Uremic Sarcopenia: Comparison
View Latest Version
Please note this is a comparison between Version 2 by Lily Guo and Version 1 by Giulia Marrone.

Uremic sarcopenia is a frequent condition present in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and is characterized by reduced muscle mass, muscle strength and physical performance. Uremic sarcopenia is related to an increased risk of hospitalization and all-causes mortality. This pathological condition is caused not only by advanced age but also by others factors typical of CKD patients such as metabolic acidosis, hemodialysis therapy, low-grade inflammatory status and inadequate protein-energy intake. Currently, treatments available to ameliorate uremic sarcopenia include nutritional therapy (oral nutritional supplement, inter/intradialytic parenteral nutrition, enteral nutrition, high protein and fiber diet and percutaneous endoscopic gastrectomy) and a personalized program of physical activity. 

  • uremic sarcopenia
  • physical activity
Please wait, diff process is still running!

References

  1. Rosenberg, I.H. Sarcopenia: Origins and clinical relevance. J. Nutr. 1997, 127, 990S–991S, doi:10.1093/jn/127.5.990S.
  2. Giglio, J.; Kamimura, M.A.; Lamarca, F.; Rodrigues, J.; Santin, F.; Avesani, C.M. Association of Sarcopenia with Nutritional Parameters, Quality of Life, Hospitalization, and Mortality Rates of Elderly Patients on Hemodialysis. J. Ren. Nutr. 2018, 28, 197–207, doi:10.1053/j.jrn.2017.12.003.
  3. Sabatino, A.; Regolisti, G.; Delsante, M.; Di Motta, T.; Cantarelli, C.; Pioli, S.; Grassi, G.; Batini, V.; Gregorini, M.; Fiaccadori, E. Noninvasive evaluation of muscle mass by ultrasonography of quadriceps femoris muscle in End-Stage Renal Disease patients on hemodialysis. Clin. Nutr. 2019, 38, 1232–1239, doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2018.05.004.
  4. Foley, R.N.; Wang, C.; Ishani, A.; Collins, A.J.; Murray, A.M. Kidney function and sarcopenia in the United States general population: NHANES III. Am. J. Nephrol. 2007, 27, 279–286, doi:10.1159/000101827.
  5. Stenvinkel, P.; Carrero, J.J.; von Walden, F.; Ikizler, T.A.; Nader, G.A. Muscle wasting in end-stage renal disease promulgates premature death: Established, emerging and potential novel treatment strategies. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2016, 31, 1070–1077, doi:10.1093/ndt/gfv122.
  6. Mitch, W.E.; Goldberg, A.L. Mechanisms of muscle wasting. The role of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. N. Engl. J. Med. 1996, 335, 1897–1905, doi:10.1056/NEJM199612193352507.
  7. Doherty, T.J. Invited review: Aging and sarcopenia. J. Appl. Physiol. 2003, 95, 1717–1727, doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00347.2003.
  8. von Haehling, S.; Morley, J.E.; Anker, S.D. An overview of sarcopenia: Facts and numbers on prevalence and clinical impact. J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2010, 1, 129–133, doi:10.1007/s13539-010-0014-2.
  9. Thome, T.; Salyers, Z.R.; Kumar, R.A.; Hahn, D.; Berru, F.N.; Ferreira, L.F.; Scali, S.T.; Ryan, T.E. Uremic metabolites impair skeletal muscle mitochondrial energetics through disruption of the electron transport system and matrix dehydrogenase activity. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 2019, 317, C701–C713, doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00098.2019.
  10. Yazdi, P.G.; Moradi, H.; Yang, J.Y.; Wang, P.H.; Vaziri, N.D. Skeletal muscle mitochondrial depletion and dysfunction in chronic kidney disease. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med. 2013, 6, 532–539.
  11. Afsar, B.; Afsar, R.E.; Dagel, T.; Kaya, E.; Erus, S.; Ortiz, A.; Covic, A.; Kanbay, M. Capillary rarefaction from the kidney point of view. Clin. Kidney J. 2018, 11, 295–301, doi:10.1093/ckj/sfx133.
  12. Delmonico, M.J.; Harris, T.B.; Visser, M.; Park, S.W.; Conroy, M.B.; Velasquez-Mieyer, P.; Boudreau, R.; Manini, T.M.; Nevitt, M.; Newman, A.B.; et al. Longitudinal study of muscle strength, quality, and adipose tissue infiltration. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2009, 90, 1579–1585, doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28047.
  13. Cameron, J.; McPhee, J.S.; Jones, D.A.; Degens, H. Five-year longitudinal changes in thigh muscle mass of septuagenarian men and women assessed with DXA and MRI. Aging Clin. Exp. Res. 2020, 32, 617–624, doi:10.1007/s40520-019-01248-w.
  14. Zoico, E.; Rossi, A.; Di Francesco, V.; Sepe, A.; Olioso, D.; Pizzini, F.; Fantin, F.; Bosello, O.; Cominacini, L.; Harris, T.B.; et al. Adipose tissue infiltration in skeletal muscle of healthy elderly men: Relationships with body composition, insulin resistance, and inflammation at the systemic and tissue level. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2010, 65, 295–299, doi:10.1093/gerona/glp155.
  15. Sakkas, G.K.; Kent-Braun, J.A.; Doyle, J.W.; Shubert, T.; Gordon, P.; Johansen, K.L. Effect of diabetes mellitus on muscle size and strength in patients receiving dialysis therapy. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2006, 47, 862–869, doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2006.01.013.
  16. Cruz-Jentoft, A.J.; Baeyens, J.P.; Bauer, J.M.; Boirie, Y.; Cederholm, T.; Landi, F.; Martin, F.C.; Michel, J.P.; Rolland, Y.; Schneider, S.M.; et al. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Age Ageing 2010, 39, 412–423, doi:10.1093/ageing/afq034.
  17. Muscaritoli, M.; Anker, S.D.; Argiles, J.; Aversa, Z.; Bauer, J.M.; Biolo, G.; Boirie, Y.; Bosaeus, I.; Cederholm, T.; Costelli, P.; et al. Consensus definition of sarcopenia, cachexia and pre-cachexia: Joint document elaborated by Special Interest Groups (SIG) “cachexia-anorexia in chronic wasting diseases” and “nutrition in geriatrics”. Clin. Nutr. 2010, 29, 154–159, doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2009.12.004.
  18. Fielding, R.A.; Vellas, B.; Evans, W.J.; Bhasin, S.; Morley, J.E.; Newman, A.B.; Abellan van Kan, G.; Andrieu, S.; Bauer, J.; Breuille, D.; et al. Sarcopenia: An undiagnosed condition in older adults. Current consensus definition: Prevalence, etiology, and consequences. International working group on sarcopenia. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. 2011, 12, 249–256, doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2011.01.003.
  19. Studenski, S.A.; Peters, K.W.; Alley, D.E.; Cawthon, P.M.; McLean, R.R.; Harris, T.B.; Ferrucci, L.; Guralnik, J.M.; Fragala, M.S.; Kenny, A.M.; et al. The FNIH sarcopenia project: Rationale, study description, conference recommendations, and final estimates. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2014, 69, 547–558, doi:10.1093/gerona/glu010.
  20. Cruz-Jentoft, A.J.; Bahat, G.; Bauer, J.; Boirie, Y.; Bruyere, O.; Cederholm, T.; Cooper, C.; Landi, F.; Rolland, Y.; Sayer, A.A.; et al. Sarcopenia: Revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing 2019, 48, 16–31, doi:10.1093/ageing/afy169.
  21. Beaudart, C.; McCloskey, E.; Bruyere, O.; Cesari, M.; Rolland, Y.; Rizzoli, R.; Araujo de Carvalho, I.; Amuthavalli Thiyagarajan, J.; Bautmans, I.; Bertiere, M.C.; et al. Sarcopenia in daily practice: Assessment and management. BMC Geriatr. 2016, 16, 170, doi:10.1186/s12877-016-0349-4.
  22. Andreoli, A.; Lauro, S.; Di Daniele, N.; Sorge, R.; Celi, M.; Volpe, S.L. Effect of a moderately hypoenergetic Mediterranean diet and exercise program on body cell mass and cardiovascular risk factors in obese women. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008, 62, 892–897, doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602800.
  23. Molfino, A.; Chiappini, M.G.; Laviano, A.; Ammann, T.; Bollea, M.R.; Alegiani, F.; Rossi Fanelli, F.; Muscaritoli, M. Effect of intensive nutritional counseling and support on clinical outcomes of hemodialysis patients. Nutrition 2012, 28, 1012–1015, doi:10.1016/j.nut.2012.01.008.
  24. Fahal, I.H.; Bell, G.M.; Bone, J.M.; Edwards, R.H. Physiological abnormalities of skeletal muscle in dialysis patients. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 1997, 12, 119–127, doi:10.1093/ndt/12.1.119.
  25. Domanski, M.; Ciechanowski, K. Sarcopenia: A major challenge in elderly patients with end-stage renal disease. J. Aging Res. 2012, 2012, 754739, doi:10.1155/2012/754739.
  26. Carrero, J.J.; Chmielewski, M.; Axelsson, J.; Snaedal, S.; Heimburger, O.; Barany, P.; Suliman, M.E.; Lindholm, B.; Stenvinkel, P.; Qureshi, A.R. Muscle atrophy, inflammation and clinical outcome in incident and prevalent dialysis patients. Clin. Nutr. 2008, 27, 557–564, doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2008.04.007.
  27. Carrero, J.J.; Stenvinkel, P.; Cuppari, L.; Ikizler, T.A.; Kalantar-Zadeh, K.; Kaysen, G.; Mitch, W.E.; Price, S.R.; Wanner, C.; Wang, A.Y.; et al. Etiology of the protein-energy wasting syndrome in chronic kidney disease: A consensus statement from the International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism (ISRNM). J. Ren. Nutr. 2013, 23, 77–90, doi:10.1053/j.jrn.2013.01.001.
  28. Dev, R. Measuring cachexia-diagnostic criteria. Ann. Palliat. Med. 2019, 8, 24–32, doi:10.21037/apm.2018.08.07.
  29. Pereira, R.A.; Cordeiro, A.C.; Avesani, C.M.; Carrero, J.J.; Lindholm, B.; Amparo, F.C.; Amodeo, C.; Cuppari, L.; Kamimura, M.A. Sarcopenia in chronic kidney disease on conservative therapy: Prevalence and association with mortality. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2015, 30, 1718–1725, doi:10.1093/ndt/gfv133.
  30. Moorthi, R.N.; Avin, K.G. Clinical relevance of sarcopenia in chronic kidney disease. Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. 2017, 26, 219–228, doi:10.1097/MNH.0000000000000318.
  31. Sabatino, A.; Cuppari, L.; Stenvinkel, P.; Lindholm, B.; Avesani, C.M. Sarcopenia in chronic kidney disease: What have we learned so far? J. Nephrol. 2020, doi:10.1007/s40620-020-00840-y.
  32. Ortiz, A.; Sanchez-Nino, M.D. Sarcopenia in CKD: A roadmap from basic pathogenetic mechanisms to clinical trials. Clin. Kidney J. 2019, 12, 110–112, doi:10.1093/ckj/sfz001.
  33. Leong, D.P.; Teo, K.K.; Rangarajan, S.; Lopez-Jaramillo, P.; Avezum, A., Jr.; Orlandini, A.; Seron, P.; Ahmed, S.H.; Rosengren, A.; Kelishadi, R.; et al. Prognostic value of grip strength: Findings from the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study. Lancet 2015, 386, 266–273, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62000-6.
  34. Noce, A.; Marrone, G.; Di Lauro, M.; Urciuoli, S.; Pietroboni Zaitseva, A.; Wilson Jones, G.; Di Daniele, N.; Romani, A. Cardiovascular Protection of Nephropathic Male Patients by Oral Food Supplements. Cardiovasc. Ther. 2020, 2020, 1807941, doi:10.1155/2020/1807941.
  35. Ikizler, T.A.; Cano, N.J.; Franch, H.; Fouque, D.; Himmelfarb, J.; Kalantar-Zadeh, K.; Kuhlmann, M.K.; Stenvinkel, P.; TerWee, P.; Teta, D.; et al. Prevention and treatment of protein energy wasting in chronic kidney disease patients: A consensus statement by the International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism. Kidney Int. 2013, 84, 1096–1107, doi:10.1038/ki.2013.147.
  36. Soeters, P.B. Editorial: Ketogenic diets: What is the benefit? Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 2019, 22, 311–313, doi:10.1097/MCO.0000000000000571.
  37. Kovesdy, C.P.; Kopple, J.D.; Kalantar-Zadeh, K. Management of protein-energy wasting in non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease: Reconciling low protein intake with nutritional therapy. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2013, 97, 1163–1177, doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.036418.
  38. Wu, H.L.; Sung, J.M.; Kao, M.D.; Wang, M.C.; Tseng, C.C.; Chen, S.T. Nonprotein calorie supplement improves adherence to low-protein diet and exerts beneficial responses on renal function in chronic kidney disease. J. Ren. Nutr. 2013, 23, 271–276, doi:10.1053/j.jrn.2012.09.003.
  39. Levine, M.E.; Suarez, J.A.; Brandhorst, S.; Balasubramanian, P.; Cheng, C.W.; Madia, F.; Fontana, L.; Mirisola, M.G.; Guevara-Aguirre, J.; Wan, J.; et al. Low protein intake is associated with a major reduction in IGF-1, cancer, and overall mortality in the 65 and younger but not older population. Cell Metab. 2014, 19, 407–417, doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2014.02.006.
  40. Ahluwalia, N.; Dwyer, J.; Terry, A.; Moshfegh, A.; Johnson, C. Update on NHANES Dietary Data: Focus on Collection, Release, Analytical Considerations, and Uses to Inform Public Policy. Adv. Nutr. 2016, 7, 121–134, doi:10.3945/an.115.009258.
  41. Obi, Y.; Qader, H.; Kovesdy, C.P.; Kalantar-Zadeh, K. Latest consensus and update on protein-energy wasting in chronic kidney disease. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 2015, 18, 254–262, doi:10.1097/MCO.0000000000000171.
  42. Kalantar-Zadeh, K.; Cano, N.J.; Budde, K.; Chazot, C.; Kovesdy, C.P.; Mak, R.H.; Mehrotra, R.; Raj, D.S.; Sehgal, A.R.; Stenvinkel, P.; et al. Diets and enteral supplements for improving outcomes in chronic kidney disease. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 2011, 7, 369–384, doi:10.1038/nrneph.2011.60.
  43. Cano, N.J.; Aparicio, M.; Brunori, G.; Carrero, J.J.; Cianciaruso, B.; Fiaccadori, E.; Lindholm, B.; Teplan, V.; Fouque, D.; Guarnieri, G.; et al. ESPEN Guidelines on Parenteral Nutrition: Adult renal failure. Clin. Nutr. 2009, 28, 401–414, doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2009.05.016.
  44. Cano, N.; Fiaccadori, E.; Tesinsky, P.; Toigo, G.; Druml, W.; Dgem; Kuhlmann, M.; Mann, H.; Horl, W.H.; Espen. ESPEN Guidelines on Enteral Nutrition: Adult renal failure. Clin. Nutr. 2006, 25, 295–310, doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2006.01.023.
  45. Sabatino, A.; Regolisti, G.; Karupaiah, T.; Sahathevan, S.; Sadu Singh, B.K.; Khor, B.H.; Salhab, N.; Karavetian, M.; Cupisti, A.; Fiaccadori, E. Protein-energy wasting and nutritional supplementation in patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis. Clin. Nutr. 2017, 36, 663–671, doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2016.06.007.
  46. Cupisti, A.; Kalantar-Zadeh, K. Management of natural and added dietary phosphorus burden in kidney disease. Semin. Nephrol. 2013, 33, 180–190, doi:10.1016/j.semnephrol.2012.12.018.
  47. Ko, G.J.; Obi, Y.; Tortorici, A.R.; Kalantar-Zadeh, K. Dietary protein intake and chronic kidney disease. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 2017, 20, 77–85, doi:10.1097/MCO.0000000000000342.
  48. Fouque, D.; Aparicio, M. Eleven reasons to control the protein intake of patients with chronic kidney disease. Nat. Clin. Pract. Nephrol. 2007, 3, 383–392, doi:10.1038/ncpneph0524.
  49. Kalantar-Zadeh, K.; Moore, L.W.; Tortorici, A.R.; Chou, J.A.; St-Jules, D.E.; Aoun, A.; Rojas-Bautista, V.; Tschida, A.K.; Rhee, C.M.; Shah, A.A.; et al. North American experience with Low protein diet for Non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease. BMC Nephrol. 2016, 17, 90, doi:10.1186/s12882-016-0304-9.
  50. Peired, A.; Angelotti, M.L.; Ronconi, E.; la Marca, G.; Mazzinghi, B.; Sisti, A.; Lombardi, D.; Giocaliere, E.; Della Bona, M.; Villanelli, F.; et al. Proteinuria impairs podocyte regeneration by sequestering retinoic acid. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2013, 24, 1756–1768, doi:10.1681/ASN.2012090950.
  51. Di Iorio, B.R.; Bellasi, A.; Raphael, K.L.; Santoro, D.; Aucella, F.; Garofano, L.; Ceccarelli, M.; Di Lullo, L.; Capolongo, G.; Di Iorio, M.; et al. Treatment of metabolic acidosis with sodium bicarbonate delays progression of chronic kidney disease: The UBI Study. J. Nephrol. 2019, 32, 989–1001, doi:10.1007/s40620-019-00656-5.
  52. Goraya, N.; Simoni, J.; Jo, C.H.; Wesson, D.E. A comparison of treating metabolic acidosis in CKD stage 4 hypertensive kidney disease with fruits and vegetables or sodium bicarbonate. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2013, 8, 371–381, doi:10.2215/CJN.02430312.
  53. Gaggl, M.; Sliber, C.; Sunder-Plassmann, G. Effect of oral alkali supplementation on progression of chronic kidney disease. Curr. Hypertens. Rev. 2014, 10, 112–120, doi:10.2174/1573402111666141231123314.
  54. D'Alessandro, C.; Piccoli, G.B.; Cupisti, A. The “phosphorus pyramid”: A visual tool for dietary phosphate management in dialysis and CKD patients. BMC Nephrol. 2015, 16, 9, doi:10.1186/1471-2369-16-9.
  55. Scialla, J.J.; Appel, L.J.; Wolf, M.; Yang, W.; Zhang, X.; Sozio, S.M.; Miller, E.R., 3rd; Bazzano, L.A.; Cuevas, M.; Glenn, M.J.; et al. Plant protein intake is associated with fibroblast growth factor 23 and serum bicarbonate levels in patients with chronic kidney disease: The Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort study. J. Ren. Nutr. 2012, 22, 379–388 e1, doi:10.1053/j.jrn.2012.01.026.
  56. Foley, R.N. Phosphate levels and cardiovascular disease in the general population. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2009, 4, 1136–1139, doi:10.2215/CJN.01660309.
  57. Ikizler, T.A.; Burrowes, J.D.; Byham-Gray, L.D.; Campbell, K.L.; Carrero, J.-J.; Chan, W.; Fouque, D.; Friedman, A.N.; Ghaddar, S.; Goldstein-Fuchs, D.J.; et al. KDOQI Nutrition in CKD Guideline Work Group. KDOQI clinical practice guideline for nutrition in CKD: 2020 update. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2020, 76, doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.05.006.
  58. Rhee, C.M.; Ahmadi, S.F.; Kalantar-Zadeh, K. The dual roles of obesity in chronic kidney disease: A review of the current literature. Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. 2016, 25, 208–216, doi:10.1097/MNH.0000000000000212.
  59. Coelho-Junior, H.J.; Calvani, R.; Picca, A.; Goncalves, I.O.; Landi, F.; Bernabei, R.; Cesari, M.; Uchida, M.C.; Marzetti, E. Protein-Related Dietary Parameters and Frailty Status in Older Community-Dwellers across Different Frailty Instruments. Nutrients 2020, 12, 508, doi:10.3390/nu12020508.
  60. Clegg, A.; Young, J.; Iliffe, S.; Rikkert, M.O.; Rockwood, K. Frailty in elderly people. Lancet 2013, 381, 752–762, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62167-9.
  61. Morley, J.E.; Vellas, B.; van Kan, G.A.; Anker, S.D.; Bauer, J.M.; Bernabei, R.; Cesari, M.; Chumlea, W.C.; Doehner, W.; Evans, J.; et al. Frailty consensus: A call to action. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. 2013, 14, 392–397, doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2013.03.022.
  62. Scuteri, A.; Modestino, A.; Frattari, A.; Di Daniele, N.; Tesauro, M. Occurrence of hypotension in older participants. Which 24-hour ABPM parameter better correlate with? J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2012, 67, 804–810, doi:10.1093/gerona/glr232.
  63. Artaza-Artabe, I.; Saez-Lopez, P.; Sanchez-Hernandez, N.; Fernandez-Gutierrez, N.; Malafarina, V. The relationship between nutrition and frailty: Effects of protein intake, nutritional supplementation, vitamin D and exercise on muscle metabolism in the elderly. A systematic review. Maturitas 2016, 93, 89–99, doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2016.04.009.
  64. Cupisti, A.; D’Alessandro, C.; Fumagalli, G.; Vigo, V.; Meola, M.; Cianchi, C.; Egidi, M.F. Nutrition and physical activity in CKD patients. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2014, 39, 107–113, doi:10.1159/000355784.
  65. Naci, H.; Ioannidis, J.P. Comparative effectiveness of exercise and drug interventions on mortality outcomes: Metaepidemiological study. BMJ 2013, 347, f5577, doi:10.1136/bmj.f5577.
  66. Finch, C.F.; White, P.; Twomey, D.; Ullah, S. Implementing an exercise-training programme to prevent lower-limb injuries: Considerations for the development of a randomised controlled trial intervention delivery plan. Br. J. Sports Med. 2011, 45, 791–796, doi:10.1136/bjsm.2010.081406.
  67. Leonberg-Yoo, A.K.; Wang, W.; Weiner, D.E.; Lacson, E., Jr. Oral nutritional supplements and 30-day readmission rate in hypoalbuminemic maintenance hemodialysis patients. Hemodial. Int. 2019, 23, 93–100, doi:10.1111/hdi.12694.
  68. Marsen, T.A.; Beer, J.; Mann, H.; German IDPN-Trial Group. Intradialytic parenteral nutrition in maintenance hemodialysis patients suffering from protein-energy wasting. Results of a multicenter, open, prospective, randomized trial. Clin. Nutr. 2017, 36, 107–117, doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2015.11.016.
  69. Detsky, A.S.; McLaughlin, J.R.; Baker, J.P.; Johnston, N.; Whittaker, S.; Mendelson, R.A.; Jeejeebhoy, K.N. What is subjective global assessment of nutritional status? JPEN J. Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1987, 11, 8–13, doi:10.1177/014860718701100108.
  70. Sabatino, A.; Regolisti, G.; Antonucci, E.; Cabassi, A.; Morabito, S.; Fiaccadori, E. Intradialytic parenteral nutrition in end-stage renal disease: Practical aspects, indications and limits. J. Nephrol. 2014, 27, 377–383, doi:10.1007/s40620-014-0051-6.
  71. Di Renzo, L.; Gualtieri, P.; Romano, L.; Marrone, G.; Noce, A.; Pujia, A.; Perrone, M.A.; Aiello, V.; Colica, C.; De Lorenzo, A. Role of Personalized Nutrition in Chronic-Degenerative Diseases. Nutrients 2019, 11, 1707, doi:10.3390/nu11081707.
  72. Stenvinkel, P.; Larsson, T.E. Chronic kidney disease: A clinical model of premature aging. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2013, 62, 339–351, doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2012.11.051.
  73. Kooman, J.P.; Kotanko, P.; Schols, A.M.; Shiels, P.G.; Stenvinkel, P. Chronic kidney disease and premature ageing. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 2014, 10, 732–742, doi:10.1038/nrneph.2014.185.
  74. Choi, Y.J. Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry: Beyond Bone Mineral Density Determination. Endocrinol. Metab. (Seoul) 2016, 31, 25–30, doi:10.3803/EnM.2016.31.1.25.
  75. Roubenoff, R.; Kehayias, J.J.; Dawson-Hughes, B.; Heymsfield, S.B. Use of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in body-composition studies: Not yet a “gold standard”. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1993, 58, 589–591, doi:10.1093/ajcn/58.5.589.
  76. Chertow, G.M.; Lowrie, E.G.; Wilmore, D.W.; Gonzalez, J.; Lew, N.L.; Ling, J.; Leboff, M.S.; Gottlieb, M.N.; Huang, W.; Zebrowski, B.; et al. Nutritional assessment with bioelectrical impedance analysis in maintenance hemodialysis patients. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 1995, 6, 75–81.
  77. Lauretani, F.; Russo, C.R.; Bandinelli, S.; Bartali, B.; Cavazzini, C.; Di Iorio, A.; Corsi, A.M.; Rantanen, T.; Guralnik, J.M.; Ferrucci, L. Age-associated changes in skeletal muscles and their effect on mobility: An operational diagnosis of sarcopenia. J. Appl. Physiol. (1985) 2003, 95, 1851–1860, doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00246.2003.
  78. Guralnik, J.M.; Simonsick, E.M.; Ferrucci, L.; Glynn, R.J.; Berkman, L.F.; Blazer, D.G.; Scherr, P.A.; Wallace, R.B. A short physical performance battery assessing lower extremity function: Association with self-reported disability and prediction of mortality and nursing home admission. J. Gerontol. 1994, 49, M85–94, doi:10.1093/geronj/49.2.m85.
  79. Zha, Y.; Qian, Q. Protein Nutrition and Malnutrition in CKD and ESRD. Nutrients 2017, 9, 208, doi:10.3390/nu9030208.
  80. Ikizler, T.A.; Cano, N.J.; Franch, H.; Fouque, D.; Himmelfarb, J.; Kalantar-Zadeh, K.; Kuhlmann, M.K.; Stenvinkel, P.; TerWee, P.; Teta, D.; et al. Prevention and treatment of protein energy wasting in chronic kidney disease patients: A consensus statement by the International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism. Kidney Int. 2013, 84, 1096–1107, doi:10.1038/ki.2013.147.
  81. Soeters, P.B. Editorial: Ketogenic diets: What is the benefit? Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 2019, 22, 311–313, doi:10.1097/MCO.0000000000000571.
  82. Kovesdy, C.P.; Kopple, J.D.; Kalantar-Zadeh, K. Management of protein-energy wasting in non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease: Reconciling low protein intake with nutritional therapy. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2013, 97, 1163–1177, doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.036418.
  83. Wu, H.L.; Sung, J.M.; Kao, M.D.; Wang, M.C.; Tseng, C.C.; Chen, S.T. Nonprotein calorie supplement improves adherence to low-protein diet and exerts beneficial responses on renal function in chronic kidney disease. J. Ren. Nutr. 2013, 23, 271–276, doi:10.1053/j.jrn.2012.09.003.
  84. Levine, M.E.; Suarez, J.A.; Brandhorst, S.; Balasubramanian, P.; Cheng, C.W.; Madia, F.; Fontana, L.; Mirisola, M.G.; Guevara-Aguirre, J.; Wan, J.; et al. Low protein intake is associated with a major reduction in IGF-1, cancer, and overall mortality in the 65 and younger but not older population. Cell Metab. 2014, 19, 407–417, doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2014.02.006.
  85. Ahluwalia, N.; Dwyer, J.; Terry, A.; Moshfegh, A.; Johnson, C. Update on NHANES Dietary Data: Focus on Collection, Release, Analytical Considerations, and Uses to Inform Public Policy. Adv. Nutr. 2016, 7, 121–134, doi:10.3945/an.115.009258.
  86. Obi, Y.; Qader, H.; Kovesdy, C.P.; Kalantar-Zadeh, K. Latest consensus and update on protein-energy wasting in chronic kidney disease. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 2015, 18, 254–262, doi:10.1097/MCO.0000000000000171.
  87. Kalantar-Zadeh, K.; Cano, N.J.; Budde, K.; Chazot, C.; Kovesdy, C.P.; Mak, R.H.; Mehrotra, R.; Raj, D.S.; Sehgal, A.R.; Stenvinkel, P.; et al. Diets and enteral supplements for improving outcomes in chronic kidney disease. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 2011, 7, 369–384, doi:10.1038/nrneph.2011.60.
  88. Cano, N.J.; Aparicio, M.; Brunori, G.; Carrero, J.J.; Cianciaruso, B.; Fiaccadori, E.; Lindholm, B.; Teplan, V.; Fouque, D.; Guarnieri, G.; et al. ESPEN Guidelines on Parenteral Nutrition: Adult renal failure. Clin. Nutr. 2009, 28, 401–414, doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2009.05.016.
  89. Cano, N.; Fiaccadori, E.; Tesinsky, P.; Toigo, G.; Druml, W.; Dgem; Kuhlmann, M.; Mann, H.; Horl, W.H.; Espen. ESPEN Guidelines on Enteral Nutrition: Adult renal failure. Clin. Nutr. 2006, 25, 295–310, doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2006.01.023.
  90. Sabatino, A.; Regolisti, G.; Karupaiah, T.; Sahathevan, S.; Sadu Singh, B.K.; Khor, B.H.; Salhab, N.; Karavetian, M.; Cupisti, A.; Fiaccadori, E. Protein-energy wasting and nutritional supplementation in patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis. Clin. Nutr. 2017, 36, 663–671, doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2016.06.007.
  91. Cupisti, A.; Kalantar-Zadeh, K. Management of natural and added dietary phosphorus burden in kidney disease. Semin. Nephrol. 2013, 33, 180–190, doi:10.1016/j.semnephrol.2012.12.018.
  92. Rosenberg, I.H. Sarcopenia: Origins and clinical relevance. J. Nutr. 1997, 127, 990S–991S, doi:10.1093/jn/127.5.990S.
  93. Ko, G.J.; Obi, Y.; Tortorici, A.R.; Kalantar-Zadeh, K. Dietary protein intake and chronic kidney disease. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 2017, 20, 77–85, doi:10.1097/MCO.0000000000000342.
  94. Fouque, D.; Aparicio, M. Eleven reasons to control the protein intake of patients with chronic kidney disease. Nat. Clin. Pract. Nephrol. 2007, 3, 383–392, doi:10.1038/ncpneph0524.
  95. Kalantar-Zadeh, K.; Moore, L.W.; Tortorici, A.R.; Chou, J.A.; St-Jules, D.E.; Aoun, A.; Rojas-Bautista, V.; Tschida, A.K.; Rhee, C.M.; Shah, A.A.; et al. North American experience with Low protein diet for Non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease. BMC Nephrol. 2016, 17, 90, doi:10.1186/s12882-016-0304-9.
  96. Peired, A.; Angelotti, M.L.; Ronconi, E.; la Marca, G.; Mazzinghi, B.; Sisti, A.; Lombardi, D.; Giocaliere, E.; Della Bona, M.; Villanelli, F.; et al. Proteinuria impairs podocyte regeneration by sequestering retinoic acid. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2013, 24, 1756–1768, doi:10.1681/ASN.2012090950.
  97. Di Iorio, B.R.; Bellasi, A.; Raphael, K.L.; Santoro, D.; Aucella, F.; Garofano, L.; Ceccarelli, M.; Di Lullo, L.; Capolongo, G.; Di Iorio, M.; et al. Treatment of metabolic acidosis with sodium bicarbonate delays progression of chronic kidney disease: The UBI Study. J. Nephrol. 2019, 32, 989–1001, doi:10.1007/s40620-019-00656-5.
  98. Goraya, N.; Simoni, J.; Jo, C.H.; Wesson, D.E. A comparison of treating metabolic acidosis in CKD stage 4 hypertensive kidney disease with fruits and vegetables or sodium bicarbonate. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2013, 8, 371–381, doi:10.2215/CJN.02430312.
  99. Gaggl, M.; Sliber, C.; Sunder-Plassmann, G. Effect of oral alkali supplementation on progression of chronic kidney disease. Curr. Hypertens. Rev. 2014, 10, 112–120, doi:10.2174/1573402111666141231123314.
  100. D'Alessandro, C.; Piccoli, G.B.; Cupisti, A. The “phosphorus pyramid”: A visual tool for dietary phosphate management in dialysis and CKD patients. BMC Nephrol. 2015, 16, 9, doi:10.1186/1471-2369-16-9.
  101. Scialla, J.J.; Appel, L.J.; Wolf, M.; Yang, W.; Zhang, X.; Sozio, S.M.; Miller, E.R., 3rd; Bazzano, L.A.; Cuevas, M.; Glenn, M.J.; et al. Plant protein intake is associated with fibroblast growth factor 23 and serum bicarbonate levels in patients with chronic kidney disease: The Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort study. J. Ren. Nutr. 2012, 22, 379–388 e1, doi:10.1053/j.jrn.2012.01.026.
  102. Foley, R.N. Phosphate levels and cardiovascular disease in the general population. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2009, 4, 1136–1139, doi:10.2215/CJN.01660309.
  103. Ikizler, T.A.; Burrowes, J.D.; Byham-Gray, L.D.; Campbell, K.L.; Carrero, J.-J.; Chan, W.; Fouque, D.; Friedman, A.N.; Ghaddar, S.; Goldstein-Fuchs, D.J.; et al. KDOQI Nutrition in CKD Guideline Work Group. KDOQI clinical practice guideline for nutrition in CKD: 2020 update. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2020, 76, doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.05.006.
  104. Rhee, C.M.; Ahmadi, S.F.; Kalantar-Zadeh, K. The dual roles of obesity in chronic kidney disease: A review of the current literature. Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. 2016, 25, 208–216, doi:10.1097/MNH.0000000000000212.
  105. Coelho-Junior, H.J.; Calvani, R.; Picca, A.; Goncalves, I.O.; Landi, F.; Bernabei, R.; Cesari, M.; Uchida, M.C.; Marzetti, E. Protein-Related Dietary Parameters and Frailty Status in Older Community-Dwellers across Different Frailty Instruments. Nutrients 2020, 12, 508, doi:10.3390/nu12020508.
  106. Clegg, A.; Young, J.; Iliffe, S.; Rikkert, M.O.; Rockwood, K. Frailty in elderly people. Lancet 2013, 381, 752–762, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62167-9.
  107. Morley, J.E.; Vellas, B.; van Kan, G.A.; Anker, S.D.; Bauer, J.M.; Bernabei, R.; Cesari, M.; Chumlea, W.C.; Doehner, W.; Evans, J.; et al. Frailty consensus: A call to action. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. 2013, 14, 392–397, doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2013.03.022.
  108. Scuteri, A.; Modestino, A.; Frattari, A.; Di Daniele, N.; Tesauro, M. Occurrence of hypotension in older participants. Which 24-hour ABPM parameter better correlate with? J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2012, 67, 804–810, doi:10.1093/gerona/glr232.
  109. Artaza-Artabe, I.; Saez-Lopez, P.; Sanchez-Hernandez, N.; Fernandez-Gutierrez, N.; Malafarina, V. The relationship between nutrition and frailty: Effects of protein intake, nutritional supplementation, vitamin D and exercise on muscle metabolism in the elderly. A systematic review. Maturitas 2016, 93, 89–99, doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2016.04.009.
  110. Cupisti, A.; D’Alessandro, C.; Fumagalli, G.; Vigo, V.; Meola, M.; Cianchi, C.; Egidi, M.F. Nutrition and physical activity in CKD patients. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2014, 39, 107–113, doi:10.1159/000355784.
  111. Naci, H.; Ioannidis, J.P. Comparative effectiveness of exercise and drug interventions on mortality outcomes: Metaepidemiological study. BMJ 2013, 347, f5577, doi:10.1136/bmj.f5577.
  112. Finch, C.F.; White, P.; Twomey, D.; Ullah, S. Implementing an exercise-training programme to prevent lower-limb injuries: Considerations for the development of a randomised controlled trial intervention delivery plan. Br. J. Sports Med. 2011, 45, 791–796, doi:10.1136/bjsm.2010.081406.
  113. Leonberg-Yoo, A.K.; Wang, W.; Weiner, D.E.; Lacson, E., Jr. Oral nutritional supplements and 30-day readmission rate in hypoalbuminemic maintenance hemodialysis patients. Hemodial. Int. 2019, 23, 93–100, doi:10.1111/hdi.12694.
  114. Marsen, T.A.; Beer, J.; Mann, H.; German IDPN-Trial Group. Intradialytic parenteral nutrition in maintenance hemodialysis patients suffering from protein-energy wasting. Results of a multicenter, open, prospective, randomized trial. Clin. Nutr. 2017, 36, 107–117, doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2015.11.016.
  115. Detsky, A.S.; McLaughlin, J.R.; Baker, J.P.; Johnston, N.; Whittaker, S.; Mendelson, R.A.; Jeejeebhoy, K.N. What is subjective global assessment of nutritional status? JPEN J. Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1987, 11, 8–13, doi:10.1177/014860718701100108.
  116. Sabatino, A.; Regolisti, G.; Antonucci, E.; Cabassi, A.; Morabito, S.; Fiaccadori, E. Intradialytic parenteral nutrition in end-stage renal disease: Practical aspects, indications and limits. J. Nephrol. 2014, 27, 377–383, doi:10.1007/s40620-014-0051-6.
  117. Di Renzo, L.; Gualtieri, P.; Romano, L.; Marrone, G.; Noce, A.; Pujia, A.; Perrone, M.A.; Aiello, V.; Colica, C.; De Lorenzo, A. Role of Personalized Nutrition in Chronic-Degenerative Diseases. Nutrients 2019, 11, 1707, doi:10.3390/nu11081707.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Video Production Service
Feedback