Remote sensing modalities refer to the distinct modes of acquiring remotely sensed information, defined by differences in sensing principles, measured signals, observation platforms, and types of information produced. In archaeological research, remote sensing modalities encompass a range of non-destructive approaches, including aerial and satellite optical imaging, multispectral and hyperspectral sensing, thermal and infrared sensing, LiDAR and other laser-based methods, radar and synthetic aperture radar (SAR), photogrammetric approaches, and terrestrial geophysical sensing ^[1][2][3]. These modalities provide different forms of evidence for identifying and characterizing archaeological remains and landscapes. Optical and spectral methods can reveal variations in surface characteristics and vegetation, while LiDAR and photogrammetric approaches provide information on surface form and three-dimensional structure; radar-based methods can contribute information under conditions or at spatial contexts in which optical observation is limited ^[1][4]. The choice of modality is consequently related to the archaeological feature being investigated, its environmental context, the scale of observation, and the type of archaeological information sought. Archaeological remote sensing increasingly combines multiple modalities because their differing observational properties can provide complementary evidence and help address limitations inherent in individual approaches ^[3].