References

1. Chen, X.; Mao, S.S. Titanium dioxide nanomaterials: Synthesis, properties, modifications, and applications. Chem. Rev. 2007, 7, 2891–2959.
2. Schneider, J.; Matsuoka, M.; Takeuchi, M.; Zhang, J.; Horiuchi, Y.; Anpo, M.; Bahnemann, D.W. Understanding TiO2 Photocatalysis: Mechanisms and Materials. Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, 9919–9986.
3. Fujishima, A.; Hashimoto, K.; Watanabe, T. TiO2 Photocatalysis: Fundamentals and Applications; BKC Publ.: Tokyo, Japan, 1999.
4. Graetzel, M. Dye-sensitized solar cells. J. Photochem. Photobiol. C 2003, 4, 145–153.
5. Serpone, N.; Emeline, A.V. Fundamentals in metal-oxide heterogeneous photocatalysis. In Nanostructured and Photoelectrochemical Systems for Solar Photon Conversion; Archer, M.D., Nozik, A.J., Eds.; Imperial College Press: London, UK, 2008; pp. 275–381.
6. Nakata, K.; Ochiai, T.; Murakami, T.; Fujishima, A. Photoenergy conversion with TiO2 photocatalysis: New materials and recent applications. Electrochim. Acta 2012, 84, 103–111.
7. Serpone, N.; Lawless, D.; Disdier, J.; Herrmann, J.M. Spectroscopic, Photoconductivity, and Photocatalytic Studies of TiO2 Colloids: Naked and with the Lattice Doped with Cr3+, Fe3+, and V5+ Cations. Langmuir 1994, 10, 643–652.
8. Nagaveni, K.; Hedge, M.S.; Madras, G. Structure and photocatalytic activity of Ti1-xM xO2×δ (M = W, V, Ce, Zr, Fe, and Cu) synthesized by solution combustion method. J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 20204–20212.
9. Gracia, F.; Holgado, J.P.; Caballero, A.; Gonzalez-Elipe, A.R. Structural, Optical, and Photoelectrochemical Properties of Mn+−TiO2 Model Thin Film Photocatalyst. J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 17466–17476.
10. Torres, G.R.; Lindgren, T.; Lu, J.; Granqvist, C.-G.; Lindquist, S.-E. Photoelectrochemical study of nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide for water oxidation. J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 5995–6003.
11. Nakamura, R.; Tanaka, T.; Nakato, Y. Mechanism for visible light responses in anodic photocurrents at N-doped TiO2 film electrodes. J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 10617–10620.
12. Meng, S.; Zhang, J.; Chen, S.H.; Zhang, S.; Huang, W. Perspective on construction of heterojunction photocatalysts and the complete utilization of photogenerated charge carriers. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2019, 476, 982–992.
13. Lianos, P. Review of recent trends in photoelectrocatalytic conversion of solar energy to electricity and hydrogen. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2017, 210, 235–254.
14. He, X.; Zhang, C. Recent advances in structure design for enhancing photocatalysis. J. Mater. Sci. 2019, 54, 8831–8851.
15. Serpone, N.; Emeline, A.V.; Ryabchuk, V.K.; Kuznetsov, V.N.; Artem’ev, Y.M.; Horikoshi, S. Why do Hydrogen and Oxygen Yields from Semiconductor-Based Photocatalyzed Water Splitting Remain Disappointingly Low? Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors Impacting Surface Redox Reactions. ACS Energy Lett. 2016, 1, 931–948.
16. Yu, J.; Wang, S.; Lowa, J.; Xiao, W. Enhanced photocatalytic performance of direct Z-scheme g-C3N4-TiO2 photocatalysts for the decomposition of formaldehyde in air. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2013, 15, 16883–16890.
17. Low, J.; Jiang, C.; Cheng, B.; Wageh, S.; Al-Ghamdi, A.A.; Yu, J. A Review of Direct Z-Scheme Photocatalysts. Small Methods 2017, 1, 1700080.
18. Serpone, N.; Emeline, A.V. Semiconductor Photocatalysis - Past, Present, and Future Outlook. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2012, 3, 673–677.
19. Enesca, A.; Andronic, L. The Influence of Photoactive Heterostructures on the Photocatalytic Removal of Dyes and Pharmaceutical Active Compounds: A Mini-Review. Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 1766.
20. Zhang, R.; Sun, M.; Zhao, G.; Yin, G.; Liu, B. Hierarchical Fe2O3 nanorods/TiO2 nanosheets heterostructure: Growth mechanism, enhanced visible-light photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical performances. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2019, 475, 380–388.
21. Ghosh, M.; Liu, J.; Chuang, S.S.C.; Jana, S.C. Fabrication of Hierarchical V2O5 Nanorods on TiO2 Nanofibers and Their Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity under Visible Light. ChemCatChem 2018, 10, 3305–3318.
22. Lin, Y.-Z.; Wang, K.; Zhang, Y.; Dou, Y.; Yang, Y.; Xu, M.; Wang, Y.; Liu, F.; Li, K. Metal–organic framework-derived CdS–NiO heterostructures with modulated morphology and enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity in pure water. J. Mater. Chem. C 2020, 8, 10071–10077.
23. Kaur, N.; Zappa, D.; Ferroni, M.; Poli, N.; Campanini, M.; Negrea, R.; Comini, E. Branch-like NiO/ZnO heterostructures for VOC sensing. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2018, 262, 477–485.
24. Zhou, J.; Tang, B.; Lin, J.; Lv, D.; Shi, J.; Sun, L.; Zeng, Q.; Niu, L.; Liu, F.; Wang, X.; et al. Morphology Engineering in Monolayer MoS2-WS2 Lateral Heterostructures. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2018, 28, 1801568.
25. van de Voorde, M.; Tulinski, M.; Jurczyk, M. Engineered Nanomaterials: A Discussion of the Major Categories of Nanomaterials. In Metrology and Standardization of Nanotechnology: Protocols and Industrial Innovations; Mansfield, E., Kaiser, D.L., Fujita, D., van de Voorde, M., Eds.; Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA: Weinheim, Germany, 2017; pp. 49–74.
26. Vattikuti, S.V.P. Heterostructured Nanomaterials: Latest Trends in Formation of Inorganic Heterostructures. In Synthesis of Inorganic Nanomaterials; Bhagyaraj, S.M., Oluwafemi, O.S., Kalarikkal, N., Thomas, S., Eds.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2018; pp. 89–120.
27. Kulkarni, S.K. Nanotechnology: Principles and Practices; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2015; 403p.
28. Grabowska, E.; Marchelek, M.; Paszkiewicz-Gawron, M.; Zaleska-Medynska, A. Metal Oxide-Based Photocatalysis; Zaleska-Medynska, A., Ed.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2018; pp. 51–207.
29. Šutka, A.; Järvekülg, M.; Gross, K.A. Photocatalytic Nanoheterostructures and Chemically Bonded Junctions Made by Solution-Based Approaches. Crit. Rev. Solid State Mater. Sci. 2019, 44, 239–263.
30. Luo, B.; Liu, G.; Wang, L. Recent advances in 2D materials for photocatalysis. Nanoscale 2016, 8, 6904–6920.
31. Yuan, Y.-P.; Ruan, L.-W.; Barber, J.; Loo, S.C.J.; Xue, C. Hetero-nanostructured suspended photocatalysts for solar-to-fuel conversion. Energy Environ. Sci. 2014, 7, 3934–3951.
32. Yuan, X.; Wu, X.; Feng, Z.; Jia, W.; Zheng, X.; Li, C. Facile Synthesis of Heterojunctioned ZnO/Bi2S3 Nanocomposites for Enhanced Photocatalytic Reduction of Aqueous Cr(VI) under Visible-Light Irradiation. Catalysts 2019, 9, 624.
33. Peng, B.; Xia, M.; Li, C.; Yue, C.; Diao, P. Network Structured CuWO4/BiVO4/Co-Pi Nanocomposite for Solar Water Splitting. Catalysts 2018, 8, 663.
34. Ju, P.; Wang, Y.; Sun, Y.; Zhang, D. In-Situ Green Topotactic Synthesis of a Novel Z-Scheme 3/BiVO4 Heterostructure with Highly Enhanced Visible-Light Photocatalytic Activity. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2020, 579, 431–447.
35. Mi, F.; Chen, X.; Ma, Y.; Yin, S.; Yuan, F.; Zhang, H. Facile Synthesis of Hierarchical Core–Shell Fe3O4@MgAl– as Magnetically Recyclable Catalysts for Catalytic Oxidation of Alcohols. Chem. Commun. 2011, 47, 12804–12806.
36. Shang, M.; Wang, W.; Zhang, L.; Sun, S.; Wang, L.; Zhou, L. 3D Bi2WO6/TiO2 Hierarchical Heterostructure: Controllable Synthesis and Enhanced Visible Photocatalytic Degradation Performances. J. Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113, 14727–14731.
37. Kim, H.; Tak, Y.; Senthil, K.; Joo, J.; Jeon, S.; Yong, K. Novel Heterostructure of CdS Nanoparticle/WO3 Nanowhisker: Synthesis and Photocatalytic Properties. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 2009, 27, 2182.
38. Handoko, C.T.; Moustakas, N.G.; Peppel, T.; Springer, A.; Oropeza, F.E.; Huda, A.; Bustan, M.D.; Yudono, B.; Gulo, F.; Strunk, J. Characterization and Effect of Ag(0) vs. Ag(I) Species and Their Localized Plasmon Resonance on Photochemically Inactive TiO2. Catalysts 2019, 9, 323.
39. Wang, C.; Lin, H.; Xu, Z.; Cheng, H.; Zhang, C. One-Step Hydrothermal Synthesis of Flowerlike MoS2/CdS Heterostructures for Enhanced Visible-Light Photocatalytic Activities. RSC Adv. 2015, 5, 15621.
40. Rogé, V.; Didierjean, J.; Crêpellière, J.; Arl, D.; Michel, M.; Fechete, I.; Dinia, A.; Lenoble, D. Tuneable Functionalization of Glass Fibre Membranes with ZnO/SnO2 Heterostructures for Photocatalytic Water Treatment: Effect of SnO2 Coverage Rate on the Photocatalytic Degradation of Organics. Catalysts 2020, 10, 733.
41. He, G.; Zhang, Y.; He, Q. MoS2/CdS Heterostructure for Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Performance under Visible Light. Catalysts 2019, 9, 379.
42. Luo, Y.; Kong, D.; Luo, J.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, D.; Qiu, K.; Cheng, C.; Li, C.M.; Yu, T. Seed-Assisted Synthesis of Co3O4@α-Fe2O3 Core–Shell Nanoneedle Arrays for Lithium-Ion Battery Anode with High Capacity. RSC Adv. 2014, 4, 13241.
43. Wang, L.; Su, Z.; Yuan, J. The Influence of Materials, Heterostructure, and Orientation for Nanohybrids on Photocatalytic Activity. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2019, 14, 20.
44. Qiao, S.-Z.; Liu, J.; Lu, G.Q.M. Synthetic Chemistry of Nanomaterials. In Modern Inorganic Synthetic Chemistry; Xu, R., Xu, Y., Eds.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2017; pp. 613–640.
45. Butler, S.Z.; Hollen, S.M.; Cao, L.Y.; Cui, Y.; Gupta, J.A.; Gutierrez, H.R.; Heinz, T.F.; Hong, S.S.; Huang, J.X.; Ismach, A.F.; et al. Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities in Two-Dimensional Materials Beyond Graphene. ACS Nano 2013, 7, 2898–2926.
46. Coleman, J.N.; Lotya, M.; O’Neill, A.; Bergin, S.D.; King, P.J.; Khan, U.; Young, K.; Gaucher, A.; De, S.; Smith, R.J.; et al. Two-Dimensional Nanosheets Produced by Liquid Exfoliation of Layered Materials. Science 2011, 331, 568–571.
47. Chen, D.; Chen, W.; Ma, L.; Ji, G.; Chang, K.; Lee, J.Y. Graphene-Like Layered Metal Dichalcogenide/Graphene Composites: Synthesis and Applications in Energy Storage and Conversion. Mater. Today 2014, 17, 184–193.
48. Ozer, L.Y.; Garlisi, C.; Oladipo, H.; Pagliaro, M.; Sharief, S.A.; Yusuf, A.; Almheiri, S.; Palmisano, G.J. Inorganic semiconductors-graphene composites in photo (electro) catalysis: Synthetic strategies, interaction mechanisms and applications. Photochem. Photobiol. C Photochem. Rev. 2017, 33, 132–164.
49. Boldyrev, V.V. Mechanochemistry and Mechanical Activation of Solids. Rus. Chem. Rev. 2006, 75, 177–189.
50. James, S.L.; Adams, C.J.; Bolm, C.; Braga, D.; Collier, P.; Friščić, T.; Grepioni, F.; Harris, K.D.M.; Hyett, G.; Jones, W.; et al. Mechanochemistry: Opportunities for New and Cleaner Synthesis. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2012, 41, 413–447.
51. Tulinski, M.; Jurczyk, M. Nanomaterials Synthesis Methods. In Metrology and Standardization of Nanotechnology: Protocols and Industrial Innovations; Mansfield, E., Kaiser, D.L., Fujita, D., van de Voorde, M., Eds.; Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA: Weinheim, Germany, 2017; pp. 75–98.
52. Xu, R.-R.; Su, Q. High Temperature Synthesis. In Modern Inorganic Synthetic Chemistry; Xu, R., Xu, Y., Eds.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2017; pp. 9–43.
53. Rani, A.; Reddy, R.; Sharma, U.; Mukherjee, P.; Mishra, P.; Kuila, A.; Sim, L.C.; Saravanan, P. A Review on the Progress of Nanostructure Materials for Energy Harnessing and Environmental Remediation. J. Nanostruct. Chem. 2018, 8, 255–291.
54. Colson, P.; Henrist, C.; Cloots, R. Nanosphere Lithography: A Powerful Method for the Controlled Manufacturing of Nanomaterials. J. Nanomater. 2013, 948510, 19.
55. Xia, Y.N.; Whitesides, G.M. Soft Lithography. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 550–575.
56. Phonthammachai, N.; Rumruangwong, M.; Gulari, E.; Jamieson, A.M.; Jitkarnka, S.; Wongkasemjit, S. Synthesis and Rheological Properties of Mesoporous Nanocrystalline CeO2 via Sol–Gel Process. Coll. Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 2004, 247, 61–68.
57. Tyrpekl, V.; Vejpravová, J.P.; Roca, A.G.; Murafa, N.; Szatmary, L.; Nižňanský, D. Magnetically Separable Photocatalytic Composite γ-Fe2O3@TiO2 Synthesized by Heterogeneous Precipitation. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2011, 257, 4844–4848.
58. Sánchez-Martínez, D.; la Cruz, A.M.; López-Cuéllar, E. Synthesis of WO3 Nanoparticles by Citric Acid-Assisted Precipitation and Evaluation of Their Photocatalytic Properties. Mater. Res. Bull. 2013, 48, 691–697.
59. Acharya, K.P.; Hewa-Kasakarage, N.N.; Alabi, T.R.; Nemitz, I.; Khon, E.; Ullrich, B.; Anzenbacher, P.; Zamkov, M. Synthesis of PbS/TiO2 Colloidal Heterostructures for Photovoltaic Applications. J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114, 12496–12504.
60. Aniskevich, Y.M.; Malashchonak, M.V.; Chulkin, P.V.; Ragoisha, G.A.; Streltsov, E.A. Cadmium Underpotential Deposition on CdSe and CdS Quantum Dot Films: Size Dependent Underpotential Shift. Electrochim. Acta 2016, 220, 493–499.
61. Cao, S.-W.; Zhu, Y.-J. Iron Oxide Hollow Spheres: Microwave–Hydrothermal Ionic Liquid Preparation, Formation Mechanism, Crystal Phase and Morphology Control and Properties. Acta Mater. 2009, 57, 2154–2165.
62. Bang, J.H.; Suslick, K.S. Applications of ultrasound to the synthesis of nanostructured materials. Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, 1039–1059.
63. Feng, S.-H.; Li, G.-H. Hydrothermal and Solvothermal Syntheses. In Modern Inorganic Synthetic Chemistry; Xu, R., Xu, Y., Eds.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2017; pp. 73–104.
64. Rao, V.N.; Reddy, N.L.; Kumari, M.M.; Cheralathan, K.K.; Ravi, P.; Sathish, M.; Neppolian, B.; Reddy, K.R.; Shetti, N.P.; Prathap, P.; et al. Sustainable Hydrogen Production for the Greener Environment by Quantum Dots-Based Efficient Photocatalysts: A Review. J. Environ. Manag. 2019, 248, 109246.
65. Türk, M.; Erkey, C. Synthesis of Supported Nanoparticles in Supercritical Fluids by Supercritical Fluid Reactive Deposition: Current State, Further Perspectives and Needs. J. Supercrit. Fluids 2018, 134, 176–183.
66. He, X.; Wang, W.-N. Rational Design of Efficient Semiconductor-Based Photocatalysts via Microdroplets: A Review. KONA Powder Part. J. 2019, 36, 201–214.
67. Wang, J.-T. Chemical Vapor Deposition and Its Applications in Inorganic Synthesis. In Modern Inorganic Synthetic Chemistry; Xu, R., Xu, Y., Eds.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2017; pp. 167–188.
68. Korotcenkov, G.; Tolstoy, V.; Schwank, J. Successive Ionic Layer Deposition (SILD) as a New Sensor Technology: Synthesis and Modification of Metal Uxides. Meas. Sci. Technol. 2006, 17, 1861–1869.
69. Tolstoi, V.P. New Routes for the Synthesis of Nanocomposite Layers of Inorganic Compounds by the Layer-by-Layer Scheme. Rus. J. Gen. Chem. 2009, 79, 2578–2583.
70. Chalastara, K.; Guo, F.; Elouatik, S.; Demopoulos, G.P. Tunable Composition Aqueous-Synthesized Mixed-Phase TiO2 Nanocrystals for Photo-Assisted Water Decontamination: Comparison of Anatase, Brookite and Rutile Photocatalysts. Catalysts 2020, 10, 407.
71. Nguyen, T.D.; Nguyen, V.-H.; Nanda, S.; Vo, D.-N.; Nguyen, V.H.; Tran, T.V.; Xuan, L.N.; Nguyen, T.T.; Bach, L.-G.; Abdullah, B.; et al. BiVO4 Photocatalysis Design and Applications to Oxygen Production and Degradation of Organic Compounds: A Review. Environ. Chem. Lett. 2020.
72. Sudha, D.; Sivakumar, P. Review on the Photocatalytic Activity of Various Composite Catalysts. Chem. Eng. Process. 2015, 97, 112–133.
73. Wu, W.; Jiang, C.; Roy, V.A.L. Recent Progress in Magnetic Iron Oxide–Semiconductor Composite Nanomaterials as Promising Photocatalysts. Nanoscale 2015, 7, 38–58.
74. Prasad, C.; Tang, H.; Liu, Q.Q.; Zulfiqar, S.; Shah, S.; Bahadur, I. An Overview of Semiconductors/Layered Double Hydroxides Composites: Properties, Synthesis, Photocatalytic and Photoelectrochemical Applications. J. Molec. Liquids 2019, 289, 111114.
75. Chu, K.-W.; Lee, S.L.; Chang, C.-J.; Liu, L. Recent Progress of Carbon Dot Precursors and Photocatalysis Applications. Polymers 2019, 11, 689.
76. Gawande, M.B.; Goswami, A.; Asefa, T.; Guo, H.; Biradar, A.V.; Peng, D.-L.; Zboril, R.; Varma, R.S. Core–Shell Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Applications in Catalysis and Electrocatalysis. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2015, 44, 7540–7590.
77. Wang, S.; Wang, Y.; Zang, S.-Q.; Lou, X.W. Hierarchical Hollow Heterostructures for Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction and Water Splitting. Small Methods 2019, 4, 1900586.
78. Cheng, F.; Tao, Z.; Liang, J.; Chen, J. Template-Directed Materials for Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Batteries. Chem. Mater. 2008, 20, 667–681.
79. Eslamian, M.; Zabihi, F. Ultrasonic Substrate Vibration-Assisted Drop Casting (SVADC) for the Fabrication of Photovoltaic Solar Cell Arrays and Thin-Film Devices. Nanoscale Res. Let. 2015, 10, 462.
80. Tolstoy, V.P. Successive Ionic Layer Deposition. The Use in Nanotechnology. Rus. Chem. Rev. 2006, 75, 161–175.
81. Erkov, V.G.; Devyatova, S.F.; Molodstova, E.L.; Malsteva, T.V.; Yanovskii, U.A. Si–TiO2 Interface Evolution at Prolonged Annealing in Low Vacuum or N2O Ambient. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2000, 166, 51–56.
82. Chen, B.; Meng, Y.; Sha, J.; Zhong, C.; Hua, W.; Zhao, N. Preparation of MoS2/TiO2 Based Nanocomposites for Photocatalysis and Rechargeable Batteries: Progress, Challenges, and Perspective. Nanoscale 2018, 10, 34–68.
83. Zori, M.H. Synthesis of TiO2 Nanoparticles by Microemulsion/Heat Treated Method and Photodegradation of Methylene Blue. J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. 2011, 21, 81–90.
84. Rivera-Gonzalez, N.; Chauhan, S.; Watson, D.F. Aminoalkanoic Acids as Alternatives to Mercaptoalkanoic Acids for the Linker-Assisted Attachment of Quantum Dots to TiO2. Langmuir 2016, 32, 9206–9215.