Tree Trunk Injection: Comparison
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传统的农药喷洒会造成明显的漂移损失，农药的残留也会影响环境中的非目标生物。树木注射技术是一种精确和有针对性的农药输送方法，用于预防和治疗树木和果树害虫侵扰。它利用树木的木质部将注入的杀虫剂输送到整个植物中，减少在开放环境中的杀虫剂暴露。Traditional spraying of pesticides causes significant drift losses, and the residues of pesticides can also affect non-targeted organisms in the environment. Tree injection technology is a precise and targeted pesticide delivery method used in the prevention and treatment of tree and fruit tree pest infestations. It uses the tree’s xylem to transport the injected pesticides throughout the entire plant, reducing pesticide exposure in an open environment.

  • crop protection
  • tree trunk injection
  • pesticide application

1. 引言Introduction

树干注射技术是一种用于预防和治疗树木疾病的化学应用技术[1]，它允许在树内施用杀虫剂[2]。在传统的果园和森林中，杀虫剂和杀菌剂通常通过叶面喷洒或灌溉等方法施用[3]。尽管这些方法可有效杀死害虫，但它们通常会产生负面影响，例如环境污染、人类暴露以及被其他生物意外摄入的风险[4]。树干注射技术可以将农药直接注射到目标树木中，减少人类接触农药和意外扩散到预期目标之外的风险[5]。因此，对于其他农药施用技术不可行的人口稠密地区，它可能是一个合适的选择[6]。The tree trunk injection technique is a chemical application technology used to prevent and treat tree diseases [1] which allows pesticides to be administered inside the tree [2]. In traditional orchards and forests, insecticides and fungicides are often applied through methods such as foliar spraying or irrigation [3]. Although these methods are effective at killing pests, they often produce negative effects such as environmental pollution, human exposure, and the risk of accidental ingestion by other organisms [4]. The tree trunk injection technique can inject pesticides directly into target trees, reducing human exposure to the pesticides and the risk of unintended diffusion beyond the intended targets [5]. Therefore, it can be a suitable option for densely populated areas where other pesticide application techniques are not feasible [6].
叶面喷洒技术是最常见的害虫防治方法，但由于喷雾漂移造成的损失，其效率较低[7,8,9]。对于树冠大、叶子茂密的树木，喷洒是具有挑战性的[10]。此外，一些容易沉积在体内的农药被限制或禁止使用。土壤淋水是叶面喷洒的替代方法，叶面喷洒在树木周围的土壤上施用杀虫剂，使根部吸收杀虫剂以防治害虫[11]。虽然只有一小部分农药的有效成分被吸收到树木中，但残留部分会长时间留在土壤中，并会造成持续的环境影响[12]。Foliar spraying technology is the most common method of pest control, but its efficiency is low due to losses caused by spray drift [7][8][9]. For trees with a large crown and dense foliage, spraying is challenging [10]. In addition, some pesticides that are easily deposited in the body are restricted or banned from use. Soil drenching is an alternative to foliar spraying, which applies pesticides to the soil around the tree, allowing the roots to absorb the pesticides for pest control [11]. Although only a small portion of the effective component of the pesticide is absorbed into the tree, the residual portion remains in the soil for a long time and can cause continuous environmental impacts [12].
将杀虫剂注射到树干中的技术允许直接输送到其内部结构，而不会产生任何不利的环境影响[9]。这种方法允许使用多种可以注射和吸收的药物，以最小的植物毒性获得最佳治疗效果。由于通过树干注射施用的杀虫剂在内部循环，因此它们具有长期抵抗威胁树木健康的寄生生物侵扰的能力[13]。与替代处理方法相比，树干注射在较长时间内提供更好的保护，从而减少了农药的给药频率[9]。The technique of injecting pesticides into the trunk of a tree allows for direct delivery to its internal structure without creating any adverse environmental effects [9]. This approach permits the use of a wide range of agents that can be injected and absorbed to attain optimal therapeutic effect with the least amount of phytotoxicity. As the pesticides administered through tree trunk injection circulate internally, they endow long-term resistance against infestations by parasitic organisms that threaten the tree’s health [13]. In comparison to alternative treatment methods, the practice of tree trunk injection affords greater protection over a prolonged duration, thus reducing the frequency of pesticides administration [9].

2. 树干注入的机理

Mechanism of Tree Trunk Injection

2.1. 工厂内的运输

植物从环境中吸收二氧化碳、水和无机养分，需要将其输送到所需的部位进行利用。陆生植物地下和地上部分在养分吸收方面存在明显的分工：根系从土壤溶液中获取水分和无机养分，其中大部分被输送到地上部分，以满足茎、叶、花和果实的需要。在高大的树木中，运输距离可以达到数百米。非光合器官，如根、茎、花、果实等，从光合器官（主要是叶片）获取有机物质[14]。此外，各种植物器官也通过激素的传递相互影响。在局部施用时，人工合成的农药（杀虫剂、除草剂等）和生长调节剂的内部吸收可以扩散到整个植物体内，也可以通过运输系统实现[15]。 植物体内的导电组织主要由木质部和韧皮部组成，如图

Transportation within Plants

Plants absorb carbon dioxide, water, and inorganic nutrients from the environment, which need to be transported to the required parts for utilization. There is evident division of labor in nutrient absorption between the underground and aboveground parts of terrestrial plants: the root system obtains water and inorganic nutrients from the soil solution, most of which is transported to the aboveground parts for the needs of stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits. In tall trees, the transport distance can reach hundreds of meters. Non-photosynthetic organs such as roots, stems, flowers, fruits, etc., obtain organic substances from photosynthetic organs, primarily the leaves [14]. In addition, various plant organs also influence each other through the transmission of hormones. Upon localized application, artificially synthesized internal absorption of pesticides (insecticides, herbicides, etc.) and growth regulators can spread throughout the plant body, also achieved through the transport system [15].
The conducting tissues within the plant body primarily consist of xylem and phloem, as depicted in Figure 1所示。木质部位于木材中，由许多死细胞组成，这些死细胞由木质部血管连接[16]。这些容器具有穿孔的端壁，形成空心管道，其功能是从根部吸收的水和无机盐输送到植物的各个部分[17]。此外，木质部器皿的排列也会影响木材的基本结构和功能特性。另一方面，韧皮部是负责在植物树皮内运输有机物质的组织[18]。它由一系列相互连接的管状活细胞组成。许多小孔，称为. Xylem, located in the wood, is composed of numerous dead cells connected by xylem vessels [16]. These vessels possess perforated end walls, forming hollow conduits whose function is to transport water and inorganic salts absorbed from the roots to various parts of the plant [17]. Additionally, the arrangement of xylem vessels also influences the fundamental structure and functional properties of the wood. Phloem, on the other hand, is the tissue responsible for transporting organic substances within the plant’s bark [18]. It is composed of a series of interconnected tubular living cells. Numerous small pores, known as “筛孔sieve pores”，存在于相邻细胞之间的横壁上，允许原生质的交换和同化物运输途径的形成。研究表明，通过木质部中薄壁细胞的主动运输和通过细胞壁的扩散，逐渐向心材的内部区域扩散，促进了矿物的横向移动。 , are present on the cross-walls between adjacent cells, allowing for the exchange of protoplasm and the formation of a pathway for the transport of assimilates. Research has indicated that the lateral movement of minerals is facilitated through both active transport by thin-walled cells in the xylem and diffusion through cell walls, gradually spreading toward the inner regions of the heartwood.
图Figure 1.木本植物解剖结构的横截面和纵向图。 Cross-sectional and longitudinal diagrams of woody plants’ anatomy.

2.2. Theory 蒸腾-内聚-张力理论

蒸腾

of Transpiration-Cohesion-Tension

The theory of transpiration-内聚cohesion-张力理论是植物生理学领域的一个重要概念，阐明了植物内部水分运输的机制[19]。这一理论是由爱尔兰科学家tension is a significant concept in the field of plant physiology, elucidating the mechanism of water transport within plants [19]. This theory was introduced by the Irish scientist H.H. Dixon in 在 19 世纪后期提出的。通过实验研究，迪克森发现植物内的水是通过蒸腾作用、内聚力和张力的相互作用来运输的。 蒸腾作用是指水蒸气从植物中蒸发并进入空气的过程。植物内部的水分子从叶片表面蒸发后，形成一条水分子链，向下延伸到植物的根部，从而形成水的运输途径[20,21]。这种途径的形成是凝聚力和张力相互作用的结果。 内聚力是指水分子之间的相互吸引，使它们能够形成连续的链状结构。另一方面，张力是指作用在水分子链末端的拉力。这种张力的产生是因为水分子链的末端暴露在空气中，而空气中的水分子相对较稀疏。结果，水分子链受到拉力。这种拉力使水分子链向上延伸，最终形成从根部到叶片的输水途径[19 the late 19th century. Through experimental research, Dixon discovered that water within the plant is transported through the interplay of transpiration, cohesion, and tension.
Transpiration refers to the process in which water vapor evaporates from the plant and enters the air. After water molecules inside the plant evaporate from the surface of the leaves, they form a chain of water molecules that extends downward into the plant’s roots, thus forming a pathway for water transport [20][21]. The formation of this pathway is the result of the interaction between cohesion and tension.
Cohesion refers to the mutual attraction between water molecules, enabling them to form a continuous chain-like structure. Tension, on the other hand, refers to the pulling force acting on the end of the water molecule chain. This tension arises because the end of the water molecule chain is exposed to air, where water molecules are comparatively sparse. As a result, the water molecule chain experiences a pulling force. This pulling force causes the water molecule chain to extend upwards, ultimately forming a water transport pathway from the roots to the leaves [19][22][23][24].
Understanding the intricacies of water molecule movement can aid in comprehending the absorption and transport mechanisms of pharmaceuticals injected into tree trunks [25]. As the pesticides traverse, they distribute themselves throughout various compartments of the tree. Depending on the specific objective, pesticides can exert their effect on tree leaves, branches, bark, or roots, among other regions. For instance, pesticides used for disease and pest control can form a protective layer on the leaves,22 thwarting insect invasions. Similarly,23,24]。 了解水分子运动的复杂性有助于理解注射到树干中的药物的吸收和运输机制[25]。当杀虫剂穿过时，它们会分布在树的各个隔间中。根据具体目标，杀虫剂可以对树叶、树枝、树皮或根部等区域产生影响。例如，用于病虫害防治的杀虫剂可以在叶子上形成保护层，阻止昆虫入侵。同样，提供营养的药物可以通过树木的根系吸收，为植物提供必要的营养。 nutrient-supplying pharmaceuticals can be absorbed through the tree’s root system, providing the necessary nourishment for the plants.

2.3. 应力流假设

压力

Hypothesis of Stress Flow

The Pressure-流动假说，也称为驱动膜理论，是一种描述植物脉管系统中有机物质易位的理论[26]。该理论最初由德国植物学家Flow Hypothesis, also known as the Driven Membrane Theory, is a theory that describes the translocation of organic substances in plant vasculature [26]. This theory was originally proposed by German botanist E. Münch, and it explains that the flow of organic matter in plants is driven by the pressure gradient generated by the plant itself, and that this flow occurs through the vasculature [27].
According to the theory of hydraulic conductivity, plants absorb water and nutrients from underground and convert them into organic matter, which then moves into the vascular bundle through intercellular spaces. The movement of these substances 提出，它解释了植物中有机物的流动是由植物本身产生的压力梯度驱动的，并且这种流动是通过脉管系统发生的[27]。 根据水力传导理论，植物从地下吸收水分和养分，并将其转化为有机物，然后通过细胞间隙进入维管束。这些物质的运动受植物内两种压力的调节：根部产生的根系压力和地上叶片蒸腾作用产生的蒸气压[28,29]。叶子中的蒸腾作用导致大量的水分流失，在叶子和空气之间形成负压区。这个负压区域驱动细胞内的水向叶片移动，导致维管束中的水向上运输，同时运输有机物。在植物的根部，水和溶解的无机盐进入植物，根部压力促进了它们的向上运输。 is regulated by two pressures within the plant: root pressure generated at the root and vapor pressure created by transpiration in the aboveground leaves [28][29]. Transpiration in leaves leads to significant water loss, creating a negative pressure region between the leaves and the air. This negative pressure region drives the movement of water within cells towards the leaves, resulting in upward transport of water in the vascular bundle and simultaneous transport of organic matter. In the roots of the plant, water and dissolved inorganic salts enter the plant, and root pressure facilitates their upward transport.

3. 树干注入的发展历程

通过切割或刺穿将杀虫剂引入植物的做法由来已久。自

The Development Process of Tree Trunk Injection

The practice of introducing pesticides into plants through cutting or puncturing has a long history. Since the 12世纪以来，阿拉伯园艺家一直在植物伤口上涂抹染料和香料，以影响花朵和水果的颜色和气味[30]。在th century, Arabian horticulturalists have been applying dyes and fragrances onto plant wounds to influence the color and scent of flowers and fruits [30]. In the 15世纪，列奥纳多·达·芬奇（th century, Leonardo da Vinci）将含有砷的有毒溶液注入树干中，使苹果有毒[30]。 injected poisonous solutions containing arsenic into tree trunks, rendering the apples toxic [30]. In 1853年，, Hartig通过将含有硫酸亚铁和氯化铁的溶液注射到树木的树干中来治疗树木无机化合物缺乏的症状[30]。 treated symptoms of inorganic compounds deficiency in trees by injecting solutions containing ferrous sulfate and ferric chloride into their trunks [30]. In 1894年，美国植物学家伊万·谢维雷斯（, American botanist Ivan Shevyrez）开始尝试用树干注射剂来控制害虫[31]。自 began experimenting with tree trunk injections for pest control [31]. Since the 20th 世纪以来，植物学、植物生理学、农业和林业领域取得了重大进展。在1940年代，通过树干注射苯甲酸丙环唑溶液发现了荷兰榆树病（century, significant advancements have been made in the fields of botany, plant physiology, agriculture, and forestry. In the 1940s, effective treatment for Dutch elm disease (Ophiostoma Ulmi Biusman）的有效治疗方法[6,3) was discovered through tree trunk injections of propiconazole benzoate solution [6][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40]. In 2,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40]。2004年，04, Calzarano的实验证明，与未注射氰丙康唑的葡萄相比，接受树干注射氰康唑的葡萄树营养状况更好，产量更高，死亡率更低，证明了通过树干注射杀菌剂对根腐病的有益作用[41]。在树干中注射杀虫剂或抗生素已被证明是治疗各种树木病害和防止有害害虫入侵的有效方法[6,42,43,44,45]。o’s experiment proved that grapevines receiving trunk injection of Cyproconazole were in better nutritional condition and had higher yield and lower mortality rate than those without such injections, demonstrating the beneficial effect of fungicide injection through the trunk on root rot [41]. Injecting pesticides or antibiotics into a tree trunk has proven to be an efficient method for treating diverse tree diseases and preventing the invasion of harmful pests [6][42][43][44][45]. In 2013年，, Akinsanmi的实验表明，在秋季和春季洗根期间半年施用亚磷酸盐可有效控制澳大利亚澳洲坚果树的树木衰退[46]。’s experiments showed that biannual application of phosphite during autumn and spring root wash periods effectively controlled tree decline in Australian macadamia trees [46]. In 2018年，, Dalakuuras发现了RNA干扰在作物保护方面的潜力，利用树干注射发夹RNA（hpRNA）和小干扰RNA（siRNA）有效地吸收和运输RNA分子，使其在整个木质部和韧皮部组织中有效吸收和运输RNA分子，触发RNAi以消除咀嚼木材或以树液为食的害虫[47]。 ouras discovered the potential of RNA interference for crop protection, utilizing tree trunk injections of hairpin RNAs (hpRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to efficiently absorb and transport RNA molecules throughout the xylem and phloem tissues, triggering RNAi to eliminate pests that chew on the wood or feed on the sap [47].

4. 躯干注射的优点

Advantages of Trunk Injection

4.1. Easy 简单易用的操作

树干喷洒技术不仅克服了树高和受影响区域的限制，而且简化了使用传统方法（如叶面施用）难以管理的病虫害的控制。这包括病虫害，如上冠昆虫、根部害虫、受蜡覆盖物保护的吸汁昆虫、蛀虫和血管疾病。此外，树干注入不受环境条件的限制，在连续降雨或严重干旱的情况下仍可实施，而不会缺水，使其成为在这种情况下可行的化学防治方法[48,49]。

and Accessible Operations

The technique of trunk injection not only overcomes the limitations imposed by tree height and affected areas, but also simplifies the control of pests and diseases that are difficult to manage using conventional methods such as foliar application. This includes pests and diseases such as upper canopy insects, root pests, sap-sucking insects protected by wax covers, boring insects, and vascular diseases. Additionally, trunk injection is not constrained by environmental conditions and can still be implemented under continuous rainfall or severe drought without water shortage, making it a feasible chemical control method in such circumstances [48][49].

4.2. 农药利用率高，药效长

由于树木本身的高度，传统的液体喷洒方法不足以到达较高树木的最顶端。这导致了杀虫剂溶液的大量浪费。此外，这些废物会通过降雨渗入土壤和河流，造成环境污染。树木对除害剂的吸收不足也降低了其控制病虫害的有效性。相反，树干注射技术可以精确控制进入树木系统的农药量[9]。这大大提高了农药的使用效率，避免了降雨和阳光等环境因素的影响[50,51]，从而延长了疗效期。该技术具有高效的防治效果，从根本上提高了农药的使用效率，同时也防止了环境污染[52]。在梨木虱的防治中，将氮杂菌素和阿维菌素注射到树干中的治疗效果优于在叶片上喷洒杀虫剂[53]。从第一季开始用树干注射处理的树木在第二季仍表现出中等水平的控制效果[53]。

High Pesticides Utilization Rate and Prolonged Efficacy

Due to the height of the trees themselves, traditional liquid spraying methods are insufficient in reaching the topmost ends of taller trees. This leads to significant wastage of the pesticidal solution. Furthermore, such waste can infiltrate the soil and rivers through rainfall, resulting in environmental pollution. Insufficient absorption of the pesticides by the trees also diminishes its effectiveness in controlling diseases and pests. On the contrary, tree trunk injection technology allows for precise control over the amount of pesticides entering the tree’s system [9]. This greatly enhances the efficiency of pesticides usage and avoids the influence of environmental factors such as rainfall and sunlight [50][51], thus extending the efficacy period. With its highly effective prevention and treatment results, this technique fundamentally improves the efficiency of pesticides usage while also preventing environmental pollution [52]. In the control of pear psylla, the therapeutic effect of injecting azadirachtin and abamectin into the trunk is superior to that of spraying insecticides on the leaves [53]. Trees that were treated with trunk injection since the first season still showed a moderate level of control effectiveness in the second season [53].

4.3. 范围广

由于液体在树木内部分布，树木注射法有效地消除了高度隐蔽的害虫[8]。相比之下，传统的外喷技术无法直接针对具有很强隐蔽性的害虫，导致树木病虫害的防治效果明显降低[54]。例如，数据显示，树木注射技术对柑橘长角甲虫的控制率超过

Wide Range

Due to the internal distribution of the liquid within the trees, the tree injection method effectively eliminates highly concealed pests [8]. In contrast, conventional external spraying techniques fail to directly address pests with strong concealment, resulting in significantly lower effectiveness in preventing and treating tree diseases and pests [54]. For instance, data show that tree injection techniques achieve a control rate of over 95%，幼虫死亡率超过 for the citrus long-horned beetle, with a larval mortality rate exceeding 90%，显示出显著的疗效[55,56]。 , demonstrating remarkable efficacy [55][56].

4.4. 减少农药污染

传统的杀虫剂喷洒技术会导致树木表面大量残留化学物质，包括树干、树叶和果实。反过来，这可能导致大量的环境污染，因为多余的化学物质被雨水冲走并进入河流和土壤，对环境和人类健康构成严重威胁[8

Reducing the Contamination of Pesticides

Traditional pesticide spraying techniques can lead to a significant residue of chemicals on the surface of trees, including trunks, leaves, and fruits. This, in turn, can result in substantial environmental contamination as the excess chemicals are washed away by rainwater and find their way into rivers and soil, posing a serious threat to both the environment and human health [8][57][58]. Moreover, the spraying techniques inevitably have adverse effects on the natural predators of pests, with the potential to even eliminate these beneficial organisms [59], thereby compromising the effectiveness of pest control efforts. In contrast, tree trunk injection methods do not generate pesticide pollution in the ecological environment. Instead, they contribute to the protection of non-target organisms and the personal safety of applicators, ensuring that the application of chemically potent pest control substances remains clean [60][61]. This approach fulfills the requirements of environmental conservation,57 ecological preservation,58]。此外，喷洒技术不可避免地对害虫的天敌产生不利影响，甚至有可能消灭这些有益生物[59]，从而损害害虫防治工作的有效性。相比之下，树干注射方法不会对生态环境产生农药污染。相反，它们有助于保护非目标生物和施药者的人身安全，确保化学强效害虫控制物质的施用保持清洁[60,61]。这种做法满足了环境保护、生态保护和人身安全的要求。 and personal safety.

References

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