVID-19. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2020, 31, 1003-1008. doi:10.1111/jce.14479.
Lakkireddy, D.R.; Chung, M.K.; Gopinathannair, R.; Patton, K.K.; Gluckman, T.J.; Turagam, M.; Cheung, J.; Patel, P.; Sotomonte, J.; Lampert, R.; Han, J.K.; Rajagopalan, B.; Eckhardt, L.; Joglar, J.; Sandau, K.; Olshansky, B.; Wan, E.; Noseworthy, P.A.; Leal, M.; Kaufman, E.; Gutierrez, A.; Marine, J.E.; Wang, P.J.; Russo, A.M. Guidance for Cardiac Electrophysiology During the COVID-19 Pandemic from the Heart Rhythm Society COVID-19 Task Force; Electrophysiology Section of the American College of Cardiology; and the Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology, American Heart Association. Circulation 2020, 141, e823-e831. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047063.
Hu, H.; Ma, F.; Wei, X.; Fang, Y. Coronavirus fulminant myocarditis saved with glucocorticoid and human immunoglobulin. Eur Heart J 2020, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa190. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa190.
Puntmann, V.O.; Carerj, M.L.; Wieters, I.; Fahim, M.; Arendt, C.; Hoffmann, J.; Shchendrygina, A.; Escher, F.; Vasa-Nicotera, M.; Zeiher, A.M.; Vehreschild, M.; Nagel, E. Outcomes of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients Recently Recovered From Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol 2020, 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.3557. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2020.3557.
Lindner, D.; Fitzek, A.; Brauninger, H.; Aleshcheva, G.; Edler, C.; Meissner, K.; Scherschel, K.; Kirchhof, P.; Escher, F.; Schultheiss, H.P.; Blankenberg, S.; Puschel, K.; Westermann, D. Association of Cardiac Infection With SARS-CoV-2 in Confirmed COVID-19 Autopsy Cases. JAMA Cardiol 2020, 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.3551. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2020.3551.
Sharma, A.; Garcia, G.; Arumugaswami, V.; Svendsen, C.N. Human iPSC-Derived Cardiomyocytes are Susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 Infection. bioRxiv 2020, 10.1101/2020.04.21.051912. doi:10.1101/2020.04.21.051912.
Chen, C.; Zhou, Y.; Wang, D.W. SARS-CoV-2: a potential novel etiology of fulminant myocarditis. Herz 2020, 45, 230-232. doi:10.1007/s00059-020-04909-z.
Zheng, Y.Y.; Ma, Y.T.; Zhang, J.Y.; Xie, X. COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system. Nat Rev Cardiol 2020, 17, 259-260. doi:10.1038/s41569-020-0360-5.
Blyszczuk, P. Myocarditis in Humans and in Experimental Animal Models. Front Cardiovasc Med 2019, 6, 64. doi:10.3389/fcvm.2019.00064.
Walls, A.C.; Park, Y.J.; Tortorici, M.A.; Wall, A.; McGuire, A.T.; Veesler, D. Structure, Function, and Antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein. Cell 2020, 181, 281-292 e286. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.058.
Fortini, F.; Vieceli Dalla Sega, F.; Caliceti, C.; Lambertini, E.; Pannuti, A.; Peiffer, D.S.; Balla, C.; Rizzo, P. Estrogen-mediated protection against coronary heart disease: The role of the Notch pathway. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019, 189, 87-100. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.02.008.
Ferrari, R.; Rizzo, P. The Notch pathway: a novel target for myocardial remodelling therapy? Eur Heart J 2014, 35, 2140-2145. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehu244.
Gude, N.; Joyo, E.; Toko, H.; Quijada, P.; Villanueva, M.; Hariharan, N.; Sacchi, V.; Truffa, S.; Joyo, A.; Voelkers, M.; Alvarez, R.; Sussman, M.A. Notch activation enhances lineage commitment and protective signaling in cardiac progenitor cells. Basic Res Cardiol 2015, 110, 29. doi:10.1007/s00395-015-0488-3.
Wongchana, W.; Palaga, T. Direct regulation of interleukin-6 expression by Notch signaling in macrophages. Cell Mol Immunol 2012, 9, 155-162. doi:10.1038/cmi.2011.36.
Rizzo, P.; Vieceli Dalla Sega, F.; Fortini, F.; Marracino, L.; Rapezzi, C.; Ferrari, R. COVID-19 in the heart and the lungs: could we "Notch" the inflammatory storm? Basic Res Cardiol 2020, 115, 31. doi:10.1007/s00395-020-0791-5.
Guo, G.; Ye, L.; Pan, K.; Chen, Y.; Xing, D.; Yan, K.; Chen, Z.; Ding, N.; Li, W.; Huang, H.; Zhang, L.; Li, X.; Xue, X. New Insights of Emerging SARS-CoV-2: Epidemiology, Etiology, Clinical Features, Clinical Treatment, and Prevention. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020, 8, 410. doi:10.3389/fcell.2020.00410.
Patel, A.; Jernigan, D.B.; nCo, V.C.D.C.R.T. Initial Public Health Response and Interim Clinical Guidance for the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Outbreak - United States, December 31, 2019-February 4, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020, 69, 140-146. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6905e1.
Driggin, E.; Madhavan, M.V.; Bikdeli, B.; Chuich, T.; Laracy, J.; Biondi-Zoccai, G.; Brown, T.S.; Der Nigoghossian, C.; Zidar, D.A.; Haythe, J.; Brodie, D.; Beckman, J.A.; Kirtane, A.J.; Stone, G.W.; Krumholz, H.M.; Parikh, S.A. Cardiovascular Considerations for Patients, Health Care Workers, and Health Systems During the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020, 75, 2352-2371. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2020.03.031.
Ng, C.S.; Kasumba, D.M.; Fujita, T.; Luo, H. Spatio-temporal characterization of the antiviral activity of the XRN1-DCP1/2 aggregation against cytoplasmic RNA viruses to prevent cell death. Cell Death Differ 2020, 27, 2363-2382. doi:10.1038/s41418-020-0509-0.
Wang, M.; Cao, R.; Zhang, L.; Yang, X.; Liu, J.; Xu, M.; Shi, Z.; Hu, Z.; Zhong, W.; Xiao, G. Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell Res 2020, 30, 269-271. doi:10.1038/s41422-020-0282-0.
Gordon, C.J.; Tchesnokov, E.P.; Woolner, E.; Perry, J.K.; Feng, J.Y.; Porter, D.P.; Gotte, M. Remdesivir is a direct-acting antiviral that inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 with high potency. J Biol Chem 2020, 295, 6785-6797. doi:10.1074/jbc.RA120.013679.
Ledford, H. Hopes rise for coronavirus drug remdesivir. Nature 2020, 10.1038/d41586-020-01295-8. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-01295-8.
Giudicessi, J.R.; Noseworthy, P.A.; Friedman, P.A.; Ackerman, M.J. Urgent Guidance for Navigating and Circumventing the QTc-Prolonging and Torsadogenic Potential of Possible Pharmacotherapies for Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19). Mayo Clin Proc 2020, 95, 1213-1221. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.03.024.
Chu, C.M.; Cheng, V.C.; Hung, I.F.; Wong, M.M.; Chan, K.H.; Chan, K.S.; Kao, R.Y.; Poon, L.L.; Wong, C.L.; Guan, Y.; Peiris, J.S.; Yuen, K.Y.; Group, H.U.S.S. Role of lopinavir/ritonavir in the treatment of SARS: initial virological and clinical findings. Thorax 2004, 59, 252-256. doi:10.1136/thorax.2003.012658.
Richardson, P.; Griffin, I.; Tucker, C.; Smith, D.; Oechsle, O.; Phelan, A.; Rawling, M.; Savory, E.; Stebbing, J. Baricitinib as potential treatment for 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease. Lancet 2020, 395, e30-e31. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30304-4.
Solis-Garcia Del Pozo, J.; Galindo, M.F.; Nava, E.; Jordan, J. A systematic review on the efficacy and safety of IL-6 modulatory drugs in the treatment of COVID-19 patients. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2020, 24, 7475-7484. doi:10.26355/eurrev_202007_21916.
Della-Torre, E.; Campochiaro, C.; Cavalli, G.; De Luca, G.; Napolitano, A.; La Marca, S.; Boffini, N.; Da Prat, V.; Di Terlizzi, G.; Lanzillotta, M.; Rovere Querini, P.; Ruggeri, A.; Landoni, G.; Tresoldi, M.; Ciceri, F.; Zangrillo, A.; De Cobelli, F.; Dagna, L.; Group, S.-R.S.; members, S.-R.S.G. Interleukin-6 blockade with sarilumab in severe COVID-19 pneumonia with systemic hyperinflammation: an open-label cohort study. Ann Rheum Dis 2020, 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-218122. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-218122.
Xu, X.; Han, M.; Li, T.; Sun, W.; Wang, D.; Fu, B.; Zhou, Y.; Zheng, X.; Yang, Y.; Li, X.; Zhang, X.; Pan, A.; Wei, H. Effective treatment of severe COVID-19 patients with tocilizumab. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020, 117, 10970-10975. doi:10.1073/pnas.2005615117.
Ledford, H. Coronavirus breakthrough: dexamethasone is first drug shown to save lives. Nature 2020, 582, 469. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-01824-5.
Ben-Zvi, I.; Kivity, S.; Langevitz, P.; Shoenfeld, Y. Hydroxychloroquine: from malaria to autoimmunity. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2012, 42, 145-153. doi:10.1007/s12016-010-8243-x.
Saleh, M.; Gabriels, J.; Chang, D.; Soo Kim, B.; Mansoor, A.; Mahmood, E.; Makker, P.; Ismail, H.; Goldner, B.; Willner, J.; Beldner, S.; Mitra, R.; John, R.; Chinitz, J.; Skipitaris, N.; Mountantonakis, S.; Epstein, L.M. Effect of Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine, and Azithromycin on the Corrected QT Interval in Patients With SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2020, 13, e008662. doi:10.1161/CIRCEP.120.008662.
Rosenberg, E.S.; Dufort, E.M.; Udo, T.; Wilberschied, L.A.; Kumar, J.; Tesoriero, J.; Weinberg, P.; Kirkwood, J.; Muse, A.; DeHovitz, J.; Blog, D.S.; Hutton, B.; Holtgrave, D.R.; Zucker, H.A. Association of Treatment With Hydroxychloroquine or Azithromycin With In-Hospital Mortality in Patients With COVID-19 in New York State. JAMA 2020, 10.1001/jama.2020.8630. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.8630.
Mercuro, N.J.; Yen, C.F.; Shim, D.J.; Maher, T.R.; McCoy, C.M.; Zimetbaum, P.J.; Gold, H.S. Risk of QT Interval Prolongation Associated With Use of Hydroxychloroquine With or Without Concomitant Azithromycin Among Hospitalized Patients Testing Positive for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol 2020, 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1834. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1834.
Geleris, J.; Sun, Y.; Platt, J.; Zucker, J.; Baldwin, M.; Hripcsak, G.; Labella, A.; Manson, D.K.; Kubin, C.; Barr, R.G.; Sobieszczyk, M.E.; Schluger, N.W. Observational Study of Hydroxychloroquine in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med 2020, 382, 2411-2418. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2012410.
(FDA), U.S.F.a.D.A. Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Revokes Emergency Use Authorization for Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine. 2020, https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-revokes-emergency-use-authorization-chloroquine-and.
(FDA), U.S.F.a.D.A. FDA cautions against use of hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine for COVID-19 outside of the hospital setting or a clinical trial due to risk of heart rhythm problems.
Lurie, N.; Saville, M.; Hatchett, R.; Halton, J. Developing Covid-19 Vaccines at Pandemic Speed. N Engl J Med 2020, 382, 1969-1973. doi:10.1056/NEJMp2005630.
McKay, P.L.a.B. Drugmakers Rush to Develop Vaccines Against China Virus. The Wall Street Journal 2020, https://www.wsj.com/articles/drugmakers-rush-to-develop-vaccines-against-china-virus-11579813026.
Thanh Le, T.; Andreadakis, Z.; Kumar, A.; Gomez Roman, R.; Tollefsen, S.; Saville, M.; Mayhew, S. The COVID-19 vaccine development landscape. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020, 19, 305-306. doi:10.1038/d41573-020-00073-5.
Moderna, I. Moderna Announces Phase 3 COVE Study of mRNA Vaccine Against COVID-19 (mRNA-1273) Begins. 2020, https://investors.modernatx.com/news-releases/news-release-details/moderna-announces-phase-3-cove-study-mrna-vaccine-against-covid.
Mehta, P.; McAuley, D.F.; Brown, M.; Sanchez, E.; Tattersall, R.S.; Manson, J.J.; Hlh Across Speciality Collaboration, U.K. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Lancet 2020, 395, 1033-1034. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30628-0.
AG, N. Novartis announces plan to initiate clinical trial of canakinumab for patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. 2020, https://www.novartis.com/news/novartis-announces-plan-initiate-clinical-trial-canakinumab-patients-covid-19-pneumonia.
SE, P.I.a.B. Pfizer and BioNTech Dose First Participants in the U.S. as Part of Global COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine Development Program BUSINESS WIRE 2020, https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200505005474/en/.
Chen, L.; Xiong, J.; Bao, L.; Shi, Y. Convalescent plasma as a potential therapy for COVID-19. Lancet Infect Dis 2020, 20, 398-400. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30141-9.
Hoffmann, M.; Kleine-Weber, H.; Schroeder, S.; Kruger, N.; Herrler, T.; Erichsen, S.; Schiergens, T.S.; Herrler, G.; Wu, N.H.; Nitsche, A.; Muller, M.A.; Drosten, C.; Pohlmann, S. SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor. Cell 2020, 181, 271-280 e278. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052.
Tai, W.; He, L.; Zhang, X.; Pu, J.; Voronin, D.; Jiang, S.; Zhou, Y.; Du, L. Characterization of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of 2019 novel coronavirus: implication for development of RBD protein as a viral attachment inhibitor and vaccine. Cell Mol Immunol 2020, 17, 613-620. doi:10.1038/s41423-020-0400-4.
Wang, C.; Li, W.; Drabek, D.; Okba, N.M.A.; van Haperen, R.; Osterhaus, A.; van Kuppeveld, F.J.M.; Haagmans, B.L.; Grosveld, F.; Bosch, B.J. A human monoclonal antibody blocking SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Commun 2020, 11, 2251. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16256-y.
Fatima, F.; Ekstrom, K.; Nazarenko, I.; Maugeri, M.; Valadi, H.; Hill, A.F.; Camussi, G.; Nawaz, M. Non-coding RNAs in Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Deciphering Regulatory Roles in Stem Cell Potency, Inflammatory Resolve, and Tissue Regeneration. Front Genet 2017, 8, 161. doi:10.3389/fgene.2017.00161.
Rajarshi, K.; Chatterjee, A.; Ray, S. Combating COVID-19 with mesenchymal stem cell therapy. Biotechnol Rep (Amst) 2020, 26, e00467. doi:10.1016/j.btre.2020.e00467.
Chrzanowski, W.; Kim, S.Y.; McClements, L. Can Stem Cells Beat COVID-19: Advancing Stem Cells and Extracellular Vesicles Toward Mainstream Medicine for Lung Injuries Associated With SARS-CoV-2 Infections. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020, 8, 554. doi:10.3389/fbioe.2020.00554.
Let us know your experience and what we could improve.
Report an Issue
Is something wrong? Please let us know!
Other Feedback
Other feedback you would like to report.
Did you find what you were looking for?
Love
Like
Neutral
Dislike
Hate
0/500
Email
Do you agree to share your valuable feedback publicly on Encyclopedia’s homepage?
Webpage
Upload a screenshot (Max file size 2MB)
Submit
Back
Close
Quick Survey
Encyclopedia MDPI is conducting a targeted survey to identify the specific barriers hindering efficient
research. We invite you to spend 3 minutes defining the priorities for our next generation of structured
knowledge tools.