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农村空间正变得越来越多功能，这需要一种空间方法，将景观的自然特征与推动其变化的社会经济和文化因素相结合。当地居民对当地景观的理解和评价应被视为管理和保护这些景观的重要基准。Rural Spaces are becoming increasingly multifunctional, which requires a spatial approach that combines the natural features of the landscape with the socio-economic and cultural factors that drive its change. The understanding and evaluation of local landscapes by local populations should be considered an important benchmark for the management and conservation of these landscapes.
- traditional villages
- rural landscape values
- PPGIS
- villagers’ perceptions
1. 引言Introduction
中国环境管理的技术官僚和排他性模式极大地限制了公众的参与The technocratic and exclusionary model of environmental management in China has substantially constrained public participation [1,2]。村民的核心需求和当地知识经常被忽视. Villagers’ core needs and local knowledge are often overlooked [3]。这一制度促进了中国快速的城市化和现代化进程，同时也对传统村落的文化景观造成了严重影响，对其文化遗产的可持续性提出了严峻挑战. This regime has contributed to China’s rapid urbanization and modernization, while simultaneously inflicting severe impacts on the cultural landscapes of traditional villages, posing grave challenges to the sustainability of their cultural heritage [4,5,6,7,8]。尽管自. Despite the national emphasis on the selection and protection of traditional villages since 2012年以来，国家强调传统村庄的选择和保护，表现出对文化遗产和法律支持的承诺，但地方政府在实践中继续促进乡村旅游作为发展和减贫的工具，忽视了城市化浪潮中村庄的边缘化和商业化趋势, demonstrating a commitment to cultural heritage and legal backing, local governments, in practice, continue to promote rural tourism as a tool for development and poverty alleviation, neglecting the trends of marginalization and commercialization of villages in the wave of urbanization [9,10，[,11]在此背景下，学者们强调了理解和识别景观价值的重要性. In this context, scholars have emphasized the importance of understanding and identifying landscape values [12]。当前农村地区的转型主要表现为人口、就业、经济、社会阶层和景观的根本重组. The current transformation in rural areas is predominantly characterized by fundamental reorganizations of demographics, employment, economy, social strata, and landscape [13]。乡村空间正变得越来越多功能，这需要一种空间方法，将景观的自然特征与推动其变化的社会经济和文化因素相结合. Rural space is becoming increasingly multifunctional, which requires a spatial approach to integrate the natural features of the landscape with the socio-economic and cultural factors that drive its changes [14]。针对农村地区的政策必须充分考虑农村生活的社会、经济和文化方面，这已成为国际共识. It has become an international consensus that policies targeting rural areas must take into full account the social, economic, and cultural aspects of rural life [15]。此外，景观作为文化的表达. Moreover, as an expression of culture [16]，增强了地方认同和文化价值, the narrative capacity of landscapes enhances local identity and cultural value [17]。因此，当地居民对当地景观的理解和评价应被视为管理和保护这些景观的重要基准。这不仅包括景观的娱乐价值，还包括对精神满足、教育意义和审美价值等更难以捉摸的方面的全面考虑. Hence, local residents’ understanding and valuation of local landscapes should be regarded as essential benchmarks for managing and protecting these landscapes. This encompasses not only the recreational value of the landscape but also a comprehensive consideration of more elusive aspects such as spiritual fulfillment, educational significance, and aesthetic value [18]。.
In recent years, the Chinese government has persistently highlighted the necessity for provinces to enhance the legal framework protecting traditional villages. It is pivotal to secure the discourse and participation rights of native villagers to ensure the continuation of vibrant rural cultures. In 2019, propelled by the Rural Revitalization Strategy, the General Office of the State Council disseminated “Guiding Opinions on Strengthening and Improving Rural Governance”. The document advocated for reinforcing cultural leadership in rural locales and tailored cultural activities extensively, necessitating that local plans align with the residents’ values and demands. This signifies a growing nexus between the policy-level development of traditional villages and public awareness. However, the quest for effective public engagement in any nation or society encounters multifaceted hurdles. In China, public engagement is predominantly a localized practice, and its theoretical exploration remains profoundly scarce. The notion of public participation is somewhat nebulous and lacks scientific precision among the masses and some policymakers. This manifests in traditional village surveys that are superficial and do not inform participatory planning proposals effectively, suggesting that governmental bodies may not be adequately responsive to grassroots initiatives, leading to skepticism about the validity of local knowledge and the efficacy of public engagement techniques. Thus, a scientific approach that can authentically and profoundly apprehend residents’ perspectives and thoroughly dissect the formation mechanisms of these opinions is urgently needed.
Accordingly, the primary objective of this study is to delve into the perception of landscape values by rural community members amidst the development and construction of traditional Chinese villages. Given the criticality of spatial information in identifying the priorities, conceptions, and preferences of locals [19], we employ Public Participation Geographic Information Systems (PPGIS) as a supplementary research tool. This approach is intended to transcend the constraints of traditional GIS, yielding more detailed data that correlates villagers’ perceptions with the tangible space, analyzing their subjective perspectives. Furthermore, this study applies regression analysis to discern the variability in landscape value assessments among different social demographic groups, thus revealing the individual’s role and impact within village development. The research aims not just to gather villagers’ cognitive evaluations of landscape values but also to examine the formation mechanisms of these evaluations, providing methods and quantifiable findings that offer substantial references for the participatory planning and design of rural landscapes. It also aims to bridge the research gap concerning the convergence and divergence between the development value orientation of traditional village residents and the government-directed development trajectory under the public participation research framework [20]. The results of this study are intended to provide references for policymakers in devising strategies for protection and development, advancing traditional villages toward sustainable social development.
2. Literature Review
二、乡村景观价值内涵的演变
2.1. Evolution of the Connotation of Rural Landscape Value
与城市或郊区景观不同，乡村景观通常被视为被自然和乡土建筑所包围的空间，其特征是自然环境、农业活动、定居模式和传统生活方式Unlike urban or suburban landscapes, rural landscapes are often perceived as spaces enveloped by nature and vernacular architecture, characterized by natural settings, agricultural activities, settlement patterns, and traditional lifestyles [21]。乡村景观的研究起源于二战后的西方. The study of rural landscapes originated in the West post-World War II [22]，重点关注生态相关领域，如可持续景观, with a focus on ecologically related fields such as sustainable landscapes [23,24,25]和生物多样性 and biodiversity [26,27,28,29]，同时也关注文化遗产, while also attending to cultural heritage [30]、景观评估, landscape assessment [31\31,32], and the exploration of valu201232]和景观变化价值的探索es in landscape change [33\u20123;3433,34]].近年来，乡村景观在旅游、文化遗产、生态等各个领域发挥着越来越重要的作用 In recent years, rural landscapes have been playing an increasingly important role in various fields such as tourism, cultural heritage, and ecology [35]。研究普遍发现，城市化、可达性和其他因素会影响景观价值的变化. Research commonly finds that urbanization, accessibility, and other factors influence the changing values of landscapes [36]，其中乡村景观受到自然环境和人类管理活动的影响, with rural landscapes being influenced by both natural environments and human management activities [37]。乡村景观的欣赏基础正在从传统的耕作和生产力向美学、环境和遗产品质转变. The appreciation basis of rural landscapes is shifting from traditional cultivation and productivity capacities toward aesthetics, environmental, and heritage qualities [38\,39]. Over time, studies on landscape value have gradu201239]。随着时间的流逝，对景观价值的研究逐渐从地质和生态方面过渡到为决策过程提供知识和创新技术ally transitioned from geological and ecological aspects to generating knowledge and innovative technologies for decision-making processes [40]。.
In 2017年，在新德里举行的第19届国际古迹遗址理事会（, the 19th International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS）会议通过了《乡村景观遗产指南》。这些指南强调了所有农村地区作为景观一部分的深刻文化意义) conference in New Delhi adopted the “Guidelines for Rural Landscapes as Heritage”. These guidelines underscore the profound cultural significance of all rural areas as part of the landscape [41,42]，标志着国际上对乡村景观价值重要性的共识。这改变了人们对乡村景观的看法和价值观, marking an international consensus on the importance of rural landscape values. This has changed perceptions and values toward rural landscapes [43]，随着这种重新认识的加深，乡村景观价值与现代社会生活的融合变得越来越明显。景观价值构成了基于个体与环境互动的景观的主观解释 and, as this reperception deepens, the integration of rural landscape values with modern societal living becomes increasingly pronounced. Landscape value constitutes a subjective interpretation of landscapes based on individuals’ interactions with the environment [44]，对审美偏好、幸福感、特征评估、旅行动机、规划和区域发展, crucial for aesthetic preferences, a sense of well-being, a characteristic assessment, travel motivations, planning, and regional development [45]至关重要。.
近年来，随着中国快速城市化和乡村振兴战略的推进，乡村景观发生了深刻的变化In recent years, with rapid urbanization and rural revitalization strategies in China, rural landscapes have been undergoing profound transformations [6,46,47]。然而，在研究中国乡村景观价值时，学者们往往更关注建筑遗产，而忽视了日常景观的价值，尤其是其有形和无形特征的意义. However, in the study of rural landscape values in China, scholars tend to focus more on built heritage while overlooking the value of everyday landscapes, especially the significance of their tangible and intangible characteristics [48]。.
3. 景观价值感知在乡村发展中的意义
2.2. The Significance of Landscape Value Perception in Rural Development
段氏提出Tuan proposed the concept of “地方意识”的概念来解释个体与地方的关系place consciousness” to interpret the relationship between individuals and places [49]。我们对风景的情感或审美评价不是一个孤立的心理过程. Our emotional or aesthetic evaluation of landscapes is not an isolated psychological process;相反，它与与我们与社会和物理环境的关系相关的其他相关情感和感知结构有着内在的联系 rather, it is intrinsically linked with other relevant emotional and perceptive structures associated with our relationships to the social and physical environment [50]。世界卫生组织指出，生活质量与个人的文化和价值体系、目标、期望、标准和关注点密切相关. The World Health Organization has indicated that the quality of life is closely related to the cultural and value systems, goals, expectations, standards, and concerns of individuals [51]。研究表明，忽视居民在空间中的日常操作经验的感知会影响空间特征的解构. Research has shown that overlooking the perception derived from residents’ daily operational experiences in space can affect the deconstruction of spatial characteristics [52]，而低估农村居民的观点、需求和期望会给乡村服务过程带来诸多挑战, and underestimating the perspectives, needs, and expectations of rural residents brings numerous challenges to the rural service process [53]。在中国乡村振兴战略的背景下，制定适合乡村发展的空间规划应该是一个融合地方知识的动态过程，因为熟悉特定区域的居民可以识别更多的景观价值和独特的位置。因此，将当地村民的认知纳入乡村空间规划是提高决策质量和增强公众参与的关键. In the context of China’s rural revitalization strategy, formulating spatial planning suitable for rural development should be a dynamic process integrating local knowledge, as residents familiar with a specific area can identify more landscape values and unique locations. Accordingly, incorporating the perception of local villagers in rural spatial planning is key to improving decision-making quality and enhancing public participation [54]。.
许多研究发现，个体和群体在景观感知方面存在显著差异Many studies have identified significant individual and group differences in landscape perception [55,56,57]，不同群体的偏好在很大程度上赋予了景观意义和价值, with the preferences of different groups largely endowing landscapes with meaning and value [58,59,60]。然而，中国缺乏对群体对乡村景观变化感知的研究. However, there is a paucity of research on groups’ perceptions of changes in rural landscapes in China [21]，在规划过程中对不同利益相关者意见的考虑有限 and limited consideration of different stakeholders’ opinions in planning processes [61]，虽然对乡村景观价值变化的研究往往集中在宏观层面，但较小尺度的研究相对稀缺, and while research on the changing values of rural landscapes often focuses on the macro level, studies at a smaller scale are relatively scarce [30,62]。.
4. PPGIS作为获取景观价值和偏好的方法
2.3. PPGIS as a Method to Obtain Landscape Values and Preferences
PPGIS在分析感知方面有两个重要作用。首先， have two important roles in analyzing perception. Firstly, as a tool for empowerment evaluation, PPGIS作为赋权评估的工具，赋能居民赋权。最初，地理信息系统（GIS）主要由精英专家组用于与土地利用和规划相关的空间分析和决策 enable resident empowerment. Initially, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) were primarily used by elitist groups of experts for spatial analysis and decision-making related to land use and planning [52]。然而，早在. However, as early as 1995年，, Sheppard [63]就提出 proposed that “GIS不仅应该是一种分析和解决问题的工具，而且应该是一个社会过程”。PPGIS旨在通过公众参与提高政府决策的透明度和影响力 should not only be a tool for analysis and problem-solving but also a social process”. PPGIS aim to enhance the transparency and impact of government decision-making through public participation [64]，识别关键空间信息，特别是在环境和自然资源规划领域, identifying critical spatial information, especially in the fields of environmental and natural resource planning [65]。它突破了传统制图学的专家壁垒，强调赋予社区和边缘化群体权力. It breaks through the expert barriers of traditional cartography, emphasizing the empowerment of communities and marginalized groups [66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73]，减少了公众获取信息和技术的不平等, reducing inequality in public access to information and technology [74]。其次，. Secondly, PPGIS克服了传统GIS的局限性，融合了当地知识和居民感知，提供了一种更具包容性和适应性更强的决策参与方法 overcome the limitations of traditional GIS by incorporating local knowledge and resident perception, offering a more inclusive and adaptable method of decision-making participation [75]，为公民社会参与决策提供了独特的方法, providing a unique approach for civil society to participate in decision-making [76]，并具有适应不同环境和群体的灵活性, with the flexibility to adapt to different environments and groups [77].此外，通过整合地方空间知识， Additionally, by integrating local spatial knowledge, PPGIS促进了社区在文化遗产的记录、解释、保护和管理方面的反思性实践 promote reflexive practice in communities regarding the documentation, interpretation, protection, and management of cultural heritage [78]，通过自然资源规划和决策中的景观价值映射来捕捉人与景观之间的复杂关系, capturing the complex relationship between people and landscapes through landscape value mapping in natural resource planning and decision-making [79]。.
然而，However, PPGIS研究在实践中也面临一些挑战。首先，尽管这种方法允许土地所有者在地图上标记和描述重要位置，但这种做法并未充分考虑地点意义与特定类型的地点依附或价值之间的空间联系 research also faces several challenges in practice. Firstly, although this method allows landowners to mark and describe important locations on maps, this practice does not sufficiently consider the spatial connection between place meaning and the specific types of place attachment or values [77]。其次，有效的空间评估应结合主观和客观方法. Secondly, effective spatial assessment should integrate both subjective and objective methods [80]，但大多数参与式测绘研究倾向于采用单一的方法设计, yet most participatory mapping studies tend to adopt a singular methodological design [81]，缺乏描述和指导其系统应用的组织框架 and lack an organizational framework to describe and guide their systematic application [59]。.
To summarize, set against the backdrop of profound changes in rural landscapes, this study aims to address gaps in research on landscape values and endeavors to construct a conceptual framework to deeply examine villagers’ cognition of the connotations of rural landscape values and their evolution [82,83,84]. A wealth of studies has illustrated that place attachment, a theory that characterizes the emotional bonds between individuals and specific geographic settings, plays a pivotal role in research related to landscape cognition and evaluation. Furthermore, psychologist Albert Bandura’s social cognitive theory suggests that individuals’ understanding and perception of the social world influence their behaviors and decision-making [85]. On this basis, to gain a more precise understanding of the deep mechanisms behind villagers’ assessments of rural landscape values, our study draws on place attachment and social cognitive theory. We introduce variables such as villagers’ development value orientations and the social attributes of groups, exploring their interrelationships to help identify the needs and preferences of various groups. Concurrently, our study’s conceptual framework aims to surpass the limitations inherent in collecting respondents’ viewpoints via PPGISmethod, by combining coding and statistical methods with both qualitative and quantitative research approaches. This not only links respondents’ landscape ratings with the deep value orientations expressed in their interview texts but also correlates respondents’ perceptual data with geographical information, fostering an in-depth understanding of the cognitive formation mechanisms of rural landscapes. Taking the village as the research unit, this study provides a detailed analysis of the shifts in landscape values at a granular level, offering more effective decision-making support for rural planning and management.
