Agricultural protectionism refers to government policies and regulatory measures designed to protect domestic agricultural producers and markets from foreign competition or external economic pressures. It includes import tariffs, quotas, subsidies, price support programs, export restrictions, domestic content requirements, and sanitary and phytosanitary measures that influence international agricultural trade ^[1][2]. These interventions are generally intended to stabilize farm incomes, maintain domestic food production capacity, protect rural livelihoods, and safeguard national food security. Agricultural protectionism also involves measures addressing food safety, animal and plant health, and the prevention of biological risks associated with agricultural trade, although such measures must be distinguished from scientifically justified health regulations ^[2][3]. Its implementation affects agricultural prices, market access, resource allocation, trade flows, and the distribution of economic benefits among producers, consumers, and trading partners. Agricultural protectionism therefore represents an important dimension of agricultural trade policy and government intervention, involving trade-offs between domestic economic interests, international market integration, and public welfare ^[1][3].