To date, the scientific literature on health variables for Escherichia coli antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been investigated throughout several systematic reviews, often with a focus on only one aspect of the One Health variables: human, animal, or environment.
Variable | Subcategory | Number of Participants (Number of Studies Investigating Variable) |
Magnitude of Association OR (95% CI) |
Importance Rating * |
---|---|---|---|---|
Antibiotic use | General antibiotic use | 6 studies (NR) | 1.51 (1.17–1.94) [15] | + |
1528 (6 studies) | 1.58 ** (1.16–2.16) [24] | |||
1297 (5 studies) | 1.63 ** (1.19–2.24) [24] |
Variable | Subcategory | Number of Participants (Number of Studies Investigating Variable) |
Magnitude of Association OR (95% CI) |
Importance Rating * |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Living standards | Lower socioeconomic status | 2775 (1 study) | 1.33 (1.07–1.75) [34] | + | ||||
2775 (1 study) | 2.47 (1.08–5.66) [34] | |||||||
Day-care attendance | NR (6 studies) | 1.49 (1.17–1.91) [31] | 0 | |||||
449 (1 study) | 1.8 (1.0–3.1) [23] | |||||||
Living in Northern vs. Southern Europe | 7170 (1 study) | 0.4 (0.2–0.7) [23] | 088 studies (NR) | 2.33 (2.19–2.49) [30] | ||||
Travel | International travel | 1887 (6 studies) | 4.06 ** (1.33–2.41) [24] | +++ | NR (5 studies) | 2.65 (1.70–4.12) [31 | ||
834 (1 study) | ] | |||||||
21 (4.5–97) | [23] | 172 (1 study) | ||||||
To Asia | 3.1 (1.4–6.7) [23] | |||||||
NR (4 studies) | 1.78 (0.64–4.98) | [ | 484 (1 study) | 4.0 (1.6–10.0) [23] | ||||
15 | 300 (1 study) | 4.6 (1.9–11.0) [23] | ||||||
] | 140 (1 study) | 5.6 (2.1–14.8) [23] | ||||||
++ | ||||||||
NR (12 studies) | 14.16 (5.50–36.45) [35] | |||||||
370 (1 study) | 30.0 (6.3–147.2) [36] | |||||||
To Africa | NR (3 studies) | 0.94 ** (0.14–6.17) [24] | − | Trimethoprim and β-lactams | 179 (2 studies) | 3.2 (0.9–10.8) [25] | 0 | |
To India | 182 (3 studies) | 2.4 ** (1.26–4.58) [24] | + | Beta-Lactam | 290 (1 study) | 4.5 (1.8–11.0) [23] | +++ | |
NR (3 studies) | 3.80 (2.23–6.47) [15] | 510 (1 study) | 4.6 (2.0–10.7) [23] | |||||
Health while traveling | Inflammatory bowel disease | 5253 (20 studies) | 2.09 (1.16–3.77) [37] | 0 | (Fluoro)Quinolone | 449 (1 study) | 2.1 (0.6–7.3) [23] | + |
Diarrhea | NR (4 studies) | 1.65 (1.02–2.68) [15] | + | 200 (1 study) | 2.6 (1.3–5.1) [ | |||
5253 (20 studies) | 23] | |||||||
1.69 (1.25–2.30) | [37] | 140 (1 study) | 9.9 (2.2–44.6) [23] | |||||
NR (12 studies) | 2.02 (1.45–2.81) [35] | 290 (1 study) | 19.0 (3.3–111.4) [23] | |||||
430 (1 study) | 31.0 (2.7–358.1) [36] | Penicillin | 7170 (1 study) | 0.9 (0.5–1.7) [23] | 0 | |||
Contact with healthcare while traveling | 5253 (20 studies) | 1.53 (1.09–2.15) [37] | 0408 (1 study) | 2.7 (1.2–6.3) [23] | ||||
Antibiotic use | 5253 (20 studies) | Cephalosporin | 74 (1 study) | 1.5 (5.4–85.2) [23] | + | |||
2.38 (1.88–3.00) | [ | 37] | + | 200 (1 study) | 2.2 (1.01–5.0) [23] | |||
408 (1 study) | 2.2 (1.1–4.5) [23] | |||||||
99 (1 study) | 3.0 (1.4–6.7) [36] | 200 (1 study) | 3.9 (1.8–8.5) [23] | |||||
Macrolides | 7170 (1 study) | 1.5 (1.1–2.2) | ||||||
NR (12 studies) | 2.78 (1.76–4.39) [35] | |||||||
99 (1 study) | [ | |||||||
NR (4 studies) | 5.0 (1.1–26.2) [ | 23] | 0 | |||||
2.81 (1.47–5.36) | [15] | 36] | ||||||
Traveler demographics | Backpackers compared to other travelers | 5253 (20 studies) | 1.46 (1.20–1.78) [37] | 0 | Nitrofurantoin | 7170 (1 study) | 1.54 (1.1–2.3) [23] | 0 |
Vegetarian diet | 5253 (20 studies) | 1.41 (1.01–1.96) [37] | + | Longer duration of course (>7 days vs. <7 days amoxicillin and trimethoprim) |
1521 (2 studies) | |||
NR (3 studies) | 1.92 (1.13–3.26) [15] | 1.50 (0.76–2.92) [26] | 0 | |||||
1521 (2 studies) | 2.89 (1.44–5.78) [26] | |||||||
Diet associated with risk (pastry, meals from stalls, etc.) | NR (12 studies) | 1.27 (0.67–2.41) [35] | − | Multiple courses (>3 courses vs. 1 course, trimethoprim, amoxicillin, trimethoprim) |
1521 (2 studies) | 0.4 (0.12–1.31) | ||
Street food consumption | NR (2 studies) | [26] | 0.92 (0.49–1.74) [15 | ++ | ||||
] | + | 1521 (2 studies) | 3.95 (1.06–14.72) [26] | |||||
NR (2 studies) | 1.37 (1.08–1.73) [15] | 1521 (2 studies) | 3.62 (1.25–10.48) | |||||
NR (2 studies) | [26] | |||||||
2.09 (1.30–3.38) | [15] | Mass administration | NR (1 study) | 3.64 (2.38–5.78) [32] | +++ | |||
Raw vegetable consumption | NR (2 studies) | 0.34 (0.12–0.93) [15] | − | NR (5 studies) | 7.8 (3.0–20.2) [27] | |||
NR (2 studies) | 0.58 (0.33–1.07) [15] | NR (5 studies) | 10.2 (5.9–17.8) [27] | |||||
NR (2 studies) | 2.18 (1.29–3.68) [15] | NR (5 studies) | 17.1 (2.3–127.7) | |||||
Protective measures while traveling | [27] | |||||||
Consuming bottled water | 5253 (20 studies) | 1.29 (0.50–3.34) | [37] | − | Higher dose (each 200 mg trimethoprim tablet extra and 500 mg instead of 250 mg amoxicillin) |
1521 (2 studies) | 1.01 (1.01–1.02) [26] | + |
General protective measures (disposable gloves, bottled water, etc.) | NR (12 studies) | 0.83 (0.61–1.13) [35] | − | 1521 (2 studies) | 2.26 (1.13–4.55) [26] | |||
Meticulous hand hygiene | 5253 (20 studies) | 1.10 (0.81–1.49) [37] | − | Comorbidities | Previous/recurrent UTI | 7170 (1 study) | 1.3 (1.01–1.6) [23] | ++ |
Probiotics | 5253 (20 studies) | 1.06 (0.78–1.45) [37] | − | 408 (1 study) | 3.4 (1.8–6.7) [23] | |||
510 (1 study) | 3.8 (1.8–8.1) [23] | |||||||
Previous/recurrent pyelonephritis | 300 (1 study) | 1.7 (0.7–3.9) [23] | − | |||||
Previous catheterization | 408 (1 study) | 3.3 (1.7–6.6) [23] | + | |||||
Diarrhea symptoms | 5144 (7 studies) | 1.53 (1.27–1.84) [15] | 0 | |||||
Diabetes | 300 (1 study) | 1.7 (0.8–3.4) [23] | ++ | |||||
290 (1 study) | 3.7 (1.1–12.7) [23] | |||||||
484 (1 study) | 3.0 (1.1–8.0) [23] |
Animal | Subcategory | Number of Studies Investigating Variable (Number of Participants) |
Magnitude of Association OR (95% CI) |
Importance of Rating * |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pets |
Variable | Subcategory | Number of Studies Investigating Variable (Number of Participants) |
Magnitude of Association OR (95% CI) |
Importance of Rating * | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pet owner | 963 (5 studies) | 1.39 ** (0.89–2.18) | [24][40] | − | |||||
Time after antibiotic use |
One week | 129 (2 studies) | 7.1 (4.2–12) [25] | ||||||
9403 (12 studies) | 1.18 ** (0.83–1.68) [40] | ||||||||
0 | |||||||||
Two weeks | NR (6 studies) | 1.08 (0.6–1.96) [42] | + | 5159 (4 studies) | 1.15 (0.33–4.06) [15] | ||||
NR (1 study) | 6.12 (3.18–11.76) [41] | Dog owner | 9403 (12 studies) | ||||||
One month | NR (6 studies) | 0.88 ** (0.56–1.40) [40] | − | ||||||
1.38 (1.16–1.64) | [ | 42 | ] | ++ | Cat owner | 9403 (12 studies) | 1.16 ** (0.58–2.34) [40] | − | |
93 (1 study) | 1.8 (0.9–3.6) [25] | Rodent owner | |||||||
NR (1 study) | 6.20 (2.14–15.96) | 9403 (12 studies) | 1.34 ** (0.43–4.18) [40] | − | |||||
[ | 41] | Bird owner | |||||||
Recurrent acute pyelonephritis and a history of diabetes | |||||||||
300 (1 study) | |||||||||
4.2 (1.3–16.9) | |||||||||
[ | |||||||||
23 | |||||||||
] | |||||||||
+ | |||||||||
9403 (12 studies) | |||||||||
Renal or urological disorder | |||||||||
7170 (1 study) | |||||||||
1.6 (1.0–2.5) | |||||||||
[ | |||||||||
23 | |||||||||
] | |||||||||
− | |||||||||
484 (1 study) | |||||||||
3.5 (1.0–11.5) | |||||||||
[ | |||||||||
23 | |||||||||
] | |||||||||
History prostatic disease | |||||||||
510 (1 study) | |||||||||
9.6 (2.1–44.8) | [ | 23] | + | ||||||
Chronic disease | 2323 (3 studies) | 0.91 (0.13–6.53) [15] | − | ||||||
0.91 ** (0.38–2.18) | [ | 40 | ] | − | |||||
NR (2 studies) | 8.38 (2.84–24.77) [41] | Environment | |||||||
1208 (3 studies) | 11.21 (7.13–17.63) [32 | ] | |||||||
Freshwater | Swimming | 290 (1 study) | 2.1 (1.02–4.3) [23] | 0 |
Two months | |||||
14,348 (5 studies) | |||||
2.5 (2.1–2.9) | |||||
[ | |||||
26 | ] | + | |||
NR (1 study) | 5.08 (2.70–9.56) [42] | ||||
Three months | NR (6 studies) | 1.65 (1.36–2.0) [42] | ++ | ||
NR (1 study) | 3.38 (2.05–5.55) [41] | ||||
1208 (3 studies) | 10.64 (3.79–29.92) [32] | ||||
Six months | NR (1 study) | 3.16 (1.65–6.06) [41] | +++ | ||
1208 (3 studies) | 4.76 (1.52–14.90) [32] | ||||
NR (1 study) | 13.23 (7.84–22.31) [41] | ||||
12 months 11, 51, 54, 59, 60 | 14,348 (5 studies) | 1.33 (1.2–1.5) [26] | + | ||
NR (1 study) | 0.94 (0.57–1.56) [41] | ||||
10,079 (13 studies) | |||||
Medication use | |||||
Immunosuppressive therapy | |||||
7170 (1 study) | |||||
1.5 (1.1–2.1) | |||||
[ | |||||
23 | |||||
] | |||||
0 | |||||
1.84 (1.35–2.51) | [15] | ||||
NR (1 study) | 1.89 (1.04–3.42) [41] | ||||
Corticosteroids | |||||
Over 12 months | NR (1 study) | 0.94 (0.57–1.56) [41] | − | ||
172 (1 study) | |||||
Time after return from travel |
Six weeks | 290 (1 study) | 16.4 (3.4–78.8) [23] | + | |
24.3 (2.4–246.9) | |||||
[ | |||||
23 | |||||
] | |||||
+ | |||||
Acid suppressants | |||||
4111 (3 studies) | 1.31 (0.11–15.5) | [15] | 0 | ||
NR (4 studies) | 1.41 (1.07–1.87) [33] | ||||
Hospitalization | Previous hospitalization | 1379 (5 studies) | 1.18 ** (0.78–1.81) [24] | + | |
1163 (4 studies) | |||||
Between six weeks and two years | 290 (1 study) | 1.28 ** (0.82–2.03) [24] | |||
7170 (1 study) | 1.7 (1.3–2.3) [23] | ||||
172 (1 study) | 2.9 (1.3–6.6) [23] | ||||
2.2 (1.1–4.3) | 7170 (1 study) | 3.9 (2.6–5.8) [23] | |||
449 (1 study) | 3.9 (1.2–12.7) [23] | ||||
Prior surgery | 172 (1 study) | 2.8 (1.9–8.0) [23] | 0 | ||
[ | Diet | Vegetarian | 6802 (5 studies) | 1.60 (1.0043–2.5587) [15] | 0 |
23 | ] | Raw milk | 226 (1 study) | 7.54 (2.41–23.45) [15] | + |
0 | Fish | 290 (1 study) | 0.6 (0.5–0.9) [23] | 0 | |
Sex and age | Older age | 300 (1 study) | 2.0 (1.02–3.5) [23] | 0 | |
Male sex | NR (9 studies) | 0.96 (0.74–1.24) [31] | 0 | ||
7170 (1 study) | 1.6 (1.2–2.1) [23] |