Infections&Immunotherapy in Lung Cancer: Comparison
View Latest Version
Please note this is a comparison between Version 2 by Vivi Li and Version 1 by Sara Pilotto.

Infectious diseases represent a relevant issue in lung cancer patients. Bacterial and viral infections might influence the patients’ prognosis, both directly affecting the immune system and indirectly impairing the outcome of anticancer treatments, mainly immunotherapy. In this analysis, we aimed to review the current evidence in order to clarify the complex correlation between infections and lung cancer. In detail, we mainly explored the potential impact on immunotherapy outcome/safety of (1) bacterial infections, with a detailed focus on antibiotics; and (2) viral infections, discriminating among (a) human immune-deficiency virus (HIV), (b) hepatitis B/C virus (HBV-HCV), and (c) Sars-Cov-2. A series of studies suggested the prognostic impact of antibiotic therapy administration, timing, and exposure ratio in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors, probably through an antibiotic-related microbiota dysbiosis. Although cancer patients with HIV, HBV, and HCV were usually excluded from clinical trials evaluating immunotherapy, some retrospective and prospective trials performed in these patient subgroups reported similar results compared to those described in not-infected patients, with a favorable safety profile. Moreover, patients with thoracic cancers are particularly at risk of COVID-19 severe outcomes and mortality. Few reports speculated about the prognostic implications of anticancer therapy, including immunotherapy, in lung cancer patients with concomitant Sars-Cov-2 infection, showing, to date, inconsistent results. The correlation between infectious diseases and immunotherapy remains to be further explored and clarified in the context of dedicated trials. In clinical practice, the accurate and prompt multidisciplinary management of lung cancer patients with infections should be encouraged in order to select the best treatment options for these patients, avoiding unexpected toxicities, while maintaining the anticancer effect.

  • non-small cell lung cancer,antibiotic therapy,microbiota,HIV,antiretroviral therapy,HBV,HCV,COVID-19
  • non-small cell lung cancer
  • antibiotic therapy
  • microbiota
  • HIV
  • antiretroviral therapy
  • HBV
  • HCV
  • COVID-19
Please wait, diff process is still running!

References

  1. Russo, A.; McCusker, M.G.; Scilla, K.A.; Arensmeyer, K.E.; Mehra, R.; Adamo, V.; Rolfo, C. Immunotherapy in lung cancer: From a minor god to the Olympus. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2020, 1244, 69–92.
  2. Yang, M.; Wang, Y.; Yuan, M.; Tao, M.; Kong, C.; Li, H.; Tong, J.; Zhu, H.; Yan, X. Antibiotic administration shortly before or after immunotherapy initiation is correlated with poor prognosis in solid cancer patients: An up-to-date systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2020, 88, 106876.
  3. Galli, G.; Triulzi, T.; Proto, C.; Signorelli, D.; Imbimbo, M.; Poggi, M.; Fuca, G.; Ganzinelli, M.; Vitali, M.; Palmieri, D.; et al. Association between antibiotic-immunotherapy exposure ratio and outcome in metastatic non small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2019, 132, 72–78.
  4. Uldrick, T.S.; Goncalves, P.H.; Abdul-Hay, M.; Claeys, A.J.; Emu, B.; Ernstoff, M.S.; Fling, S.P.; Fong, L.; Kaiser, J.C.; Lacroix, A.M.; et al. Assessment of the safety of pembrolizumab in patients with HIV and advanced cancer—A phase 1 study. JAMA Oncol. 2019.
  5. Pertejo-Fernandez, A.; Ricciuti, B.; Hammond, S.P.; Marty, F.M.; Recondo, G.; Rangachari, D.; Costa, D.B.; Awad, M.M. Safety and efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with non-small cell lung cancer and hepatitis B or hepatitis C infection. Lung Cancer 2020, 145, 181–185.
  6. World Health Organization (WHO). Available online: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019 (accessed on 8 November 2020).
  7. Liang, W.; Guan, W.; Chen, R.; Wang, W.; Li, J.; Xu, K.; Li, C.; Ai, Q.; Lu, W.; Liang, H.; et al. Cancer patients in SARS-CoV-2 infection: A nationwide analysis in China. Lancet Oncol. 2020, 21, 335–337.
  8. Mehta, V.; Goel, S.; Kabarriti, R.; Cole, D.; Goldfinger, M.; Acuna-Villaorduna, A.; Pradhan, K.; Thota, R.; Reissman, S.; Sparano, J.A.; et al. Case fatality rate of cancer patients with COVID-19 in a New York hospital system. Cancer Discov. 2020, 10, 935–941.
  9. Zhang, L.; Zhu, F.; Xie, L.; Wang, C.; Wang, J.; Chen, R.; Jia, P.; Guan, H.Q.; Peng, L.; Chen, Y.; et al. Clinical characteristics of COVID-19-infected cancer patients: A retrospective case study in three hospitals within Wuhan, China. Ann. Oncol. 2020, 31, 894–901.
  10. Garassino, M.C.; Whisenant, J.G.; Huang, L.-C.; Trama, A.; Torri, V.; Agustoni, F.; Baena, J.; Banna, G.; Berardi, R.; Bettini, A.C.; et al. COVID-19 in patients with thoracic malignancies (TERAVOLT): First results of an international, registry-based, cohort study. Lancet Oncol. 2020, 21, 914–922.
  11. Rabe, K.F.; Watz, H. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lancet 2017, 389, 1931–1940.
  12. Akinosoglou, K.S.; Karkoulias, K.; Marangos, M. Infectious complications in patients with lung cancer. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci. 2013, 17, 8–18.
  13. Perlin, E.; Bang, K.M.; Shah, A.; Hursey, P.D.; Whittingham, W.L.; Hashmi, K.; Campbell, L.; Kassim, O.O. The impact of pulmonary infections on the survival of lung cancer patients. Cancer 1990, 66, 593–596.
  14. Kohno, S.; Koga, H.; Oka, M.; Kadota, J.; Kaku, M.; Soda, H.; Tomono, K.; Hara, K. The pattern of respiratory infection in patients with lung cancer. Tohoku J. Exp. Med. 1994, 173, 405–411.
  15. Berghmans, T.; Sculier, J.P.; Klastersky, J. A prospective study of infections in lung cancer patients admitted to the hospital. Chest 2003, 124, 114–120.
  16. Assi, H.I.; Kamphorst, A.O.; Moukalled, N.M.; Ramalingam, S.S. Immune checkpoint inhibitors in advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer 2018, 124, 248–261.
  17. Prelaj, A.; Tay, R.; Ferrara, R.; Chaput, N.; Besse, B.; Califano, R. Predictive biomarkers of response for immune checkpoint inhibitors in non-small-cell lung cancer. Eur. J. Cancer 2019, 106, 144–159.
  18. Shui, L.; Yang, X.; Li, J.; Yi, C.; Sun, Q.; Zhu, H. Gut microbiome as a potential factor for modulating resistance to cancer immunotherapy. Front. Immunol. 2019, 10, 2989.
  19. Jernberg, C.; Lofmark, S.; Edlund, C.; Jansson, J.K. Long-term impacts of antibiotic exposure on the human intestinal microbiota. Microbiology 2010, 156, 3216–3223.
  20. Banna, G.L.; Passiglia, F.; Colonese, F.; Canova, S.; Menis, J.; Addeo, A.; Russo, A.; Cortinovis, D.L. Immune-checkpoint inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer: A tool to improve patients’ selection. Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 2018, 129, 27–39.
  21. Huang, X.Z.; Gao, P.; Song, Y.X.; Xu, Y.; Sun, J.X.; Chen, X.W.; Zhao, J.H.; Wang, Z.N. Antibiotic use and the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer patients: A pooled analysis of 2740 cancer patients. Oncoimmunology 2019, 8, e1665973.
  22. Wilson, B.E.; Routy, B.; Nagrial, A.; Chin, V.T. The effect of antibiotics on clinical outcomes in immune-checkpoint blockade: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 2020, 69, 343–354.
  23. Xu, H.; Xu, X.; Wang, H.; Ge, W.; Cao, D. The association between antibiotics use and outcome of cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 2020, 149, 102909.
  24. Petrelli, F.; Iaculli, A.; Signorelli, D.; Ghidini, A.; Dottorini, L.; Perego, G.; Ghidini, M.; Zaniboni, A.; Gori, S.; Inno, A. Survival of patients treated with antibiotics and immunotherapy for cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 1458.
  25. Lurienne, L.; Cervesi, J.; Duhalde, L.; de Gunzburg, J.; Andremont, A.; Zalcman, G.; Buffet, R.; Bandinelli, P.A. NSCLC Immunotherapy efficacy and antibiotic use: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Thorac. Oncol. 2020, 15, 1147–1159.
  26. Sen, S.; Pestana, R.C.; Hess, K.; Viola, G.M.; Subbiah, V. Impact of antibiotic use on survival in patients with advanced cancers treated on immune checkpoint inhibitor phase I clinical trials. Ann. Oncol. 2018, 29, 2396–2398.
  27. Pinato, D.J.; Howlett, S.; Ottaviani, D.; Urus, H.; Patel, A.; Mineo, T.; Brock, C.; Power, D.; Hatcher, O.; Falconer, A.; et al. Association of prior antibiotic treatment with survival and response to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in patients with cancer. JAMA Oncol. 2019, 5, 1774–1778.
  28. Iglesias-Santamaria, A. Impact of antibiotic use and other concomitant medications on the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with advanced cancer. Clin. Transl. Oncol. 2020, 22, 1481–1490.
  29. Helmink, B.A.; Khan, M.A.W.; Hermann, A.; Gopalakrishnan, V.; Wargo, J.A. The microbiome, cancer, and cancer therapy. Nat. Med. 2019, 25, 377–388.
  30. Gori, S.; Inno, A.; Belluomini, L.; Bocus, P.; Bisoffi, Z.; Russo, A.; Arcaro, G. Gut microbiota and cancer: How gut microbiota modulates activity, efficacy and toxicity of antitumoral therapy. Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 2019, 143, 139–147.
  31. Li, W.; Deng, Y.; Chu, Q.; Zhang, P. Gut microbiome and cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Lett. 2019, 447, 41–47.
  32. Sivan, A.; Corrales, L.; Hubert, N.; Williams, J.B.; Aquino-Michaels, K.; Earley, Z.M.; Benyamin, F.W.; Lei, Y.M.; Jabri, B.; Alegre, M.L.; et al. Commensal Bifidobacterium promotes antitumor immunity and facilitates anti-PD-L1 efficacy. Science 2015, 350, 1084–1089.
  33. Vetizou, M.; Pitt, J.M.; Daillere, R.; Lepage, P.; Waldschmitt, N.; Flament, C.; Rusakiewicz, S.; Routy, B.; Roberti, M.P.; Duong, C.P.; et al. Anticancer immunotherapy by CTLA-4 blockade relies on the gut microbiota. Science 2015, 350, 1079–1084.
  34. Routy, B.; le Chatelier, E.; Derosa, L.; Duong, C.P.M.; Alou, M.T.; Daillere, R.; Fluckiger, A.; Messaoudene, M.; Rauber, C.; Roberti, M.P.; et al. Gut microbiome influences efficacy of PD-1-based immunotherapy against epithelial tumors. Science 2018, 359, 91–97.
  35. Jin, Y.; Dong, H.; Xia, L.; Yang, Y.; Zhu, Y.; Shen, Y.; Zheng, H.; Yao, C.; Wang, Y.; Lu, S. The Diversity of gut microbiome is associated with favorable responses to anti-programmed death 1 immunotherapy in chinese patients with NSCLC. J. Thorac. Oncol. 2019, 14, 1378–1389.
  36. Derosa, L.; Routy, B.; Kroemer, G.; Zitvogel, L. The intestinal microbiota determines the clinical efficacy of immune checkpoint blockers targeting PD-1/PD-L1. Oncoimmunology 2018, 7, e1434468.
  37. Krief, J.O.; de Tauriers, P.H.; Dumenil, C.; Neveux, N.; Dumoulin, J.; Giraud, V.; Labrune, S.; Tisserand, J.; Julie, C.; Emile, J.-F.; et al. Role of antibiotic use, plasma citrulline and blood microbiome in advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with nivolumab. J. Immuno Ther. Cancer 2019, 7, 176.
  38. Nagasaka, M.; Sexton, R.; Alhasan, R.; Rahman, S.; Azmi, A.S.; Sukari, A. Gut microbiome and response to checkpoint inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer—A review. Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 2020, 145, 102841.
  39. Abreu, M.T.; Peek, R.M., Jr. Gastrointestinal malignancy and the microbiome. Gastroenterology 2014, 146, 1534–1546.
  40. Yu, G.; Gail, M.H.; Consonni, D.; Carugno, M.; Humphrys, M.; Pesatori, A.C.; Caporaso, N.E.; Goedert, J.J.; Ravel, J.; Landi, M.T. Characterizing human lung tissue microbiota and its relationship to epidemiological and clinical features. Genome Biol. 2016, 17, 163.
  41. Dickson, R.P.; Erb-Downward, J.R.; Huffnagle, G.B. Towards an ecology of the lung: New conceptual models of pulmonary microbiology and pneumonia pathogenesis. Lancet Respir. Med. 2014, 2, 238–246.
  42. Jin, J.; Gan, Y.; Liu, H.; Wang, Z.; Yuan, J.; Deng, T.; Zhou, Y.; Zhu, Y.; Zhu, H.; Yang, S.; et al. Diminishing microbiome richness and distinction in the lower respiratory tract of lung cancer patients: A multiple comparative study design with independent validation. Lung Cancer 2019, 136, 129–135.
  43. Laroumagne, S.; Salinas-Pineda, A.; Hermant, C.; Murris, M.; Gourraud, P.A.; Do, C.; Segonds, C.; Didier, A.; Mazieres, J. Incidence and characteristics of bronchial colonisation in patient with lung cancer: A retrospective study of 388 cases. Rev. Mal. Respir. 2011, 28, 328–335.
  44. Liu, Y.; O’Brien, J.L.; Ajami, N.J.; Scheurer, M.E.; Amirian, E.S.; Armstrong, G.; Tsavachidis, S.; Thrift, A.P.; Jiao, L.; Wong, M.C.; et al. Lung tissue microbial profile in lung cancer is distinct from emphysema. Am. J. Cancer Res. 2018, 8, 1775–1787.
  45. Chang, S.H.; Mirabolfathinejad, S.G.; Katta, H.; Cumpian, A.M.; Gong, L.; Caetano, M.S.; Moghaddam, S.J.; Dong, C. T helper 17 cells play a critical pathogenic role in lung cancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2014, 111, 5664–5669.
  46. Dickson, R.P.; Martinez, F.J.; Huffnagle, G.B. The role of the microbiome in exacerbations of chronic lung diseases. Lancet 2014, 384, 691–702.
  47. Jungnickel, C.; Schmidt, L.H.; Bittigkoffer, L.; Wolf, L.; Wolf, A.; Ritzmann, F.; Kamyschnikow, A.; Herr, C.; Menger, M.D.; Spieker, T.; et al. IL-17C mediates the recruitment of tumor-associated neutrophils and lung tumor growth. Oncogene 2017, 36, 4182–4190.
  48. Boursi, B.; Mamtani, R.; Haynes, K.; Yang, Y.X. Recurrent antibiotic exposure may promote cancer formation—Another step in understanding the role of the human microbiota? Eur. J. Cancer 2015, 51, 2655–2664.
  49. Carbone, C.; Piro, G.; di Noia, V.; D’Argento, E.; Vita, E.; Ferrara, M.G.; Pilotto, S.; Milella, M.; Cammarota, G.; Gasbarrini, A.; et al. Lung and gut microbiota as potential hidden driver of immunotherapy efficacy in lung cancer. Mediators Inflamm. 2019, 2019, 7652014.
  50. Kaderbhai, C.; Richard, C.; Fumet, J.D.; Aarnink, A.; Foucher, P.; Coudert, B.; Favier, L.; Lagrange, A.; Limagne, E.; Boidot, R.; et al. Antibiotic Use Does Not Appear to Influence Response to Nivolumab. Anticancer Res. 2017, 37, 3195–3200.
  51. Huemer, F.; Rinnerthaler, G.; Lang, D.; Hackl, H.; Lamprecht, B.; Greil, R. Association between antibiotics use and outcome in patients with NSCLC treated with immunotherapeutics. Ann. Oncol 2019, 30, 652–653.
  52. Metges, J.-P.; Michaud, E.; Lagadec, D.D.; Marhuenda, F.; Chaslerie, A.; Grude, F. Impact of anti-infectious and corticosteroids on immunotherapy: Nivolumab and pembrozilumab follow-up in a French study. J. Clin. Oncol. 2018, 36, 15157.
  53. Rossi, G.; Pezzuto, A.; Sini, C.; Tuzi, A.; Citarella, F.; McCusker, M.G.; Nigro, O.; Tanda, E.; Russo, A. Concomitant medications during immune checkpoint blockage in cancer patients: Novel insights in this emerging clinical scenario. Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 2019, 142, 26–34.
  54. Chalabi, M.; Cardona, A.; Nagarkar, D.R.; Scala, A.D.; Gandara, D.R.; Rittmeyer, A.; Albert, M.L.; Powles, T.; Kok, M.; Herrera, F.G.; et al. Efficacy of chemotherapy and atezolizumab in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer receiving antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors: Pooled post hoc analyses of the OAK and POPLAR trials. Ann. Oncol. 2020, 31, 525–531.
  55. Mielgo-Rubio, X.; Chara, L.; Sotelo-Lezama, M.; Castro, R.L.; Rubio-Martínez, J.; Velastegui, A.; Olier-Garate, C.; Falagan, S.; Gómez-Barreda, I.; Bautista-Sanz, P.; et al. MA10.01 antibiotic use and PD-1 inhibitors: Shorter survival in lung cancer, especially when given intravenously. Type of infection also matters. J. Thorac. Oncol. 2018, 13.
  56. Mahajan, R.; Xing, J.; Liu, S.J.; Ly, K.N.; Moorman, A.C.; Rupp, L.; Xu, F.; Holmberg, S.D. Chronic hepatitis cohort study, I. Mortality among persons in care with hepatitis C virus infection: The chronic hepatitis cohort study (CHeCS), 2006–2010. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2014, 58, 1055–1061.
  57. Yarchoan, R.; Uldrick, T.S. HIV-associated cancers and related diseases. N. Engl. J. Med. 2018, 378, 2145.
  58. Novakova, L.; Pavlik, J.; Chrenkova, L.; Martinec, O.; Cerveny, L. Current antiviral drugs and their analysis in biological materials—Part II: Antivirals against hepatitis and HIV viruses. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2018, 147, 378–399.
  59. UNAIDS. Global HIV & AIDS Statistics—2020 Fact Sheet. Available online: https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet (accessed on 30 October 2020).
  60. Grulich, A.E.; van Leeuwen, M.T.; Falster, M.O.; Vajdic, C.M. Incidence of cancers in people with HIV/AIDS compared with immunosuppressed transplant recipients: A meta-analysis. Lancet 2007, 370, 59–67.
  61. Shiels, M.S.; Pfeiffer, R.M.; Gail, M.H.; Hall, H.I.; Li, J.; Chaturvedi, A.K.; Bhatia, K.; Uldrick, T.S.; Yarchoan, R.; Goedert, J.J.; et al. Cancer burden in the HIV-infected population in the United States. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2011, 103, 753–762.
  62. Vandenhende, M.A.; Roussillon, C.; Henard, S.; Morlat, P.; Oksenhendler, E.; Aumaitre, H.; Georget, A.; May, T.; Rosenthal, E.; Salmon, D.; et al. Cancer-related causes of death among HIV-infected patients in France in 2010: Evolution since 2000. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0129550.
  63. Mdodo, R.; Frazier, E.L.; Dube, S.R.; Mattson, C.L.; Sutton, M.Y.; Brooks, J.T.; Skarbinski, J. Cigarette smoking prevalence among adults with HIV compared with the general adult population in the United States: Cross-sectional surveys. Ann. Intern. Med. 2015, 162, 335–344.
  64. Serrao, R.; Pinero, C.; Velez, J.; Coutinho, D.; Maltez, F.; Lino, S.; Sarmento, E.C.R.; Tavares, A.P.; Pacheco, P.; Lopes, M.J.; et al. Non-AIDS-related comorbidities in people living with HIV-1 aged 50 years and older: The AGING POSITIVE study. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2019, 79, 94–100.
  65. Sigel, K.; Wisnivesky, J.; Gordon, K.; Dubrow, R.; Justice, A.; Brown, S.T.; Goulet, J.; Butt, A.A.; Crystal, S.; Rimland, D.; et al. HIV as an independent risk factor for incident lung cancer. AIDS 2012, 26, 1017–1025.
  66. Reddy, K.P.; Kong, C.Y.; Hyle, E.P.; Baggett, T.P.; Huang, M.; Parker, R.A.; Paltiel, A.D.; Losina, E.; Weinstein, M.C.; Freedberg, K.A.; et al. Lung cancer mortality associated with smoking and smoking cessation among people living with HIV in the United States. JAMA Intern. Med. 2017, 177, 1613–1621.
  67. Uldrick, T.S.; Ison, G.; Rudek, M.A.; Noy, A.; Schwartz, K.; Bruinooge, S.; Schenkel, C.; Miller, B.; Dunleavy, K.; Wang, J.; et al. Modernizing clinical trial eligibility criteria: Recommendations of the American Society of clinical oncology-friends of cancer research HIV working group. J. Clin. Oncol 2017, 35, 3774–3780.
  68. Velu, V.; Shetty, R.D.; Larsson, M.; Shankar, E.M. Role of PD-1 co-inhibitory pathway in HIV infection and potential therapeutic options. Retrovirology 2015, 12, 14.
  69. Grabmeier-Pfistershammer, K.; Steinberger, P.; Rieger, A.; Leitner, J.; Kohrgruber, N. Identification of PD-1 as a unique marker for failing immune reconstitution in HIV-1-infected patients on treatment. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 2011, 56, 118–124.
  70. Porichis, F.; Hart, M.G.; Massa, A.; Everett, H.L.; Morou, A.; Richard, J.; Brassard, N.; Veillette, M.; Hassan, M.; Ly, N.L.; et al. Immune checkpoint blockade restores HIV-specific CD4 T cell help for NK cells. J. Immunol. 2018, 201, 971–981.
  71. Okuma, Y.; Hishima, T.; Kashima, J.; Homma, S. High PD-L1 expression indicates poor prognosis of HIV-infected patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 2018, 67, 495–505.
  72. Guihot, A.; Marcelin, A.G.; Massiani, M.A.; Samri, A.; Soulie, C.; Autran, B.; Spano, J.P. Drastic decrease of the HIV reservoir in a patient treated with nivolumab for lung cancer. Ann. Oncol. 2018, 29, 517–518.
  73. McCullar, B.; Alloway, T.; Martin, M. Durable complete response to nivolumab in a patient with HIV and metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. J. Thorac. Dis. 2017, 9, 540–542.
  74. Ostios-Garcia, L.; Faig, J.; Leonardi, G.C.; Adeni, A.E.; Subegdjo, S.J.; Lydon, C.A.; Rangachari, D.; Huberman, M.S.; Sehgal, K.; Shea, M.; et al. Safety and efficacy of PD-1 inhibitors among HIV-positive patients with non-small cell lung cancer. J. Thorac. Oncol. 2018, 13, 1037–1042.
  75. Lavole, A.; Guihot, A.; Veyri, M.; Lambotte, O.; Autran, B.; Cloarec, N.; le Garff, G.; Flament, T.; Cadranel, J.; Spano, J.P. PD-1 blockade in HIV-infected patients with lung cancer: A new challenge or already a strategy? Ann. Oncol. 2018, 29, 1065–1066.
  76. Samri, A.; Lavolé, A.; Even, S.; Lambert-Niclot, S.; le Garff, G.; Cadranel, J.; Spano, J.-P.; Autran, B.; Marcelin, A.-G.; Guihot, A. Immunovirological evolution in HIV-infected patients treated with anti-PD1 therapy. In Proceedings of the 9th IAS Conference on HIV Science (IAS 2017), Paris, France, 23–26 July 2017.
  77. Barlesi, F.; Audigier-Valette, C.; Felip, E.; Ciuleanu, T.E.; Jao, K.; Rijavec, E.; Urban, L.; Aucoin, J.S.; Zannori, C.; Vermaelen, K.; et al. Nivolumab plus low-dose IPILIMUMAB as first-line treatment of advanced NSCLC: Overall survival analysis of checkmate 817. Ann. Oncol. 2019, 30, 33–34.
  78. Gonzalez-Cao, M.; Moran, T.; Dalmau, J.; Garcia-Corbacho, J.; Bracht, J.W.P.; Bernabe, R.; Juan, O.; de Castro, J.; Blanco, R.; Drozdowskyj, A.; et al. Assessment of the feasibility and safety of durvalumab for treatment of solid tumors in patients with HIV-1 infection: The phase 2 DURVAST study. JAMA Oncol. 2020, 6, 1063–1067.
  79. Rajdev, L.; Lensing, S.; Ramos, J.C.; Baiocchi, R.; Wang, C.C.J.; Ratner, L.; Rubinstein, P.G.; Ambinder, R.; Henry, D.; Streicher, H.; et al. 1023MO AMC 095: A report of nivolumab (nivo) in advanced HIV associated solid tumours (ST). Ann. Oncol. 2020, 31, 706.
  80. Lavole, A.; Mazieres, J.; Schneider, S.; Brosseau, S.; Kiakouama, L.M.; Greillier, L.; Guihot, A.; Abbar, B.; Baron, M.; Makinson, A.; et al. 1389P IFCT-1602 CHIVA2 phase II trial: Nivolumab in previously treated HIV-patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Ann. Oncol. 2020, 31, 882–883.
  81. Sezer, A.; Kilickap, S.; Gümüş, M.; Bondarenko, I.; Özgüroğlu, M.; Gogishvili, M.; Turk, H.M.; Çiçin, İ.; Bentsion, D.; Gladkov, O.; et al. LBA52 EMPOWER-Lung 1: Phase III first-line (1L) cemiplimab monotherapy vs. platinum-doublet chemotherapy (chemo) in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) ≥ 50%. Ann. Oncol. 2020, 31, 1182–1183.
  82. Spano, J.P.; Veyri, M.; Gobert, A.; Guihot, A.; Perre, P.; Kerjouan, M.; Brosseau, S.; Cloarec, N.; Montaudie, H.; Helissey, C.; et al. Immunotherapy for cancer in people living with HIV: Safety with an efficacy signal from the series in real life experience. AIDS 2019, 33, 13–19.
  83. Shah, N.J.; Al-Shbool, G.; Blackburn, M.; Cook, M.; Belouali, A.; Liu, S.V.; Madhavan, S.; He, A.R.; Atkins, M.B.; Gibney, G.T.; et al. Safety and efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in cancer patients with HIV, hepatitis B, or hepatitis C viral infection. J. Immunother. Cancer 2019, 7, 353.
  84. Cook, M.R.; Kim, C. Safety and efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in patients with HIV infection and advanced-stage cancer: A systematic review. JAMA Oncol. 2019, 5, 1049–1054.
  85. Kothapalli, A.; Khattak, M.A. Safety and efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapy for metastatic melanoma and non-small-cell lung cancer in patients with viral hepatitis: A case series. Melanoma Res. 2018, 28, 155–158.
  86. Tio, M.; Rai, R.; Ezeoke, O.M.; McQuade, J.L.; Zimmer, L.; Khoo, C.; Park, J.J.; Spain, L.; Turajlic, S.; Ardolino, L.; et al. Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy in patients with solid organ transplant, HIV or hepatitis B/C infection. Eur. J. Cancer 2018, 104, 137–144.
  87. Galanina, N.; Goodman, A.M.; Cohen, P.R.; Frampton, G.M.; Kurzrock, R. Successful treatment of HIV-associated kaposi sarcoma with immune checkpoint blockade. Cancer Immunol. Res. 2018, 6, 1129–1135.
  88. Sahin, I.H.; Kane, S.R.; Brutcher, E.; Guadagno, J.; Smith, K.E.; Wu, C.; Lesinski, G.B.; Gunthel, C.J.; El-Rayes, B.F. Safety and efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with cancer living with HIV: A perspective on recent progress and future needs. JCO Oncol. Pract. 2020, 16, 319–325.
  89. Kuderer, N.M.; Choueiri, T.K.; Shah, D.P.; Shyr, Y.; Rubinstein, S.M.; Rivera, D.R.; Shete, S.; Hsu, C.Y.; Desai, A.; Lopes, G.D.L., Jr.; et al. Clinical impact of COVID-19 on patients with cancer (CCC19): A cohort study. Lancet 2020, 395, 1907–1918.
  90. Espinar, J.B.; Torri, V.; Whisenant, J.; Hirsch, F.R.; Rogado, J.; de Castro Carpeño, J.; Halmos, B.; Ceresoli, G.L.; Rueda, A.G.; Tiseo, M.; et al. LBA75 Defining COVID-19 outcomes in thoracic cancer patients: TERAVOLT (Thoracic cancERs international coVid 19 cOLlaboraTion). Ann. Oncol. 2020, 31, 1204–1205.
  91. Di Noia, V.; D’Aveni, A.; Squadroni, M.; Beretta, G.D.; Ceresoli, G.L. Immune checkpoint inhibitors in SARS-CoV-2 infected cancer patients: The spark that ignites the fire? Lung Cancer 2020, 145, 208–210.
  92. Luo, J.; Rizvi, H.; Egger, J.V.; Preeshagul, I.R.; Wolchok, J.D.; Hellmann, M.D. Impact of PD-1 blockade on severity of COVID-19 in patients with lung cancers. Cancer Discov. 2020, 10, 1121–1128.
  93. Wise-Draper, T.M.; Desai, A.; Elkrief, A.; Rini, B.I.; Flora, D.B.; Bowles, D.W.; Shah, D.; Rivera, D.; Johnson, D.B.; Lopes, G.; et al. LBA71 Systemic cancer treatment-related outcomes in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: A CCC19 registry analysis. Ann. Oncol. 2020, 31, 1201–1202.
  94. Davis, A.P.; Boyer, M.; Lee, J.H.; Kao, S.C. COVID-19: The use of immunotherapy in metastatic lung cancer. Immunotherapy 2020, 12, 545–548.
  95. Passaro, A.; Addeo, A.; von Garnier, C.; Blackhall, F.; Planchard, D.; Felip, E.; Dziadziuszko, R.; de Marinis, F.; Reck, M.; Bouchaab, H.; et al. ESMO Management and treatment adapted recommendations in the COVID-19 era: Lung cancer. ESMO Open 2020, 5.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Feedback