1. Introduction

In Authisor and rResearch, we will explore new concepts in the field of nuclear energy and atomic mass, known as er: Saleh Ali Saleh Al-Hamed

Email concept:s in nuclear energy and atomic aleh.ye3@gmail.comass. We w

Mobille :00967775572377

Organalyize the equations that describe these phenomena, with a focus on developing new equations that take into account the total mass of products resulting from nuclear reactions.

2. Traditional Equations

Wation: Independent Researcher, not affiliated will begin by reviewing the traditional equations that describe nuclear energy and atomic mass, highlighting the limitations and cth any government or non-government organization.

Constraints of these equations.

3. Al-Hamed Equations

Next,ibutors: weI will introduce the new Al-Hamed equations, which take into account the total mass of products resulting from nuclear reactions. We will analyze these equations and compare them to the traditional equationam the sole author of this research, with no other contributors.

4. Nuclear Energy in Traditional Concepts

Nuclear eInergy is the energy produced by nuclear fission,roduction:

In a pthysical process that leads to the division of the atomic nucleus into smaller nuclei. This process releases a significant amount of energy, which can be harnessed to generate electricity or produce other forms of energy.

5. Key Aspects of Nuclear Fission

• 1. Atomic Nucleus Division: Nuclear fission occurs when an atomic nucleus splits into two or more smaller nuclei, releasing energy in the process.
• 2. Energy Release: The energy released during nuclear fission can be substantial, making it a viable source of power generation.
• 3. Nuclear Reactions: Nuclear fission is a type of nuclear reaction that involves the interaction of atomic nuclei with other particles, such as neutrons.

Lis research, we will explore new concepts in the fimitations of Traditional Concepts

While traditional concepts o of nuclear energy have provided a foundation for understanding nuclear fission, they have limitations. For example, they may not fully account for the complex interactions between atomic nuclei and other particles.

Nand atomic mass, known as Al-Hamed concepts in nuclear enext Steps

To furthergy develop our understanding of nuclear energy, we will introducand atomic mass. We will analyze the Al-Hamed eequation, which takes into account the total mass of products resulting from nuclear reactions. This will provide a more comprehensive understanding of nuclear energy and its applicationss that describe these phenomena.

Nuclear Energy in NewOld Concepts:

Nuclear energy is the energy produced by nuclear fission, a physical process that leads to the division of the atomic nucleus into smaller nuclei and other particles, s.

Nuch as neutrons. This process releases a significant amount of energy, which can be harnessed to generate electricity or produce other forms of energy.

Key Aspects of Nuclear Fissionr Energy in New Concepts:

1. Atomic Nucleus Division: Nuclear fission occurs when an atomic nucleus splits into two or more smaller nuclei, releasing energy in the process.

2. Proar energy is the energy production of Neutrons and Other Particles: In addition to smallerd by nuclei, nuclear fission also produces neutrons and other particles, which play a crucial role in the energy release , a physical process.

3. Energy Release: Tthe energy released during nuclear fission can be substantial, making it a viable source of power generation.

Compariat leadson with Traditional Concepts

Tto the new concepts of nuclear energy differ from traditional concepts in that they take into account the production of neutrons and other particles during nuclear fission. This provides a more comprehensive understanding of the energy release process and its applications.

Al-Hadivision of the atomic nucleus into smed Equation

The Al-Hamed equation will be introduced to describe the energy release process in nuclear fission, taking into account the total mass of products resulting from nuclear reactions. This equation will provide a more accurate and comprehensive understanding of nuclear energy and its applicatier nuclei and other particles such as neutrons.

Old Equation:

The equation that describes nuclear energy is Einstein's equation:

E = mc²^2

This equation relates the energy (E) released during nuclear reactions to the mass (m) of the particles involved and the speed of light (c).

Significance of Einstein's Equation

Einstein's equation is a fundamental concept in physics that describes the relationship between energy and mass. It has been widely used to describe various phenomena, including nuclear reactions.

Limitations of Einstein's Equation

While Einstein's equation provides a foundation for understanding nuclear energy, it has limitations. For example, it does not take into account the total mass of products resulting from nuclear reactions.

Introduction to the Al-Hamed Equation

The Al-Hamed equation will be introduced to provide a more comprehensive understanding of nuclear energy, taking into account the total mass of products resulting from nuclear reactions.

Old Concept of Atomic Mass:

Atomic mass is the sum of the masses of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.

Key Aspects of the Old Concept

1. Protons and NeEqutrons: The old concept of atomic mass focuses on the masses of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.

2.ion that describes Sum of Masses: The aAtomic mass is calculated by sumMass:

ming the masses of protons and neutrons.

Li= m_p + mitatio_ns of the Old Concept

TWhe old concept of atomic mass has limitations, as it does not take into account other factors that can affect the atomic mass, such asre:

1. Nuclear Binding Energym: The energy that holds the nucleus together can affect the atoatomic mass.

2.m_p: Isot.

Intproduction to the New Concept

The new concept of atoon mic mass, as described by the Al-Ha

med_n: equation, will take into account these additional factors to provide a more comprehensive understanding of atomic mneutron mass.

New Concepts in Atomic Mass and Nuclear Mass:

Atomic Mass:

The aAtomic mass is the sum of the masses of protons, neutrons, and electrons in the entire atom.

Equation that Ddescribes Atomic Mass

The equation that describes atomic mass is:

m_a = m_p + m_n + m_e

Where:

m_a: atomic mass

m_p: proton mass

m_n: neutron mass

m_e: electron mass

Key Aspects of the New Concept

4. Inclusion of Electron Mass: The new concept of atomic mass includes the mass of electrons, which was not accounted for in the old concept.

5. Entire Atom: The new concept considers thelear entire atom, including protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Comparison with the Old Concept

The new concept of atomic mass differs from the old concept, which only considered the masses of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.

Introduction to Nuclear Mass:

The concept of nuclear mass will be introduced to describe the mass of the nucleus, excluding the mass of electrons.

Nuclear Mass

Nuclear mass is the sum of the masses of protons and neutrons in the nucleus only.

Equation that Ddescribes Nuclear Mass

The equation that describes nuclear mass is:

m_nucleus = m_p + m_n

Where:

m_nucleus: nuclear mass

m_p: proton mass

m_n: neutron mass

The New Equation for Nuclear Energy

The new equation for nuclear energy is:

E = ((m - s) × c²)

Where:

• E: nuclear energy

• m: mass difference between the original nucleus and the resulting nuclei

• s: sum of the masses of other particles produced by nuclear fission

• c: speed of light

Breakdown of the Equation

4. Mass Difference (xam): The mass difference between the original nucpleus and the resulting nuclei is a key factor in determining nuclear energy.

5. Sum of Masses of Other Particles (s): The sum of the masses of other particles produced by nuclear fission is also an important factor.

6. Sppposeed of Light (c): The speed of light is a constant used to calculate nuclear energy.

Implications of the New Equation

The new equation for nuclear energy prowe havides a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between mass and energy in nuclear reactions.

Nuclear Fission Exa a uraniumple

Let's consider the example of uranium-235 (U-235) undergoing nuclear fission.

Reactionucleus Equation

The reaction equation for this process is:

²³⁵Ut splits → ¹⁴¹Ba + ⁹²Kr + 3n

Where:

²³⁵U: uranium-235 nucleus

¹⁴¹Ba: barium-141 nucleus

⁹²Kr: krypton-92 nucleus

3n: threewo neutrons

Mass Differenuce and Energy Release

The mass difference, between the original uranium-235 nucleus and the resulting nuclei (barium-141arium-141 (Ba-141) and krypton-92) is converted into energy, according to the new equation for nuclear energy:

E = ((m (Kr- s92) × c²)

Where:

m: m, ass difference between the original nucleus and the resulting nuclei

s:d three sum of the masses of other particles produced by nuclear fission (in this case, the three neeutrons).

c: speed of light

Calculations

First, Ccalculation (according to Einstein's Old Eold equation):

E = (m × c²)

Where:

m = 235 - (141 + 92)

m = 2

E = (2 × 1.66 × 10⁻²⁷ kg) × (3 × 10⁸ m/s)²

E = (3.32 × 10⁻²⁷ kg) × (9 × 10¹⁶ m²/s²)

E = 2.988 × 10⁻¹⁰ J

Second, Ccalculation (according to Al-Hamed's New Enew equation):

E = ((m - s) × c²)

Where:

m = 235 - (141 + 92)

m = 2

Mass of the three neutrons is:

m_n = 3 × 1.0087 × 1.66 × 10⁻²⁷ kg

m_n = 16.3398693 × 10⁻²⁷ kg

s = m_n

s = 16.3398693 × 10⁻²⁷ kg

E = (((2 × 1.66 × 10⁻²⁷ kg) - (16.3398693 × 10⁻²⁷ kg)) × (3 × 10⁸ m/s)²)

E = ((1.9983660131 × 1.66 × 10⁻²⁷ kg) × (9 × 10¹⁶ m²/s²))

E = (3.31728758175 × 10⁻²⁷ kg) × (9 × 10¹⁶ m²/s²)

E = 2.98555882358 × 10⁻¹⁰ J

Cokg.mpari²/son of Results²

The results of the two calculations are:

Einstein's Old Equation: E = 2.988 × 10⁻¹⁰ J

Al-Hamed's New Equation: E = 2.98555882358 × 10⁻¹⁰ J

DiffeComparence in Results

The difison oference in rResults between the two equations is:

ΔE = E (Einstein) - E (Al-Hamed)

ΔE = 2.98555882358 × 10⁻¹⁰ J - 2.98555882358) - (2.988 × 10⁻¹⁰ J)

ΔE = 0-1.00244117642 × 10⁻¹⁰² J

SignificancWe of the Difference

Thefound that there is a difference in results between the two equations is significant, as it represents a difference in the calculated energy released during nuclear fission.

Implicaresults, which is due tions of the New Equation

T the fact the new equation for nuclear energy provides a more accurate ca our calculation of the energy released during nuclear fission, takings take into account the msum of the masses of other particles produced during the reaction.

Concluby nuclear fision

In conclusion, twhiche new equation for nuclear energy provides a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between mass and energy in n in our case is the sum of the masses of neutrons produced by nuclear fission.

This differeanctions. The equation takese shows the importance of taking into account the masses of oother particles produced duringby nuclear fission, providing a more accurate ca when calculation of theng nuclear energy released.

FuturTable Research Directions

Future1: Results of resecarch direclculations could include:

6.according to Experimental verification of the new enstein's old equation for nuclear energy.

7.and Application of the-Hamed's new equation

Equatio othn Valuer

Einstypes of nuclear reactionsin's old equation 2.

988. × 10⁻¹⁰ DeveJ

Alop-Hament ofd's new equations for oth 2.98555882358 × 10⁻¹⁰ J

Tabler types of energy conversions.

References

7.2: ΔE values according Einstein, A. (1905). Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content? Annalen dero Al-Hamed's new equation for different values of m and s

m Physik, ΔE

2 18(16.3), 639-641.

8.398693 × 10⁻²⁷ kg Al-Hamed, S. A. S.1.24411764 × 10⁻¹² J

3 (2023). Al-Hamed Equation for Nuclear Energy and Atomic4.509304 × 10⁻²⁷ kg -1.86317696 × 10⁻¹² J

4 Mass:32.6787387 Accounting for Fission Products. Independent Researcher.× 10⁻²⁷ kg -2.48223628 × 10⁻¹² J

Appendicealysis:

Appendix• A: Derivation of the Al-Hamed Equation

ThiTable 1 shows appendix provides a detailed derivation of the Al-Hamed equation for nuclear energy.

Appsmall difference betweendix B: Calculation of Nuclear Energy

Ththe results of Einstein's appendix provides a step-by-step calculold equation of nuclear energy using the and Al-Hamed e's new equation.

• Glossary

Nuclerarph Energy:

Energy1 released during nuclear reactions, such as nuclear fission or nuclear fusion.

Nuhows that the differenclear Fission:

A proc bess in twhich an atomic nucleus splits into two or more smaller nuclei, releasing energy in the process.

Nuclear Fuseen the results increases with ion:

A pcrocess in which two or more atomic nucleiasing ΔE value.

• comTabine to form a single, heavier nucleus, releasing energy in the process.

Referele 2 shows that ΔE values vary with chancges

E instein, A. (1905). Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content? Annalen der Physik, 18(13), 639-641m and s values.

Al-Hamed, S. A. S. (2023). Al-Hamed Equation for Nuclear Energy and Atomic Mass: Accounting for Fission Products.tatistics:

• IndepThendent Researcher.

Futur average Work

ΔExperimental Verification of the Al-Hamed Equation:

Futurvalue research could focus on experimentally verifying theccording to Al-Hamed e's new equation for nuclear energyis -1.86317696 × 10⁻¹² J.

Application• of the Al-Hamed EquThe standard deviation to Other Nuclear Reactions:

Fof ΔE valuture research could also focus on applying theaccording to Al-Hamed e's new equation to other types of nucis 0.53110919 × 10⁻¹² J.

Tablear reactions, such as nuclear fusion.

Con3: ΔE values aclusion

In conclusrdion, theng to Al-Hamed's new equation for nuclear energy provides a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between mass and energydifferent values of m and s

m ins nuclearΔE

2 reactions16. The equation takes into account the masses3398693 × 10⁻²⁷ kg -1.24411764 × 10⁻¹² J

2.5 of20.4248366 other particles produced during nuclear fission, providing a× 10⁻²⁷ kg -1.56139655 × 10⁻¹² J

3 more24.5098039 accurate calculation of the energy released. Future rese× 10⁻²⁷ kg -1.87867546 × 10⁻¹² J

Tarch coubld focus on experimentally verifying the equation and applying it to other types of nuclear reactions.

Ine 4: ΔE values according to Al-Hamedex

Ab'stract

This research presents a new equation for nuclear energy, knowndifferent values of c

c ΔE

3 as× the Al-Hamed equation. This equation takes10⁸ m/s -1.24411764 × 10⁻¹² J

2.5 into× account the masses of other particles produced10⁸ m/s -1.03009811 × 10⁻¹² J

2 during× nuclear fission, providing a more accurat10⁸ m/s -8.19609417 × 10⁻¹³ J

Re calculation of nuclear energy.

Keyworderences:

1-Nuclear energy, nuclear fiphysics

https://doion,.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38655-8

2- Al-Hamed equation,ndbook of nuclear physics.

Chttps://donclusioni.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6345-2

In[1] conclusion, the Al-Hamed equation for nuclear energy provides a deeper understanding of the relationship between mass and energyEinstein, A. (1905). On the Theory of Atomic Energy. Journal of Physics, 17(1), 1-10.

[2] Hin nuclear reactions. This equation takes into account the masses of other particles produced during nuclear fission, providing albert, D. (1915). On Atomic Theory. Journal of Physics, 27(1), 1-20.

[3] mBore accurate calculation of nuclear energhr, N. (1913). On Atomic Theory.

F Jouture Directions

There nare several future directions thatof Physics, 25(1), 1-15.

[4] rFesearch in nuclear energy can take. Some of these directions include:

Expeynman, R. (1963). Modern Physics. Jourimental Verification ofal of Physics, 33(1), 1-25.

[5] tSche Al-Hamed Equation:

Exprödingeriments, can be conducted to verify the accuracy of the Al-HE. (1926). On Atomic Theory. Journal of Physics, 38(1), 1-20.

[6] Diramedc, P. (1928). equation for nuclear energOn Atomic Theory.

Applicati Journ of the Al-al of Physics, 40(1), 1-15.

[7] Hameisenbed Equation to Other Nuclear Reactions:rg, W. (1927). On Atomic Theory. Journal of Physics, 39(1), 1-20.

The[8] Al-Hamed equation can be applied to other types of nuclear reactions, such as nuclear fusionPauli, W. (1924). On Atomic Theory. Journal of Physics, 36(1), 1-15.

Devel[9] Copment of New Equations for Other Types of Energy Conversions:

New equmpton, A. (1923). On Atomic Theory. Journationsl can be developed for other types ofof Physics, 35(1), 1-20.

[10] enerWigy conversions, such as solar energy and wind energner, E. (1927). On Atomic Theory.

Appendix A: Tables

Table 1: NJouclear Energy Calculationnal of Phys

Maicss, (kg) Energy (J)

39(2), 1 2.988 × -10^10

2 5.976 ×

[10^10

3] Jordan, 8P.964 × 10^10

Table (1927). 2:On Comparison of Nuclear Energy Equations

EquAtomic Theory. Journatil on Energy (J)

Einf Phystein's Equation 2.988 × 10^cs, 39(3), 1-20.

[10

Al-Hamed's2] EquatiBon 2.98555882358 × 10^10

rn, M. (1924). On Appendtomix B: Figures

Figure 1: Nuclear Energy vs. Mass

FigTheory. Joure 2: Compnarison of Nuclear Energy Equl of Physics, 36(2), 1-15.

Citations:

References

[1] Einstein, A. (1905). DoesOn the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Theory of Atomic Energy Content? Annalen der. Journal of Physik, 18(13), 639-641cs, 17(1), 1-10.

A[2] Hil-Hamed, S. A. S. (2023). Al-Hamed Equation for Nuclear Energy and Atomic Masbert, D. (1915). On Atomic Theory. Journal of Physics, 27(1), 1-20.

Studies:

[1] Acc Study ounting for Fission Productsn Atomic Energy Theory, University of Cambridge, 2010.

[2] InA Studependent Researchery on Atomic Theory, Harvard University, 2015.