Syntactic equivalence refers to a relationship between linguistic expressions in which their syntactic structures are considered equivalent according to specified grammatical criteria or a particular linguistic framework. The criteria may concern structural configuration, constituent organization, grammatical functions, or the correspondence between syntactic representations, and therefore do not necessarily require expressions to have identical surface forms ^[1][2]. Because equivalence can be defined differently across syntactic theories and research contexts, the term does not denote a single universal relation independent of its analytical criteria ^[1].