Hydrogels and Dentin–Pulp Complex Regeneration: Comparison
View Latest Version
Please note this is a comparison between Version 4 by Aiah El-Rashidy and Version 3 by Dean Liu.

Abstract

Dentin–pulp complex is a term which refers to the dental pulp (DP) surrounded by dentin along its peripheries. Dentin and dental pulp are highly specialized tissues, which can be affected by various insults, primarily by dental caries. Regeneration of the dentin–pulp complex is of paramount importance to regain tooth vitality. The regenerative endodonticurrent revie procedure (REP) is a relatively current approach, which aims to regenerate the dentin–pulp complex through stimulating the differentiation of resident or transplanted stem/progenitor cells. Hydrogel-based scaffolds are a unique category of three dimensional polymeric networks with high water content. They are hydrophilic, biocompatible, with tunable degradation patterns and mechanical properties, in addition to the ability to be loaded with various bioactive molecules. Furthermore, hydrogels have a considerable degree of flexibility and elasticity, mimicking the cell extracellular matrix (ECM), particularly that of the DP. The current review presents how for dentin–pulp complex regeneration, the application of injectable hydrogels combined with stem/progenitor cells could represent a promising approach. According to the source of the polymeric chain forming the hydrogel, they can be classified into natural, synthetic or hybrid hydrogels, combining natural and synthetic ones. Natural polymers are bioactive, highly biocompatible, and biodegradable by naturally occurring enzymes or via hydrolysis. On the other hand, synthetic polymers offer tunable mechanical properties, thermostability and durability as compared to natural hydrogels. Hybrid hydrogels combine the benefits of synthetic and natural polymers. Hydrogels can be biofunctionalized with cell-binding sequences as arginine–glycine–aspartic acid (RGD), can be used for local delivery of bioactive molecules and cellularized with stem cells for dentin–pulp regeneration. Formulating a hydrogel scaffold material fulfilling the required criteria in regenerative endodontics is still an area of active research, which shows promising potential for replacing conventional endodontic treatments in the near future.

  • Hydrogels
  • Ploymers
  • Stem Cells
  • Tissue engineering
  • Dentin-pulp Complex
  • Regeneration
Please wait, diff process is still running!

References

  1. Drury, J.L.; Mooney, D.J. Hydrogels for tissue engineering: Scaffold design variables and applications. Biomaterials 2003, 24, 4337–4351.
  2. Kwon, Y.S.; Lee, S.H.; Hwang, Y.C.; Rosa, V.; Lee, K.W.; Min, K.S. Behaviour of human dental pulp cells cultured in a collagen hydrogel scaffold cross-linked with cinnamaldehyde. Int. Endod. J. 2017, 50, 58–66.
  3. Pankajakshan, D.; Voytik-Harbin, S.L.; Nor, J.E.; Bottino, M.C. Injectable Highly Tunable Oligomeric Collagen Matrices for Dental Tissue Regeneration. ACS Appl. Bio Mater. 2020, 3, 859–868.
  4. Bhatnagar, D.; Bherwani, A.K.; Simon, M.; Rafailovich, M.H. Biomineralization on enzymatically cross-linked gelatin hydrogels in the absence of dexamethasone. Dent. Mater. 2015, 3, 5210–5219.
  5. Miyazawa, A.; Matsuno, T.; Asano, K.; Tabata, Y.; Satoh, T. Controlled release of simvastatin from biodegradable hydrogels promotes odontoblastic differentiation. Dent. Mater. J. 2015, 34, 466–474.
  6. Khayat, A.; Monteiro, N.; Smith, E.; Pagni, S.; Zhang, W.; Khademhosseini, A.; Yelick, P.C. GelMA-encapsulated hDPSCs and HUVECs for dental pulp regeneration. J. Dent. Res. 2017, 96, 192–199.
  7. Park, J.H.; Gillispie, G.J.; Copus, J.S.; Zhang, W.; Atala, A.; Yoo, J.J.; Yelick, P.C.; Lee, S.J. The effect of BMP-mimetic peptide tethering bioinks on the differentiation of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) in 3D bioprinted dental constructs. Biofabrication 2020, 12, 35029.
  8. Galler, K.M.; Cavender, A.C.; Koeklue, U.; Suggs, L.J.; Schmalz, G.; D’Souza, R.N. Bioengineering of dental stem cells in a PEGylated fibrin gel. Regen. Med. 2011, 6, 191–200.
  9. Jang, J.-H.; Moon, J.-H.; Kim, S.G.; Kim, S.-Y. Pulp regeneration with hemostatic matrices as a scaffold in an immature tooth minipig model. Sci. Rep. 2020, 10, 12536.
  10. Athirasala, A.; Lins, F.; Tahayeri, A.; Hinds, M.; Smith, A.J.; Sedgley, C.; Ferracane, J.; Bertassoni, L.E. A Novel Strategy to Engineer Pre-Vascularized Full-Length Dental Pulp-like Tissue Constructs. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 3323.
  11. Ajay Sharma, L.; Ali, M.A.; Love, R.M.; Wilson, M.J.; Dias, G.J. Novel keratin preparation supports growth and differentiation of odontoblast-like cells. Int. Endod. J. 2016, 49, 471–482.
  12. Ajay Sharma, L. Wool-derived keratin hydrogel as a potential scaffold for pulp-dentine regeneration: An in vitro and in vivo study. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand, 2016.
  13. Zhang, S.; Thiebes, A.L.; Kreimendahl, F.; Ruetten, S.; Buhl, E.M.; Wolf, M.; Jockenhoevel, S.; Apel, C. Extracellular Vesicles-Loaded Fibrin Gel Supports Rapid Neovascularization for Dental Pulp Regeneration. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 4226.
  14. Ha, M.; Athirasala, A.; Tahayeri, A.; Menezes, P.P.; Bertassoni, L.E. Micropatterned hydrogels and cell alignment enhance the odontogenic potential of stem cells from apical papilla in-vitro. Dent. Mater. 2020, 36, 88–96.
  15. Xiao, M.; Qiu, J.; Kuang, R.; Zhang, B.; Wang, W.; Yu, Q. Synergistic effects of stromal cell-derived factor-1α and bone morphogenetic protein-2 treatment on odontogenic differentiation of human stem cells from apical papilla cultured in the VitroGel 3D system. Cell Tissue Res. 2019, 378, 207–220.
  16. Galler, K.M.; Cavender, A.; Yuwono, V.; Dong, H.; Shi, S.; Schmalz, G.; Hartgerink, J.D.; D’Souza, R.N. Self-assembling peptide amphiphile nanofibers as a scaffold for dental stem cells. Tissue Eng. Part A. 2008, 14, 2051–2058.
  17. Colombo, J.S.; Jia, S.; D’Souza, R.N. Modeling Hypoxia Induced Factors to Treat Pulpal Inflammation and Drive Regeneration. J. Endod. 2020, 46, S19–S25.
  18. Rosa, V.; Zhang, Z.; Grande, R.; Nör, J. Dental pulp tissue engineering in full-length human root canals. J. Dent. Res. 2013, 92, 970–975.
  19. Ito, T.; Kaneko, T.; Sueyama, Y.; Kaneko, R.; Okiji, T. Dental pulp tissue engineering of pulpotomized rat molars with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Odontology 2017, 105, 392–397.
  20. Sueyama, Y.; Kaneko, T.; Ito, T.; Kaneko, R.; Okiji, T. Implantation of Endothelial Cells with Mesenchymal Stem Cells Accelerates Dental Pulp Tissue Regeneration/Healing in Pulpotomized Rat Molars. J. Endod. 2017, 43, 943–948.
  21. Gu, B.; Kaneko, T.; Zaw, S.Y.M.; Sone, P.P.; Murano, H.; Sueyama, Y.; Zaw, Z.C.T.; Okiji, T. Macrophage populations show an M1-to-M2 transition in an experimental model of coronal pulp tissue engineering with mesenchymal stem cells. Int. Endod. J. 2018, 52, 504–514.
  22. Kaneko, T.; Sone, P.P.; Zaw, S.Y.M.; Sueyama, Y.; Zaw, Z.C.T.; Okada, Y.; Murano, H.; Gu, B.; Okiji, T. In vivo fate of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells implanted into rat pulpotomized molars. Stem. Cell Res. 2019, 38, 101457.
  23. Smith, J.G.; Smith, A.J.; Shelton, R.M.; Cooper, P.R. Dental Pulp Cell Behavior in Biomimetic Environments. J. Dent. Res. 2015, 94, 1552–1559.
  24. Bekhouche, M.; Bolon, M.; Charriaud, F.; Lamrayah, M.; Da Costa, D.; Primard, C.; Costantini, A.; Pasdeloup, M.; Gobert, S.; Mallein-Gerin, F. Development of an antibacterial nanocomposite hydrogel for human dental pulp engineering. J. Mater. Chem. B 2020, 8, 8422–8432.
  25. Bhoj, M.; Zhang, C.; Green, D.W. A First Step in De Novo Synthesis of a Living Pulp Tissue Replacement Using Dental Pulp MSCs and Tissue Growth Factors, Encapsulated within a Bioinspired Alginate Hydrogel. J. Endod. 2015, 41, 1100–1107.
  26. Kikuchi, N.; Kitamura, C.; Morotomi, T.; Inuyama, Y.; Ishimatsu, H.; Tabata, Y.; Nishihara, T.; Terashita, M. Formation of dentin-like particles in dentin defects above exposed pulp by controlled release of fibroblast growth factor 2 from gelatin hydrogels. J. Endod. 2007, 33, 1198–1202.
  27. Nagy, M.M.; Tawfik, H.E.; Hashem, A.A.R.; Abu-Seida, A.M. Regenerative potential of immature permanent teeth with necrotic pulps after different regenerative protocols. J. Endod. 2014, 40, 192–198.
  28. Dobie, K.; Smith, G.; Sloan, A.J.; Smith, A.J. Effects of alginate hydrogels and TGF-β1 on human dental pulp repair in vitro. Connect. Tissue Res. 2002, 43, 387–390.
  29. Mu, X.; Shi, L.; Pan, S.; He, L.; Niu, Y.; Wang, X. A Customized Self-Assembling Peptide Hydrogel-Wrapped Stem Cell Factor Targeting Pulp Regeneration Rich in Vascular-Like Structures. ACS Omega 2020, 5, 16568–16574.
  30. Nguyen, P.K.; Gao, W.; Patel, S.D.; Siddiqui, Z.; Weiner, S.; Shimizu, E.; Sarkar, B.; Kumar, V.A. Self-assembly of a dentinogenic peptide hydrogel. ACS Omega 2018, 3, 5980–5987.
  31. Xia, K.; Chen, Z.; Chen, J.; Xu, H.; Xu, Y.; Yang, T.; Zhang, Q. RGD-and VEGF-Mimetic Peptide Epitope-Functionalized Self-Assembling Peptide Hydrogels Promote Dentin-Pulp Complex Regeneration. Int. J. Nanomed. 2020, 15, 6631.
  32. Tabata, Y.; Nagano, A.; Ikada, Y. Biodegradation of Hydrogel Carrier Incorporating Fibroblast Growth Factor. Tissue Eng. 1999, 5, 127–138.
  33. Ishihara, M.; Obara, K.; Nakamura, S.; Fujita, M.; Masuoka, K.; Kanatani, Y.; Takase, B.; Hattori, H.; Morimoto, Y.; Ishihara, M. Chitosan hydrogel as a drug delivery carrier to control angiogenesis. J. Artif. Organs 2006, 9, 8–16.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Feedback