References

1. Benarroch, E.E. Physiology and Pathophysiology of the Autonomic Nervous System. Continuum 2020, 26, 12–24.
2. Mathias, C.J.B.R. Autonomic Failure. A Textbook of Clinical Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System, 5th ed.; University Press: Oxford, UK, 2013.
3. Chung, K.A.; Pfeiffer, R.F. Gastrointestinal dysfunction in the synucleinopathies. Clin. Auton. Res. 2020.
4. Müller, T.; Erdmann, C.; Bremen, D.; Schmidt, W.E.; Muhlack, S.; Woitalla, D.; Goetze, O. Impact of gastric emptying on levodopa pharmacokinetics in Parkinson disease patients. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 2006, 29, 61–67.
5. Knudsen, K.; Fedorova, T.D.; Bekker, A.C.; Iversen, P.; Østergaard, K.; Krogh, K.; Borghammer, P. Objective Colonic Dysfunction is Far more Prevalent than Subjective Constipation in Parkinson’s Disease: A Colon Transit and Volume Study. J. Park. Dis. 2017, 7, 359–367.
6. Rouphael, C.; Arora, Z.; Thota, P.N.; Lopez, R.; Santisi, J.; Funk, C.; Cline, M. Role of wireless motility capsule in the assessment and management of gastrointestinal dysmotility in patients with diabetes mellitus. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 2017, 29.
7. Gustafsson, R.J.; Littorin, B.; Berntorp, K.; Frid, A.; Thorsson, O.; Olsson, R.; Ekberg, O.; Ohlsson, B. Esophageal dysmotility is more common than gastroparesis in diabetes mellitus and is associated with retinopathy. Rev. Diabet. Stud. 2011, 8, 268–275.
8. Bharucha, A.E.; Camilleri, M.; Forstrom, L.A.; Zinsmeister, A.R. Relationship between clinical features and gastric emptying disturbances in diabetes mellitus. Clin. Endocrinol. 2009, 70, 415–420.
9. Karemaker, J.M. An introduction into autonomic nervous function. Physiol. Meas. 2017, 38, R89–R118.
10. Costa, M.; Brookes, S.J. The enteric nervous system. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 1994, 89, S129–S137.
11. Meldgaard, T.; Olesen, S.S.; Farmer, A.D.; Krogh, K.; Wendel, A.A.; Brock, B.; Drewes, A.M.; Brock, C. Diabetic Enteropathy: From Molecule to Mechanism-Based Treatment. J. Diabetes Res. 2018, 2018, 3827301.
12. Gibbons, C.H.; Freeman, R. Treatment-induced neuropathy of diabetes: An acute, iatrogenic complication of diabetes. Brain 2015, 138, 43–52.
13. Coon, E.A.; Cutsforth-Gregory, J.K.; Benarroch, E.E. Neuropathology of autonomic dysfunction in synucleinopathies. Mov. Disord. 2018, 33, 349–358.
14. Terkelsen, A.J.; Karlsson, P.; Lauria, G.; Freeman, R.; Finnerup, N.B.; Jensen, T.S. The diagnostic challenge of small fibre neuropathy: Clinical presentations, evaluations, and causes. Lancet Neurol. 2017, 16, 934–944.
15. Benarroch, E.E. Postural tachycardia syndrome: A heterogeneous and multifactorial disorder. Mayo Clin. Proc. 2012, 87, 1214–1225.
16. Weinstock, L.B.; Pace, L.A.; Rezaie, A.; Afrin, L.B.; Molderings, G.J. Mast Cell Activation Syndrome: A Primer for the Gastroenterologist. Dig. Dis. Sci. 2020.
17. Beckers, A.B.; Keszthelyi, D.; Fikree, A.; Vork, L.; Masclee, A.; Farmer, A.D.; Aziz, Q. Gastrointestinal disorders in joint hypermobility syndrome/Ehlers-Danlos syndrome hypermobility type: A review for the gastroenterologist. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 2017, 29.
18. Benarroch, E.E. The clinical approach to autonomic failure in neurological disorders. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 2014, 10, 396–407.
19. Soedamah-Muthu, S.S.; Chaturvedi, N.; Witte, D.R.; Stevens, L.K.; Porta, M.; Fuller, J.H. Relationship between risk factors and mortality in type 1 diabetic patients in Europe: The EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study (PCS). Diabetes Care 2008, 31, 1360–1366.
20. Spallone, V. Update on the Impact, Diagnosis and Management of Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy in Diabetes: What Is Defined, What Is New, and What Is Unmet. Diabetes Metab J. 2019, 43, 3–30.
21. Bharucha, A.E.; Kudva, Y.C.; Prichard, D.O. Diabetic Gastroparesis. Endocr. Rev. 2019, 40, 1318–1352.
22. Bytzer, P.; Talley, N.J.; Leemon, M.; Young, L.J.; Jones, M.P.; Horowitz, M. Prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with diabetes mellitus: A population-based survey of 15,000 adults. Arch. Int. Med. 2001, 161, 1989–1996.
23. Talley, N.J.; Young, L.; Bytzer, P.; Hammer, J.; Leemon, M.; Jones, M.; Horowitz, M. Impact of chronic gastrointestinal symptoms in diabetes mellitus on health-related quality of life. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2001, 96, 71–76.
24. Fasano, A.; Visanji, N.P.; Liu, L.W.; Lang, A.E.; Pfeiffer, R.F. Gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease. Lancet Neurol. 2015, 14, 625–639.
25. Bytzer, P.; Talley, N.J.; Hammer, J.; Young, L.J.; Jones, M.P.; Horowitz, M. GI symptoms in diabetes mellitus are associated with both poor glycemic control and diabetic complications. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2002, 97, 604–611.
26. Feldman, M.; Schiller, L.R. Disorders of gastrointestinal motility associated with diabetes mellitus. Ann. Intern. Med. 1983, 98, 378–384.
27. Knudsen, K.; Krogh, K.; Østergaard, K.; Borghammer, P. Constipation in parkinson’s disease: Subjective symptoms, objective markers, and new perspectives. Mov. Disord. 2017, 32, 94–105.
28. Verbaan, D.; Marinus, J.; Visser, M.; van Rooden, S.M.; Stiggelbout, A.M.; van Hilten, J.J. Patient-reported autonomic symptoms in Parkinson disease. Neurology 2007, 69, 333–341.
29. Wang, L.B.; Culbertson, C.J.; Deb, A.; Morgenshtern, K.; Huang, H.; Hohler, A.D. Gastrointestinal dysfunction in postural tachycardia syndrome. J. Neurol. Sci. 2015, 359, 193–196.
30. DiBaise, J.K.; Harris, L.A.; Goodman, B. Postural Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) and the GI Tract: A Primer for the Gastroenterologist. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2018, 113, 1458–1467.
31. Claus, I.; Suttrup, J.; Muhle, P.; Suntrup-Krueger, S.; Siemer, M.L.; Lenze, F.; Dziewas, R.; Warnecke, T. Subtle Esophageal Motility Alterations in Parkinsonian Syndromes: Synucleinopathies vs. Tauopathies. Mov. Disord. Clin. Pract. 2018, 5, 406–412.
32. Rao, S.S.C.; Bhagatwala, J. Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth: Clinical Features and Therapeutic Management. Clin. Transl. Gastroenterol. 2019, 10, e00078.
33. Knudsen, K.; Borghammer, P. Imaging the Autonomic Nervous System in Parkinson’s Disease. Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep. 2018, 18, 79.
34. Brock, C.; Søfteland, E.; Gunterberg, V.; Frøkjær, J.B.; Lelic, D.; Brock, B.; Dimcevski, G.; Gregersen, H.; Simrén, M.; Drewes, A.M. Diabetic autonomic neuropathy affects symptom generation and brain-gut axis. Diabetes Care 2013, 36, 3698–3705.
35. Azpiroz, F.; Malagelada, C. Diabetic neuropathy in the gut: Pathogenesis and diagnosis. Diabetologia 2016, 59, 404–408.
36. Farmer, A.D.; Pedersen, A.G.; Brock, B.; Jakobsen, P.E.; Karmisholt, J.; Mohammed, S.D.; Scott, S.M.; Drewes, A.M.; Brock, C. Type 1 diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy have pan-enteric prolongation of gastrointestinal transit times and an altered caecal pH profile. Diabetologia 2017, 60, 709–718.
37. Pavelić, A.; Krbot Skorić, M.; Crnošija, L.; Habek, M. Postprandial hypotension in neurological disorders: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin. Auton. Res. 2017, 27, 263–271.
38. Rentz, A.M.; Kahrilas, P.; Stanghellini, V.; Tack, J.; Talley, N.J.; de la Loge, C.; Trudeau, E.; Dubois, D.; Revicki, D.A. Development and psychometric evaluation of the patient assessment of upper gastrointestinal symptom severity index (PAGI-SYM) in patients with upper gastrointestinal disorders. Qual. Life Res. 2004, 13, 1737–1749.
39. Revicki, D.A.; Rentz, A.M.; Dubois, D.; Kahrilas, P.; Stanghellini, V.; Talley, N.J.; Tack, J. Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index (GCSI): Development and validation of a patient reported assessment of severity of gastroparesis symptoms. Qual. Life Res. Int. J. Qual. Life Asp. Treat. Care Rehabil. 2004, 13, 833–844.
40. Nilsson, M.; Poulsen, J.L.; Brock, C.; Sandberg, T.H.; Gram, M.; Frokjaer, J.B.; Krogh, K.; Drewes, A.M. Opioid-induced bowel dysfunction in healthy volunteers assessed with questionnaires and MRI. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2016, 28, 514–524.
41. Jones, K.L.; Russo, A.; Stevens, J.E.; Wishart, J.M.; Berry, M.K.; Horowitz, M. Predictors of delayed gastric emptying in diabetes. Diabetes Care 2001, 24, 1264–1269.
42. Cassilly, D.W.; Wang, Y.R.; Friedenberg, F.K.; Nelson, D.B.; Maurer, A.H.; Parkman, H.P. Symptoms of gastroparesis: Use of the gastroparesis cardinal symptom index in symptomatic patients referred for gastric emptying scintigraphy. Digestion 2008, 78, 144–151.
43. Kulich, K.R.; Madisch, A.; Pacini, F.; Piqué, J.M.; Regula, J.; Van Rensburg, C.J.; Ujszászy, L.; Carlsson, J.; Halling, K.; Wiklund, I.K. Reliability and validity of the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS) and Quality of Life in Reflux and Dyspepsia (QOLRAD) questionnaire in dyspepsia: A six-country study. Health Qual. Life Outcomes 2008, 6, 12.
44. Revicki, D.A.; Wood, M.; Wiklund, I.; Crawley, J. Reliability and validity of the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Qual. Life Res. 1998, 7, 75–83.
45. Wegeberg, A.L.; Brock, C.; Ejskjaer, N.; Karmisholt, J.S.; Jakobsen, P.E.; Drewes, A.M.; Brock, B.; Farmer, A.D. Gastrointestinal symptoms and cardiac vagal tone in type 1 diabetes correlates with gut transit times and motility index. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 2020, e13885.
46. Agachan, F.; Chen, T.; Pfeifer, J.; Reissman, P.; Wexner, S.D. A constipation scoring system to simplify evaluation and management of constipated patients. Dis. Colon Rectum 1996, 39, 681–685.
47. Simren, M.; Palsson, O.S.; Whitehead, W.E. Update on Rome IV Criteria for Colorectal Disorders: Implications for Clinical Practice. Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep. 2017, 19, 15.
48. Quan, C.; Talley, N.J.; Cross, S.; Jones, M.; Hammer, J.; Giles, N.; Horowitz, M. Development and validation of the Diabetes Bowel Symptom Questionnaire. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2003, 17, 1179–1187.
49. Kahrilas, P.J.; Bredenoord, A.J.; Fox, M.; Gyawali, C.P.; Roman, S.; Smout, A.J.; Pandolfino, J.E. The Chicago Classification of esophageal motility disorders, v3.0. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 2015, 27, 160–174.
50. Dhawan, I.; O’Connell, B.; Patel, A.; Schey, R.; Parkman, H.P.; Friedenberg, F. Utility of Esophageal High-Resolution Manometry in Clinical Practice: First, Do HRM. Dig. Dis. Sci. 2018, 63, 3178–3186.
51. Yadlapati, R. High-resolution esophageal manometry: Interpretation in clinical practice. Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. 2017, 33, 301–309.
52. George, N.S.; Rangan, V.; Geng, Z.; Khan, F.; Kichler, A.; Gabbard, S.; Ganocy, S.; Fass, R. Distribution of Esophageal Motor Disorders in Diabetic Patients With Dysphagia. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 2017, 51, 890–895.
53. Huang, R.J.; Chun, C.L.; Friday, K.; Triadafilopoulos, G. Manometric abnormalities in the postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome: A case series. Dig. Dis. Sci. 2013, 58, 3207–3211.
54. Fikree, A.; Aziz, Q.; Sifrim, D. Mechanisms underlying reflux symptoms and dysphagia in patients with joint hypermobility syndrome, with and without postural tachycardia syndrome. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 2017, 29.
55. Martin-Harris, B.; Canon, C.L.; Bonilha, H.S.; Murray, J.; Davidson, K.; Lefton-Greif, M.A. Best Practices in Modified Barium Swallow Studies. Am. J. Speech Lang. Pathol. 2020, 29, 1078–1093.
56. Schiffer, B.L.; Kendall, K. Changes in Timing of Swallow Events in Parkinson’s Disease. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 2019, 128, 22–27.
57. Lee, J.W.; Randall, D.R.; Evangelista, L.M.; Kuhn, M.A.; Belafsky, P.C. Subjective Assessment of Videofluoroscopic Swallow Studies. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2017, 156, 901–905.
58. Alomari, M.; Hitawala, A.; Chadalavada, P.; Covut, F.; Al Momani, L.; Khazaaleh, S.; Gosai, F.; Al Ashi, S.; Abushahin, A.; Schneider, A. Prevalence and Predictors of Gastrointestinal Dysmotility in Patients with Hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome: A Tertiary Care Center Experience. Cureus 2020, 12, e7881.
59. Abell, T.L.; Camilleri, M.; Donohoe, K.; Hasler, W.L.; Lin, H.C.; Maurer, A.H.; McCallum, R.W.; Nowak, T.; Nusynowitz, M.L.; Parkman, H.P.; et al. Consensus recommendations for gastric emptying scintigraphy: A joint report of the American Neurogastroenterology and Motility Society and the Society of Nuclear Medicine. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2008, 103, 753–763.
60. Rao, S.S.; Camilleri, M.; Hasler, W.L.; Maurer, A.H.; Parkman, H.P.; Saad, R.; Scott, M.S.; Simren, M.; Soffer, E.; Szarka, L. Evaluation of gastrointestinal transit in clinical practice: Position paper of the American and European Neurogastroenterology and Motility Societies. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 2011, 23, 8–23.
61. Madsen, J.L. Scintigraphic assessment of gastrointestinal motility: A brief review of techniques and data interpretation. Clin. Physiol. Funct. Imaging 2014, 34, 243–253.
62. Thomaides, T.; Karapanayiotides, T.; Zoukos, Y.; Haeropoulos, C.; Kerezoudi, E.; Demacopoulos, N.; Floodas, G.; Papageorgiou, E.; Armakola, F.; Thomopoulos, Y.; et al. Gastric emptying after semi-solid food in multiple system atrophy and Parkinson disease. J. Neurol. 2005, 252, 1055–1059.
63. Loavenbruck, A.; Iturrino, J.; Singer, W.; Sletten, D.M.; Low, P.A.; Zinsmeister, A.R.; Bharucha, A.E. Disturbances of gastrointestinal transit and autonomic functions in postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 2015, 27, 92–98.
64. Ghoos, Y.F.; Maes, B.D.; Geypens, B.J.; Mys, G.; Hiele, M.I.; Rutgeerts, P.J.; Vantrappen, G. Measurement of gastric emptying rate of solids by means of a carbon-labeled octanoic acid breath test. Gastroenterology 1993, 104, 1640–1647.
65. Zahn, A.; Langhans, C.D.; Hoffner, S.; Haberkorn, U.; Rating, D.; Haass, M.; Enck, P.; Stremmel, W.; Ruhl, A. Measurement of gastric emptying by 13C-octanoic acid breath test versus scintigraphy in diabetics. Z. Gastroenterol. 2003, 41, 383–390.
66. Tanaka, Y.; Kato, T.; Nishida, H.; Yamada, M.; Koumura, A.; Sakurai, T.; Hayashi, Y.; Kimura, A.; Hozumi, I.; Araki, H.; et al. Is there delayed gastric emptying in patients with multiple system atrophy? An analysis using the (13)C-acetate breath test. J. Neurol. 2012, 259, 1448–1452.
67. Knudsen, K.; Szwebs, M.; Hansen, A.K.; Borghammer, P. Gastric emptying in Parkinson’s disease-A mini-review. Parkinsonism. Relat. Disord. 2018, 55, 18–25.
68. Camilleri, M.; Bharucha, A.E.; di Lorenzo, C.; Hasler, W.L.; Prather, C.M.; Rao, S.S.; Wald, A. American Neurogastroenterology and Motility Society consensus statement on intraluminal measurement of gastrointestinal and colonic motility in clinical practice. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 2008, 20, 1269–1282.
69. Samsom, M.; Jebbink, R.J.; Akkermans, L.M.; van Berge-Henegouwen, G.P.; Smout, A.J. Abnormalities of antroduodenal motility in type I diabetes. Diabetes Care 1996, 19, 21–27.
70. Patcharatrakul, T.; Gonlachanvit, S. Technique of functional and motility test: How to perform antroduodenal manometry. J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 2013, 19, 395–404.
71. Penning, C.; Gielkens, H.A.; Hemelaar, M.; Lamers, C.B.; Masclee, A.A. Reproducibility of antroduodenal motility during prolonged ambulatory recording. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 2001, 13, 133–141.
72. Bortolotti, M.; Annese, V.; Coccia, G. Twenty-four hour ambulatory antroduodenal manometry in normal subjects (co-operative study). Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 2000, 12, 231–238.
73. Desipio, J.; Friedenberg, F.K.; Korimilli, A.; Richter, J.E.; Parkman, H.P.; Fisher, R.S. High-resolution solid-state manometry of the antropyloroduodenal region. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 2007, 19, 188–195.
74. Bonapace, E.S.; Maurer, A.H.; Davidoff, S.; Krevsky, B.; Fisher, R.S.; Parkman, H.P. Whole gut transit scintigraphy in the clinical evaluation of patients with upper and lower gastrointestinal symptoms. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2000, 95, 2838–2847.
75. Maleki, D.; Camilleri, M.; Burton, D.D.; Rath-Harvey, D.M.; Oenning, L.; Pemberton, J.H.; Low, P.A. Pilot study of pathophysiology of constipation among community diabetics. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1998, 43, 2373–2378.
76. Camilleri, M.; Thorne, N.K.; Ringel, Y.; Hasler, W.L.; Kuo, B.; Esfandyari, T.; Gupta, A.; Scott, S.M.; McCallum, R.W.; Parkman, H.P.; et al. Wireless pH-motility capsule for colonic transit: Prospective comparison with radiopaque markers in chronic constipation. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 2010, 22, 874–882, e233.
77. van der Sijp, J.R.; Kamm, M.A.; Nightingale, J.M.; Britton, K.E.; Mather, S.J.; Morris, G.P.; Akkermans, L.M.; Lennard-Jones, J.E. Radioisotope determination of regional colonic transit in severe constipation: Comparison with radio opaque markers. Gut 1993, 34, 402–408.
78. Abrahamsson, H.; Antov, S.; Bosaeus, I. Gastrointestinal and colonic segmental transit time evaluated by a single abdominal X-ray in healthy subjects and constipated patients. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. Suppl. 1988, 152, 72–80.
79. Metcalf, A.M.; Phillips, S.F.; Zinsmeister, A.R.; MacCarty, R.L.; Beart, R.W.; Wolff, B.G. Simplified assessment of segmental colonic transit. Gastroenterology 1987, 92, 40–47.
80. Sakakibara, R.; Odaka, T.; Uchiyama, T.; Liu, R.; Asahina, M.; Yamaguchi, K.; Yamaguchi, T.; Yamanishi, T.; Hattori, T. Colonic transit time, sphincter EMG, and rectoanal videomanometry in multiple system atrophy. Mov. Disord. 2004, 19, 924–929.
81. Jung, H.K.; Kim, D.Y.; Moon, I.H.; Hong, Y.S. Colonic transit time in diabetic patients--comparison with healthy subjects and the effect of autonomic neuropathy. Yonsei Med. J. 2003, 44, 265–272.
82. Miller, M.A.; Parkman, H.P.; Urbain, J.L.; Brown, K.L.; Donahue, D.J.; Knight, L.C.; Maurer, A.H.; Fisher, R.S. Comparison of scintigraphy and lactulose breath hydrogen test for assessment of orocecal transit: Lactulose accelerates small bowel transit. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1997, 42, 10–18.
83. Simrén, M.; Stotzer, P.O. Use and abuse of hydrogen breath tests. Gut 2006, 55, 297–303.
84. Faria, M.; Pavin, E.J.; Parisi, M.C.; Lorena, S.L.; Brunetto, S.Q.; Ramos, C.D.; Pavan, C.R.; Mesquita, M.A. Delayed small intestinal transit in patients with long-standing type 1 diabetes mellitus: Investigation of the relationships with clinical features, gastric emptying, psychological distress, and nutritional parameters. Diabetes Technol. Ther. 2013, 15, 32–38.
85. Davies, K.N.; King, D.; Billington, D.; Barrett, J.A. Intestinal permeability and orocaecal transit time in elderly patients with Parkinson’s disease. Postgrad. Med. J. 1996, 72, 164–167.
86. Gabrielli, M.; Bonazzi, P.; Scarpellini, E.; Bendia, E.; Lauritano, E.C.; Fasano, A.; Ceravolo, M.G.; Capecci, M.; Rita Bentivoglio, A.; Provinciali, L.; et al. Prevalence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in Parkinson’s disease. Mov. Disord. 2011, 26, 889–892.
87. Jacobs, C.; Coss Adame, E.; Attaluri, A.; Valestin, J.; Rao, S.S. Dysmotility and proton pump inhibitor use are independent risk factors for small intestinal bacterial and/or fungal overgrowth. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2013, 37, 1103–1111.
88. Rezaie, A.; Buresi, M.; Lembo, A.; Lin, H.; McCallum, R.; Rao, S.; Schmulson, M.; Valdovinos, M.; Zakko, S.; Pimentel, M. Hydrogen and Methane-Based Breath Testing in Gastrointestinal Disorders: The North American Consensus. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2017, 112, 775–784.
89. Di Stefano, M.; Quigley, E.M.M. The diagnosis of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: Two steps forward, one step backwards? Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 2018, 30, e13494.
90. Yu, D.; Cheeseman, F.; Vanner, S. Combined oro-caecal scintigraphy and lactulose hydrogen breath testing demonstrate that breath testing detects oro-caecal transit, not small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with IBS. Gut 2011, 60, 334–340.
91. Scott, S.M.; Carrington, E.V. The London Classification: Improving Characterization and Classification of Anorectal Function with Anorectal Manometry. Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep. 2020, 22, 55.
92. Carrington, E.V.; Heinrich, H.; Knowles, C.H.; Fox, M.; Rao, S.; Altomare, D.F.; Bharucha, A.E.; Burgell, R.; Chey, W.D.; Chiarioni, G.; et al. The international anorectal physiology working group (IAPWG) recommendations: Standardized testing protocol and the London classification for disorders of anorectal function. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 2020, 32, e13679.
93. Lee, T.H.; Bharucha, A.E. How to Perform and Interpret a High-resolution Anorectal Manometry Test. J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 2016, 22, 46–59.
94. Oblizajek, N.R.; Gandhi, S.; Sharma, M.; Chakraborty, S.; Muthyala, A.; Prichard, D.; Feuerhak, K.; Bharucha, A.E. Anorectal pressures measured with high-resolution manometry in healthy people-Normal values and asymptomatic pelvic floor dysfunction. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 2019, 31, e13597.
95. Li, Y.; Yang, X.; Xu, C.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, X. Normal values and pressure morphology for three-dimensional high-resolution anorectal manometry of asymptomatic adults: A study in 110 subjects. Int. J. Colorectal Dis. 2013, 28, 1161–1168.
96. De Pablo-Fernández, E.; Passananti, V.; Zárate-López, N.; Emmanuel, A.; Warner, T. Colonic transit, high-resolution anorectal manometry and MRI defecography study of constipation in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 2019, 66, 195–201.
97. Yu, T.; Wang, Y.; Wu, G.; Xu, Q.; Tang, Y.; Lin, L. High-resolution Anorectal Manometry in Parkinson Disease With Defecation Disorder: A Comparison With Functional Defecation Disorder. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 2016, 50, 566–571.
98. Sarosiek, I.; Selover, K.H.; Katz, L.A.; Semler, J.R.; Wilding, G.E.; Lackner, J.M.; Sitrin, M.D.; Kuo, B.; Chey, W.D.; Hasler, W.L.; et al. The assessment of regional gut transit times in healthy controls and patients with gastroparesis using wireless motility technology. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2010, 31, 313–322.
99. Wang, Y.T.; Mohammed, S.D.; Farmer, A.D.; Wang, D.; Zarate, N.; Hobson, A.R.; Hellstrom, P.M.; Semler, J.R.; Kuo, B.; Rao, S.S.; et al. Regional gastrointestinal transit and pH studied in 215 healthy volunteers using the wireless motility capsule: Influence of age, gender, study country and testing protocol. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2015, 42, 761–772.
100. Farmer, A.D.; Wegeberg, A.L.; Brock, B.; Hobson, A.R.; Mohammed, S.D.; Scott, S.M.; Bruckner-Holt, C.E.; Semler, J.R.; Hasler, W.L.; Hellstrom, P.M.; et al. Regional gastrointestinal contractility parameters using the wireless motility capsule: Inter-observer reproducibility and influence of age, gender and study country. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2018, 47, 391–400.
101. Maqbool, S.; Parkman, H.P.; Friedenberg, F.K. Wireless capsule motility: Comparison of the SmartPill GI monitoring system with scintigraphy for measuring whole gut transit. Dig. Dis. Sci. 2009, 54, 2167–2174.
102. Kuo, B.; McCallum, R.W.; Koch, K.L.; Sitrin, M.D.; Wo, J.M.; Chey, W.D.; Hasler, W.L.; Lackner, J.M.; Katz, L.A.; Semler, J.R.; et al. Comparison of gastric emptying of a nondigestible capsule to a radio-labelled meal in healthy and gastroparetic subjects. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2008, 27, 186–196.
103. Rao, S.S.; Kuo, B.; McCallum, R.W.; Chey, W.D.; DiBaise, J.K.; Hasler, W.L.; Koch, K.L.; Lackner, J.M.; Miller, C.; Saad, R.; et al. Investigation of colonic and whole-gut transit with wireless motility capsule and radiopaque markers in constipation. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2009, 7, 537–544.
104. Fraser, R.J.; Horowitz, M.; Maddox, A.F.; Harding, P.E.; Chatterton, B.E.; Dent, J. Hyperglycaemia slows gastric emptying in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 1990, 33, 675–680.
105. Zhou, W.; Zikos, T.A.; Clarke, J.O.; Nguyen, L.A.; Triadafilopoulos, G.; Neshatian, L. Regional Gastrointestinal Transit and Contractility Patterns Vary in Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS). Dig. Dis. Sci. 2021.
106. Su, A.; Gandhy, R.; Barlow, C.; Triadafilopoulos, G. Utility of the wireless motility capsule and lactulose breath testing in the evaluation of patients with Parkinson’s disease who present with functional gastrointestinal symptoms. BMJ Open Gastroenterol. 2017, 4, e000132.
107. Coleski, R.; Wilding, G.E.; Semler, J.R.; Hasler, W.L. Blunting of Colon Contractions in Diabetics with Gastroparesis Quantified by Wireless Motility Capsule Methods. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0141183.