The genus Monarda (family Lamiaceae) contains 22 species of which three are native to southern Alabama, M. citriodora, M. fistulosa, and M. punctata. Several species of Monarda have been used in traditional medicines of Native Americans, and this present study is part of an ongoing project to add to our understanding of Native American pharmacopeia.
Monarda spp. | Plant Tissue | Collection Site | Composition (Major Components) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
M. citriodora | Aerial parts | Jammu, India (cultivated) | Thymol (82.3%), carvacrol (4.8%) | [13] |
M. citriodora | Aerial parts | Imola (BO) Italy (cultivated) | Thymol (19.6%), p-cymene (15.6%), γ-terpinene (13.5%), carvacrol (9.3%), α-terpinene (9.2%), myrcene (5.7%) | [14] |
M. citriodora | Not reported | Commercial (India) | (E)-β-Caryophyllene (19.2%), citral a (13.3%), limonene (11.8%), cis-verbenol (11.4%), geraniol (7.6%), citronellal (5.6%) | [15] |
M. citriodora var. citriodora | Leaves | Liverpool, UK (cultivated) | Thymol (50.7%), p-cymene (22.8%), carvacrol (3.6%) | [16] |
M. citriodora var. citriodora | Flowers | Liverpool, UK (cultivated) | Thymol (61.8%), γ-terpinene (13.3%), p-cymene (4.2%), carvacrol (3.8%) | [16] |
M. citriodora var. citriodora | Aerial parts | Liverpool, UK (cultivated) | Thymol (56.9%), p-cymene (13.0%), α-terpinene (10.0%), carvacrol (4.3%) | [17] |
M. citriodora var. citriodora | Aerial parts | Commercial (unknown) | Thymol (70.6%), p-cymene (10.6%), carvacrol (6.1%) | [18] |
M. fistulosa | Aerial parts | Krasnodarsk Krai, Russia (introduced, wild) | p-Cymene (32.5%), carvacrol (23.9%), thymol (12.6%), carvacrol methyl ether (5.5%), unidentified aliphatic aldehyde (6.3%) | [19] |
M. fistulosa | Aerial parts | Casola Valsenio, Italy (cultivated) | Thymol (26.5%), β-phellandrene (17.0%), α-phellandrene (13.7%), p-cymene (13.5%), myrcene (8.1%) | [20] |
M. fistulosa | Aerial parts | Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC, Canada (cultivated) | Geraniol (61.8%), geranyl formate (16.6%), geranial (10.6%), neral (6.6%) | [21] |
M. fistulosa | Aerial parts | Poplarville, MS, USA (cultivated) | Carvacrol (39.1%), p-cymene (35.4%), (−)-1-octen-3-ol | [22] |
M. fistulosa | Aerial parts | Imola (BO) Italy (cultivated) | Thymol (31.6%), β-phellandrene (18.1%), α-phellandrene (14.2%), p-cymene (13.1%), myrcene (8.8%) | [23] |
M. fistulosa | Aerial parts | Imola (BO) Italy (cultivated) | Thymol (28.4%), β-phellandrene (16.9%), α-phellandrene (13.7%), p-cymene (13.3%), myrcene (8.7%) | [24] |
M. fistulosa | Aerial parts | Imola (BO) Italy (cultivated) | Thymol (33.4%), β-phellandrene (18.0%), α-phellandrene (14.0%), p-cymene (13.2%), myrcene (8.6%) | [24] |
M. fistulosa | Aerial parts | Ravenna, Italy (cultivated) | γ-Terpinene (25.2%), carvacrol (24.3%), p-cymene (11.0%; reported as o-cymene), thymol (8.4%), α-terpinene (5.0%), thymol methyl ether (4.7%) | [25] |
M. fistulosa | Aerial parts | Chişinău, Republic of Moldova (cultivated) | Carvacrol (54.8%), p-cymene (23.2%), carvacrol methyl ether (5.9%) | [26] |
M. fistulosa | Flowers | Gallatin Valley, MT, USA (wild) | Carvacrol (45.7%), p-cymene (25.6%), γ-terpinen (6.8%), thymol (3.1%) | [27] |
M. fistulosa | Leaves | Gallatin Valley, MT, USA (wild) | Carvacrol (71.5%), p-cymene (13.1%), γ-terpinen (2.5%), thymol (3.3%) | [27] |
M. fistulosa | Aerial parts | Moscow, Russia (cultivated) | α-Terpineol (37.7%), 1-octen-3-ol (10.5%), geraniol (10.4%), thymol (9.3%), p-cymene (4.9%) | [28] |
M. fistulosa cv. Fortuna | Aerial parts | Kherson, Ukraine (cultivated) | Thymol (77.3%), carvacrol methyl ether (4.9%), carvacrol (3.8%) | [6] |
M. fistulosa cv. Premiera | Aerial parts | Kherson, Ukraine (cultivated) | Thymol (78.3%), carvacrol methyl ether (4.8%), carvacrol (3.6%) | [6] |
M. fistulosa var. menthifolia | Aerial parts | Morden, Manitoba, Canada (cultivated) | Geraniol (86.8%) | [29] |
M. punctata | Flowers | Xi’an, China (cultivated?) | Thymol (75.2%), p-cymene (6.7%), limonene (5.4%), carvacrol (3.5%) | [30] |