Encyclopedia
Please note this is a comparison between Version 1 by Shuhu Liu and Version 3 by Rita Xu.
The role of culture in urban competitiveness is becoming increasingly important. How historic cities identify and protect the spatial structures formed since ancient times, which are the carriers of urban culture, has become an important issue.
文化在城市竞争力中的作用正变得越来越重要。作为城市文化载体的历史名城如何识别和保护自古以来形成的空间结构，已成为一个重要问题。
- cultural protection
- cultural space
- multi-actor mechanism
1. The Background of Cultural Spaces in China中国文化空间的背景
In China, cultural traditions deeply value the interplay of historical philosophies and modern insights to address contemporary challenges [1]. Guided by this concept, Chinese cities inherit the traditional methods of urban construction, focusing on the unity of city, landscape, and humanity, and finally form a unique oriental urban planning tradition [2]. Cultural spaces are carriers of the nature order, the social order, and the faith order in cities, and can unite the region and realize cultural inheritance. Because of this, researchers should excavate the unique cultural space planning methods, in order to better understand and protect the cultural characteristics of historic cities.在中国，文化传统非常重视历史哲学和现代见解的相互作用，以应对当代挑战[1]。在这一理念的指导下，中国城市继承了传统的城市建设方法，注重城市、景观、人文的统一，最终形成了独特的东方城市规划传统[2]。文化空间是城市中自然秩序、社会秩序、信仰秩序的载体，能够团结区域，实现文化传承。正因为如此，我们应该挖掘独特的文化空间规划方法，以便更好地理解和保护历史名城的文化特色。
2. The Typicality of Fuzhou福州的典型性
Fuzhou was awarded the first Global Sustainable Development City in 福州于2023, showing its ability for sustainable development. Fuzhou, the capital of Fujian province, boasts over 2200 years of history and is renowned for its unique oriental aesthetic, often cited as a prime example of oriental urban design [3]. Moreover, Fuzhou also has excellent cultural space constructions, which form a rich number of cultural spaces. In addition to common types such as the Town God’s Temple and the Confucian Temple, diverse types regarding local folk culture are also integrated, such as the Tianhou Temple and the Linshui Palace. During thousands of years of continuous construction, cultural spaces in Fuzhou have been derived from the same, which documents the city’s history. Undoubtedly, Fuzhou has available experience in historical preservation and urban structure maintenance.年荣获首个全球可持续发展城市，彰显了福州可持续发展的能力。福州是福建省省会，拥有2200多年的历史，以其独特的东方美学而闻名，经常被引用为东方城市设计的典范[3]。此外，福州还拥有优秀的文化空间建设，形成了丰富的文化空间。除了城隍庙、孔庙等常见类型外，还融合了天后宫、临水宫等关于当地民俗文化的多种类型。在数千年的不断建设中，福州的文化空间由此衍生而来，记录了这座城市的历史。毋庸置疑，福州在历史保护和城市结构维护方面拥有丰富的经验。
3. Theoretical Background on Cultural Spaces文化空间的理论背景
The proposal of the “威尼斯宪章”的提案指出，如果城市或农村环境见证了特定的文明，重大发展和历史事件，则同样值得保护[4]。从那时起，可识别空间逐渐成为历史保护的焦点[5]。“Venice Charter文化空间” states that urban or rural environments are equally worthy of protection if they have witnessed specific civilizations, significant developments, and historical events [4]. From then on, identifiable space has gradually become the focus of historic preservation [5]. The term, Cultural Space, first appeared in the works of Henri Lefebvre. He puts forward many types of spaces [6], suggesting that space is not a given, but rather a context for social and cultural interaction [7]. 一词最早出现在亨利·列斐伏尔的作品中。他提出了多种类型的空间[6]，认为空间不是给定的，而是社会和文化互动的背景[7]。凯文·林奇（Kevin Lynch refers to these memorable places such as ）将查尔斯河滨（Charles Riverside, ），联合街（Union Street, and ）和路易斯堡广场（Louisburg Square as urban cultural spaces [8]）等令人难忘的地方称为城市文化空间[8]; anthropologists define them as regular 人类学家将它们定义为常规的“image spaces”, where local residents express their folk culture [9]. Similarly, the concept of cultural space originated from ancient Chinese urban construction. Researchers have shown that Chinese ancient people generally integrated philosophical concepts, the pursuit of values, and cultural beliefs into pagodas, temples, academies, and other spaces in urban construction. So, the culture spaces not only become the humanistic spirit carriers, but also become the inherent genes of ancient urban culture [10]. Cultural Spaces, both East and West, are spaces that carry the regional culture. Currently, research on cultural spaces focuses on the participants, space types, related elements, and the function.图像空间”，当地居民在这里表达他们的民俗文化[9]。同样，文化空间的概念也起源于中国古代的城市建设。研究者表明，中国古人在城市建设中普遍将哲学观念、价值观追求和文化信仰融入宝塔、寺庙、书院等空间。因此，文化空间不仅成为人文精神载体，也成为古代城市文化的内在基因[10]。东西方文化空间是承载地域文化的空间。目前，文化空间的研究主要集中在参与者、空间类型、相关元素和功能上。
3.1. The Participants of Cultural Spaces文化空间的参与者
Sun Shimeng points out that central and local officials, local gentry, geographers, folk craftsmen, monks and literati are all involved in the construction of ancient cities to varying degrees [11]孙世萌指出，中央和地方官员、地方士绅、地理学家、民间工匠、僧侣和文人都不同程度地参与了古城的建设[11]; Mao Huasong sums up that all the urban landscapes are constructed by the three groups, namely, officials, monks, and Yiren, which refers to people from the same county [12]毛华松总结，所有的城市景观都是由三个群体构建的，即官员、僧侣和宜人，指来自同一县的人[12]; Wang Shusheng points out that the participation of officials and literati is particularly important in the construction of traditional cultural spaces, and emphasizes that the construction mode of 王树生指出，官吏和文人的参与在传统文化空间建设中尤为重要，并强调“literati + craftsmen” fundamentally supports the lofty cultural realm of Chinese cities [13].文人+工匠”的建设模式从根本上支撑了中国城市崇高的文化境界[13]。
3.2. The Space Types of Cultural Spaces文化空间的空间类型
Wang Kai divides cultural space into four categories: educating the public, worshipping gods, praising moral models, and enjoying the scenery [14]王凯将文化空间分为四类：教育大众、拜神、赞美道德楷模、欣赏风景[14]; Wang Shusheng first puts forward the concept of the culture land system, and subdivides them into spiritual marking land, memorial land, religious land, cultural heritage land, and cultural facilities land王树生首先提出了文化用地制度的概念，并将其细分为精神标志用地、纪念用地、宗教用地、文化遗产用地、文化设施用地; L. Kong, in his research on urban sustainability, selects two types of cultural spaces: state-led construction of state-vaunted edifices and spontaneous formation of more organically evolved visual arts clusters, representing the monumental and the everyday, the state-initiated, and the organic [15].在对城市可持续性的研究中，选择了两种类型的文化空间：国家主导的国家吹嘘的大厦建设和自发形成更有机演变的视觉艺术集群，代表着纪念性和日常性，国家发起的和有机的[15]。
3.3. The Related Elements of Cultural Spaces文化空间的相关要素
Wu Yubin analyzes the correlation between cultural space, natural environment, and urban form, identifying the elements of cultural space at macro, middle, and micro scales [16]. Based on the function of humanistic space, Sun Shimeng analyzes the construction models of 吴玉斌分析了文化空间、自然环境与城市形态之间的相关性，从宏观、中观、微观尺度识别了文化空间的要素[16]。孙世萌基于人文空间的功能，分析了12 types of cultural spaces and derives their respective layout characteristics [17]. Cao Yongmao extracts cultural and construction features throughout the whole construction cycle based on the perspective of diachrony [18].类文化空间的构建模型，并推导出了各自的布局特征[17]。曹永茂基于历时性视角，提炼了贯穿整个建构周期的文化与建构特征[18]。
3.4. The Function of Cultural Spaces文化空间的功能
From the perspective of cultural transmission, 刘易斯·芒福德（Lewis Mumford points out that the city has the ability to contain various cultures, and is able to transmit complex cultures to the next generation through storage facilities (buildings, archives, monuments, etc）从文化传播的角度指出，城市具有容纳各种文化的能力，并且能够通过存储设施（建筑物、档案馆、纪念碑等）将复杂的文化传递给下一代，这表明文化空间承载着城市社会文化信息[19].), which indicates that the cultural space carries urban socio-cultural information [19]. From the perspective of maintaining the material spatial structure of cities, Li Xiaolong points out that the cultural space controls the construction of urban patterns in terms of height, scale, and skyline [20]李小龙从维护城市物质空间结构的角度出发，指出文化空间从高度、尺度、天际线等方面控制着城市格局的建构[20]; from the socio-economic point of view, cultural space is able to enhance the confidence of the residents and the competitiveness of the city. Moreover, it can transform into a tourism resource, promoting sustainable economic and social development [21][22][23]. Obviously, cultural space plays a crucial role in highlighting city features and inheriting urban culture in contemporary urban development [24].从社会经济的角度来看，文化空间能够增强居民的信心和城市的竞争力。此外，它还可以转化为旅游资源，促进经济和社会的可持续发展[21,22,23]。显然，文化空间在当代城市发展中对突出城市特色、传承城市文化起着至关重要的作用[24]。
