1. Introduction

However, with such expansiort corridorsn, the environmental implications become more pronounced, often leading to detrimental impacts on our planet. The literature review covers various realization of these environmental concerns, combined with the urgency to address climate change, has given birth to the concept of green transport corridors [1].

The concept of green transportudies and models related to corridors has emerged as a pivotal paradigm in the realm of international trade and sustainable transportdevelopment. These corridors, early frameworks and conceptualizations, and policy are not merely redesigned pathways for the transit of goods; they represent a fundamental shift in the approach to the efficiency, environmental impact, and regulation. It looks at early ideas and frameworks for adding sustainability to transport planning. It discusses diffsilience of global supply chains. As the world gravitates towards more sustainable practices, the transportation sector, being one of the significant contributors to greenhouse gas emissions, is undergoing a green transformation. This transformation encompasses a broad spectrum of interventions, ranging from the incorporation of renewable energy sources and energy-efficient technologies to the adoption of eco-friendly logistics and operational practices.

However, thent methods used before to model and e nascent nature of green transport corridors brings forth a set of unique challenges. One of the primary hurdles is the evaluate coion of the effectiveness of such corridors. It talks about policie in achieving their intended environmental and economic objectives. Traditional metrics and regulations related to sustainability in models employed for assessing transport corridors may not fully capture the nuances of their green counterparts. Therefore, there is a pressing need for novel approaches to model and analyze green transport corridors. It mentions rec to facilitate their planning, implementation, and continuous improvement.

2. Literature on Sustainable Transport Corridors

Paper [2] thoroughly investigat research ones the hurdles in creating a decarbonized transport system, identifies sustainable infrastructure and green corridors. It also covers studies on social and economic impacts of corridorpractices to reduce greenhouse gases, and reviews cutting-edge research enhancing transport sustainability. Through a systematic literature review, it delves into the primary barriers to sustainable transportation across regulatory, technological, financial, organizational, and social aspects. The importance of using multippaper then explores new methods promoting sustainable transport modes is highlighted from other papers. The review also addresses modeling and assesand discusses key policy measures to encourage sustainable mobility. The insights offered are intended to aid managers and policymakers in comprehensively understanding and building sustainable transport systems.

Study [3] analyzesm the rent techniques, including the need for reliable data and robust models,lationship between sustainable transport infrastructure and economic returns through bibliometric and visualization analysis from 2000 to 2019. The results highlight key articles, journals, and authors contributing to sustainable transport infrastructure research and define sub-areas and the role of policy-driven remes within this field. The study observes the evolution of major topics over two decades and anticipates shifts in future research in shapingdirections. Conclusively, it provides insights that could guide further research on sustainable transport systems.

Book [4] emphasizes the significoance of corridors Some e concepts in economic development, highlighting their role in established models used in Europe are explaineding efficient and sustainable logistics systems. The discussion encompasses various types of corridors including development, economic, multimodal transport, transit, trade, logistics, core corridors, and ancillary networks. The need for focus of the book is particularly on the concept of multimodal transport corridors.

3. Early Frameworks and Conceptualizations

The genewsis flexible modelof sustainable transport corridor discussions can be traced back to works like [5,6], who laid the E-Ngroundwork by intet method proposed in this paper is shown based on limitgrating the principles of sustainable development into transport planning. These pioneering studies were instrumental in introducing sustainability considerations of currentinto the discourse on transport infrastructure.

Paper m[7] providels.

Arthodoiclogye [8] for modeling sustainableeviews various studies on the development of transport corridors using Evaluation Petri nets (E-Netnetworks, advocating for a unified methodology in designing multimodal transport networks (MTNs). It first iintroduces the concept of green transport corridors as multimodal netwo a set-theoretic model that outlines strategies for altering the structure and capacity of MTN components. This model serves as the mathematical foundation for the proposed methodology of MTN design and its subsequent evolution.

Paperks [9] introdesigned for sustainability.

Article [10] presents ang, analysis, prediction and decision support across strategic, tactical andmodeling, and performance assessment of supply chains utilizing long-distance intercontinental intermodal rail/road and sea-shipping freight transport corridors. The study establishes a methodology to evaluate the operational levels.

The environ and integration factors.

4. Modeling and Assessment Techniques

With the emergendce of dynamic aspects of transport corsustainability as a critical objective, researchers began to focus on quantitative models. Notable contributions include the work of McKinnon [12], who intrioducedors. It provides a ste a framework for measuring the carbon footprint of logistics activities, and Piecyk and McKinnon [13], who p-by-strovidepd methodology for constructing an E-Neies for assessing the environmental impact of transport corridors. These studies underscored the need for reliable data and robust model incorporing techniques in the appraisal of transport corridors.

Study [14] investigaties the long sustainability KPIs as transitions and positions within the net structure.

The model usins for quantifying time delays at eachg fuzzy logic for evaluating urban transport sustainability, addressing key dimensions like economic, social, environmental sustainability, and transition are portation system effectiveness, is introduced in article [15]. The model, validated againscribed, capturing real-world factors influencing corridot traditional methods, identifies transport sustainability indicators from the literature and calculates a transport sustainability index, pinpointing areas for improvement.

Survey [16] reffviciency. The methodology's flexiews the growing research of models and algorithms for optimizing shared mobility, customiza. It categorizes shared mobility and iterative refinement process are highlighte into ride-sharing and combined parcel–people transportation, exploring various optimization approaches. The paper differentiates between prearranged and real-time solutions, offering an overview of practical applications and suggesting future research directions in this evolving field.

Article [18] explore sustainability factors is explaineds the use of the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model to analyze international transport corridors, with a particular focus on adapting to changes in the Arctic transport environment due to polar ice melting.

The study pconstroposes a structured taxonomy categorizing sustainability into seven domains: Environmental, Economic, Social, Technical and Operational Sustainability, Governance and Policy, Measurement Monitoring and Evaluucts models for the Northern Sea Route, the Trans-Siberian Railway, the Southern Sea Route (Suez Canal corridor), and the Northwest Passage, examining various natural, organizational, technological, and economic factors influencing these corridors. Key variables, such as GDP, the number of ships, icebreaker counts, tariffs, ice coverage, and cargo volumes, are incorporated as exogenous factors impacting the volume of transit traffic, the model’s endogenous variable. The methodology includes flux balance analysis, autocorrelation, and Intemulticollinearity analysis of these variables.

The key challenges and pration and Systemic Approspective projects in developing the logistics system of the New Silk Road are examined in paper [19]. It exploacres th. This taxonomy serves as a blueprint for identifying, categorizing, and prioritizing sustainable practices within corridors, aiding poe structure and global transport and logistics services market and the existing and potential networks of transport and logistics centers within the international transport corridors. The paper presents a technological model for the operation of railway terminals and introduces principles for modeling interactions among international transport corridor stakeholders. These include formalized models for the functioning of carriers, logistics centers, and their combined operations.

5. Policy and Regulation

Policymak-drivers,n researchers, and pra has been pivotal in shaping sustainable transport corridors. Studies such as those by Santos et al. [20] have scrutitioners in developing tinized the efficacy of policy instruments in promoting sustainable transport.

Paper p[21] evaluates thways that aree Belt and Road Initiative’s capacity to achieve sustained economically viable, , social, and environmentally sound, and socially responsible​​l gains through transport corridors. It draws lessons from historical corridor development and analyzes effective sustainable policy interventions.

The to an European Bank for Reconstruction and Development study [22], supported by the EU, ainmed ternationalo enhance sustainable transport corridorlinks between Central Asia and Europe. Ththe EU, focusing on environmentally, socially, economically, and politically sustainable corridor route is mapped out across multiple countries. The paper includes a case study that applies the proposed methodology to an is. The study was part of the EU’s Global Gateway Strategy and sought to establish a sustainable network, promoting regional economic integration and development in line with the EU’s strategy for the region. It identified the most viable routes and actions for development, including the Central Trans-Caspian Network as a key sustainable option, which could provide significant economic benefits by improving connectivity among Central Asian states and with Europe.

The TRIMODE integrnationalated model, a comprehensive tool for assessing major transport corridor, specifinfrastructure projects and policies in Europe, is described in [23]. TRIMODE combines transport, ecally focusing on a national section in Kazakhstan.

The mpapethodology for transforming a simple E-Net into a more r particularly highlights the passenger modeling aspect within the EU-wide scale model, using PTV Visum software (https://www.ptvgroup.com/en/, accessed omplex mon 15 December 2023) and Python (https://www.python.org/, accessed on 15 Del integrating sustainabilicember 2023) scripts for tasks beyond standard software functionalities.

Study f[24] evaluates the impact ors is demonstrated. Additf logistics policies and infrastructure development on cross-border transport in Central Asia (CA), which is crucial for landlocked CA countries. Under the CA Regional transitions and positions are introduced reflecting KPIs across environmental, social, economic and technical dimensions.

6. Sustainable Infrastructure and Green Corridors

Thed to model time delays atconcept of “green corridors”, representing transport pathways optimized for minimal environmental impact, has gained traction.

Paper E-N[25] conducts a revietw of transitions are provided, capturing real-world dynamics like congestion, processing times, and sustainability impacts.

The conceptai of “green infrastructure” is explored to each section.

Paper [27] addresses the pressive KPI analysis, and flexibility.

The findevelopment of tings offer valuable guidance for urban planning focused on sustainable, green transportation solutions.

The Pmetri net modelhodology for monitoring freight corridor performance, designed for sustainable traility assessments and initiated by the EU-funded SuperGreen project, is introduced in paper [28]. The methodology entailsport co the periodic monitoring of transport chains along the corridor involves several key steps: networkusing Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), involving the decomposition, sustainability taxonomy, Petri net construction, parameterization, simulation, analysis, improvement, validation, of the corridor into chains, selection of typical chains, assessment through KPIs, and aggregation to corridor-level indicators with appropriate weights. A key aspect is the selection of sample chains and weight calculation, which combines transport model usage for initial sample construction and weight calculation with stakeholder refinement, and adaptation. This methodology int. The methodology’s effectiveness was tested on the GreCOR project using the Danish National Traffic Model, showing promising results for freight corridor performance assessment and suggesting possible improvements.

7. Socio-Economic Dimensions

Recogratesnizing that sustainability factors intranscends environmental concerns, recent scholarship has adopted a more holistic perspective. Litman [29] extended the dialo the tgue to encompass the social and economic dimensions of sustainable transport corridor modeling, allows, advocating for the quantificationequity and access as integral components of sustainability KPIassessments.

Study [30] presents a global overviewithin a dynamic simul of green logistics practices at various management levels and the inherent challenges of their implementation model. It enables the identificin emerging markets. It begins by clarifying the terminology and describing its scope and characteristics, and it continues with an analysis of the impact of green logistics on the creation of ineconomic and social value.

Empirical study [31] investigates the impact officiencies and bottlenecks, testing various scenarios for improvements, and offers a flexible framework that can be customized for different international transport corridors on regional economic development. It establishes a statistical relationship between the development indicators of these corridors and the economic growth of the regions they traverse. Using multidimensional regression analysis, the study identifies key economic factors influencing corridor development and how various corridor indicators affect regional economies. The findings reveal a significant interdependence between regional socio-economic development and transport corridor infrastructure, highlighting the need for careful consideration in investment and transport policy planning to foster economic growth and bilateral development.

8. Multimodal Integration

The intransport egration of multiple modes of transport within corridors​​.

The multi-cridteria evaluation ors, highlighting its contribuf rail/road intermodal freight corridors as competitive transport alternatives is discussed in [33]. It ions in comprehensive understanding, predictive insights, decntroduces a methodology comprising analytical models to estimate various performance indicators (physical/spatial, infrastructural, technical, operational, economic, social, and environmental) and a Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) method to rank and identify preferred options among competing freight transport corridors. Applied to two Trans-European intermodal rail/road freight corridors, the methodology proves useful not only for researchers but also for decision support, stakeholder engagement, adaptive management, integration makers like freight shippers/receivers, transport and terminal operators, infrastructure providers, and policymakers. It assists in allocating limited investments effectively across local, regional, national, and international infrastructures.

9. Tools Used in the European Union for Modeling of International Transport Corridors

Mofdeling and multi-disciplinary data, and future preparednesssimulation play a vital role in transport planning and infrastructure development across Europe [34]. TheseA aspects underline the significance of modeling in transformingvariety of quantitative modeling approaches are utilized for forecasting travel demand, assessing economic impacts, and evaluating transport projects for major European transport corridors.

Four-step models remain to be sustainable and he most widely adopted approach for travel demand modeling [35,36]. There is a widaptable te spectrum of reviews on traffic simulation tools in the literature (e.g., [37,38]). Some future challenges​​examples of the mostly used micro- and macrosimulation tools introduced in these reviews are CUBE Dynasim [39], Paramics [40], EMME [41], SimTraffic [42], AIMSUN [43], VISSIM [44], and MatSIM [45].

These papemodels provide granular analyzes how the E-Net model can be useful fsis of user flows on transport networks, enabling infrastructure planning and investment decisions. More advanced dynamic traffic assignment versions account for congestion and transit schedules when assigning routes.

For lwider econogistics managers mic assessments, computable general equilibrium (CGE) models like GTAP [46] and GEM-E3 [47] are oftoen used. They make decisions and identify improvements. It also discusses how tcapture economy-wide supply chains, trade links, market interactions, and the impact of transport on competitiveness across sectors. However, they lack the sectoral detail offered by partial equilibrium models focused specifically on transport.

There are model contributes new ideas for modeling tran a lot of actual modeling applications used in the European Union for simulating international transport corridors ; here are some of the key tools and software applications:

• TRANS-TOOLS (Transport Network Analysis Tools) [48] is a comprehensive transport model developed for the analysis of European transport policies. It covers all modes of transport and is widely used for policy assessment and transport network analysis in the EU.
• The NEAC (Network of European–African Corridors) Model [49] is specifically designed for simulating and analyzing the transport corridors that connect Europe and Africa, focusing on trade and transport efficiency.
• ETISplus (European Transport Policy Information System) [50] provides an integrated database and modeling framework for transport policy analysis in Europe. It includes tools for forecasting and evaluating transport demand, modal splits, and infrastructure impacts.
• REVENUE (REVENue Use from Transport Pricing in Europe) [51] is a specialized tool used for assessing the revenue implications and economic effects of transport pricing policies across European corridors.
• ASTRA (Assessment of Transport Strategies) [52] is a model used for long-term policy assessment in European transport corridors. It integrates economic, social, and environmental aspects and is suitable for analyzing the impacts of various transport strategies.
• TRUST (Transport Research for Environmental Sustainable Transport) [53]: This model is used to assess the environmental sustainability of transport corridors, focusing on aspects like emissions, energy use, and ecological impact.

Unlike standard models which require detailed inputsing consistent with EU Corridors methodology and TSI, Petri nets. Some future research directions are suggested to make can begin with a high-level representation and incrementally incorporate details as they become available. This iterative and flexible modeling process is essential for the initial planning and design stages of new corridor development.

In the mpursuit odels even better, like adding real-time data and optimizationf environmentally sustainable solutions for transport logistics, the concept of green transport corridors has emerged as a critical focal point. These corridors aim to enhance the efficiency and sustainability of transport operations by leveraging multimodal systems and innovative logistics solutions.

While there ions of using E-Nets for modeling. It highlights the innovative parts of the methodology proposed. It ems a considerable body of literature that delves into individual aspects of green transport corridors, such as emission reduction techniques, energy efficiency, and policy frameworks, there is a noticeable absence of comprehensive models capable of capturing the complex, multifaceted nature of sustainability. Existing studies often address singular aspects of green corridors, such as the environmental impact, without integrating the economic and social dimensions that are equally pivotal to comprehensive sustainability assessments.

This phaper asizes how theddresses the existing gap by introducing a model can be applibased on Petri nets—a mathematical modeling tool used to real-world tdescribe and analyze the flow of resources in discrete event systems.

The use of Petrai nsport planning and infrastructure decisionsets for modeling international transport corridors with a sustainability focus offers a comprehensive, intuitive, and adaptable framework that provides a clear advantage over traditional transport models.

The lapproach inks between the E-Net tool, suss particularly well-suited to address the multifaceted challenges of modern transport systems, ensuring that sustainability concepts, and the modeling msiderations are central to the analysis and decision-making processes:

• Petri nets allow for a granular level of modeling that captures both the static and dynamic aspects of transport corridors. Unlike traditional models that may focus on steady-state analysis, Petri nets can model the system in a state of flux, which is critical for capturing the real-life operations of transport corridors that are inherently dynamic.
• The proposed Petri net model integrates sustainability indicators directly into the structure of the model. This is a significant departure from other models that might consider sustainability as an afterthought or a secondary layer of analysis. By embedding indicators like carbon emissions, energy consumption, and socio-economic impacts into the core of the model, the Petri net approach ensures that sustainability is a primary focus rather than a peripheral concern.
• Petri nets provide a visual representation of complex systems, which is not always the case with algebraic or computational models. This visual framework is not only intuitive, allowing stakeholders to understand and engage with the model more effectively, but it also helps in identifying inefficiencies and potential improvements in the transport corridor.
• International transport corridors are inherently multimodal, involving roads, rail, ports, and more. Petri nets excel at modeling such multimodal systems, capturing the interactions and interdependencies between different modes of transportation. This contrasts with other models that might be tailored to specific transportation modes and less capable of handling the complexities of multimodal systems.
• The Petri net methodology is highly scalable and flexible. It can be adapted to corridors of different sizes and complexities with relative ease. Other models may require significant adjustments or may not scale well, leading to a loss of accuracy or increased complexity in the model.
• Petri nets can incorporate both stochastic (random) and deterministic elements. This dual capability allows the model to reflect the unpredictable nature of real-world transport corridors more accurately, where delays and other random events can have significant impacts.
• The methodology can simulate the impact of different operational strategies and policies, enabling policymakers to evaluate the potential effects of their decisions before implementation. This proactive approach can lead to more informed and effective policies for sustainable transport.
• Petri nets can be designed to factor in various compliance measures and interoperability standards, which are essential for international transport corridors spanning multiple countries with different regulations. This built-in compliance ensures that the model remains relevant and applicable across different legal and operational environments.

Petri nethodologys are connected. How they work together to understand and improve sustainable trparticularly well-suited for this purpose due to their graphical nature and ability to model concurrent processes. By extending Petri nets with sustainability indicators, it becomes possible to simulate and evaluate the performance of green transport corridors is analyzed.

10. Concept of Green Transport Corridors

Green transport corridors modeling using Petri nets, focusing on a comprehensive taxonomy of can be defined as multimodal transport networks designed with a focus on sustainability and the development of a Sustainable Infrastructure Rating. This approach is vital for. They aim to minimize the environmental impact of transport activities by incorporating advanced technologies, renewable energy, and eco-friendly practices. These corridors are not just physical pathways but are also embedded with intelligent systems for efficient and sustainable logistics and operations.

The multhe transition towardsifaceted nature of sustainability within the context of international transport corridors that are not only economically robust but also environmentally consciousnecessitates a nuanced and comprehensive understanding of the various aspects that contribute to their long-term viability and responsibility. As these corridors become increasingly crucial in facilitating global trade, there is a growing recognition of the need to balance economic efficiency with environmental stewardship and socially responsible well-being. This balance is essential not only to preserve our planet but also to ensure equitable benefits for all stakeholders involved.

The review of the exisults and discussion emphasize the importance of holistic and integrativeting literature on green transport corridors underscores a research gap in comprehensive and quantitative modeling approaches for sustainability analysis. While the literature covers conceptual principles and qualitative discussions, there is a lack of mathematical modeling in achievings that integrate the multidimensional aspects of sustainable tranility within a single framework.

This port corridors, aligning with globalrovides the motivation for the novel E-Net model developed which aims to address this gap through a quantitative, visually executable modeling platform. The model encapsulates the breadth of sustainability goalfactors discussed in the literature within a cohesive Petri net-based structure suited for dynamic simulation and analysis.

11. Modeling as a Tool for a Holistic Approach to Sustainable Transport Corridors Development

• Network decomposition. The first step is to break down the transport corridor into constituent components. This includes identifying the main nodes (e.g., ports, warehouses, and terminals) as well as the links connecting them (e.g., rail lines, highways, and shipping routes).
• Sustainability taxonomy. Based on the taxonomy of sustainability indicators presented earlier, the key performance metrics to be incorporated into the model across environmental, social, economic, and operational dimensions are determined.
• E-Net construction:
  • Nodes are represented as sets of places and transitions encapsulating the activities and resources at each node.
  • Links are modeled as sequences of places and transitions capturing the flow of goods/vehicles and logistical activities.
  • Sustainability KPIs are integrated through additional places and transitions that represent metrics like emissions, energy efficiency, community impact, etc.
• Parameterization. The E-Net components are parameterized by assigning time delays to transitions and tokens to places to quantitatively represent the dynamics of flows, processing times, and sustainability factors.
• Simulation. The parameterized E-Net model is simulated using software tools to analyze the behavior under different conditions and parameter values.
• Analysis. The simulation results are used to identify bottlenecks, resource utilization, delays, and other inefficiencies as well as quantify sustainability metrics.
• Improvement. The insights from the model are used to formulate strategies to improve the efficiency and sustainability of the corridor, e.g., infrastructure changes, operational policies, and resource allocation.
• Validation. The model is validated by comparing its performance predictions to actual observed data from the real corridor to test its accuracy.
• Refinement. Based on validation results, the E-Net structure and parameters are refined iteratively to enhance the precision of its representation of the transport corridor.
• Adaptation. The E-Net model provides a flexible template that can be adapted to different sections of the corridor or modified for other corridors.

12. Petri Net-Based Models for International Transport Corridors