Maternal Trait Mindfulness and Social Competence of Preschoolers: Comparison
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母体特质正念对学龄前儿童社交能力发展的影响越来越受到研究者的关注。（The impact of maternal trait mindfulness on the development of preschoolers' social competence is receiving increasing attention from researchers. (1）母亲特质正念与学龄前儿童的社交能力呈正相关;（2）母亲自我控制和有问题的社交媒体使用独立地介导了母亲特质正念与学龄前儿童社会能力之间的关系;（3）母亲的自我控制和有问题的社交媒体使用在母亲特质正念和学龄前儿童的社交能力之间起着连锁中介作用。) Maternal trait mindfulness was positively related to preschoolers' social competence; (2) Maternal self-control and problematic social media use independently mediated the relationship between maternal trait mindfulness and preschoolers' social competence; (3) Maternal self-control and problematic social media use play a chain-mediating role between maternal trait mindfulness and preschoolers' social competence. 

  • trait mindfulness
  • social competence
  • self-control

1. Introduction

One of the most crucial skills for the social development of preschoolers is social competence. It describes the capacity to flexibly deploy behavioral, cognitive, and emotional resources to accomplish social goals in a specific situation [1]. It encompasses a range of fundamental abilities required for interpersonal and social interactions, including emotional comprehension and control, peer engagement, and adherence to social norms [2]. The development of social competence in early childhood is crucial for subsequent emotional, cognitive, and behavioral adjustment. Strong social competence helps children create and sustain strong interpersonal interactions [3,4].
Mothers are the major nurturers and important people in their children’s development [5], and their characteristics (such as trait mindfulness) can have a subtle influence on their children’s social competence [6]. In addition, with the rise in popularity of social media, maternal parenting styles are inevitably influenced by social media. However, due to the “fragmented” use of cell phones [7], it is challenging for mothers to exercise self-control over their frequent and automatic use of social media, even when they are with their children [7]. According to research, excessive social media use can hurt a person’s physical, mental, and interpersonal health [8]. Additionally, social displacement theory contends that maternal use of social media can replace or lessen meaningful parent–child interactions in the real world [9], which in turn affects how socially competent children become.

2. Maternal Trait Mindfulness and Social Competence of Preschoolers

2.1. 母性特质心智对学龄前儿童社会能力的影响The Influence of Maternal Trait Mind on Preschoolers' Social Competence

特质正念是指一个人在日常生活中练习正念的能力或倾向，即采取接受和非评判的态度，专注于当下的想法和感受。这种能力或倾向是所有人共有的，尽管因人而异Trait mindfulness refers to a person's capacity or propensity to practice mindfulness in daily life, i.e., to adopt an accepting and nonjudgmental attitude to concentrate on what is thought and felt in the present moment. This capacity or tendency is shared by all people, albeit it varies from person to person [10,11]。在育儿中，特质正念从个人内省延伸到母子之间的人际互动. In parenting, trait mindfulness extends from personal introspection to interpersonal interactions between mother and child [12]。正念水平较高的母亲倾向于倾听和回应孩子的需求，充分关注和接受自己和孩子的情绪和想法，从而减少冲动行为和更具包容性的亲子沟通。研究表明，母亲对孩子的积极关注和情感表达可以预测她们在同龄人中的受欢迎程度和社交技能的发展. Mothers with higher levels of mindfulness tend to listen and respond to their children's needs with full attention and acceptance of their own and their children's emotions and thoughts, resulting in less impulsive behavior and more inclusive parent-child communication. Research has shown that mothers' positive attention and expression of emotion to their children can predict their popularity among peers and the development of social skills [13]。正念水平低的母亲往往对孩子的需求不敏感，在养育子女时往往无法有效调节自己的负面情绪，倾向于批评和责备孩子. Mothers with low levels of mindfulness tend to be insensitive to their children's needs, and they often fail to effectively regulate their negative emotions in parenting and tend to criticize and blame their children [14]，这大大降低了学龄前儿童从积极的人际关系中获得社会能力的机会, which greatly reduces the chances of preschoolers gaining social competence from positive interpersonal relationships [15]。这导致情绪调节不良和更多的同伴互动问题. This results in poor emotional regulation and more peer interaction problems [16]，从长远来看，这会阻碍社交技能的发展。, which in the long run can hinder the development of social skills. Based on this, this study suggests that maternal trait mindfulness positively predicts preschoolers' social competence.

2.2. The 母性特质正念、自我控制与学龄前儿童社交能力的关系Relationship between Maternal Trait Mindfulness, Self-Control, and Preschoolers' Social Competence

根据研究，自我控制和特质正念有着非常强烈和有益的关系According to research, self-control and trait mindfulness have a very strong and beneficial relationship [17]。自我控制是指一个人调节自己的情绪，扼杀他们头脑中不良或不适当的行为倾向，并避免按照这些意图行事的能力. Self-control refers to a person's capacity to regulate their feelings, stifle undesirable or inappropriate behavioral inclinations in their minds, and refrain from acting following those intentions [18]。有效的自我控制行为取决于可获得的资源，资源越充足，个体的自我控制能力就越好. Effective self-control behaviors depend on the resources that are accessible, and the more adequate the resources, the better the individual's self-control performance [19]。如果一个人的自我控制储备耗尽，这可能会阻碍适应社会的行为并使其无效. If a person's self-control reserves are exhausted, this might impede socially adapted behavior and make them ineffective [20]，例如当他们难以控制自己的情绪, such as when they have trouble controlling their emotional emotions [21]或冲动行事时 or act impulsively [22]。母亲在家庭关系中缺乏自制力，可能会通过不良的情绪和冲动行为对亲子互动产生不利影响，从而影响学龄前儿童的社交能力。根据研究，正念可以通过减少因分心而耗尽的资源来改善个人的自我控制. A maternal lack of self-control in family relationships may have an adverse effect on parent-child interactions through bad emotional and impulsive behaviors, which affect preschoolers' social competence. According to research, mindfulness can improve personal self-control by reducing the resources that are depleted by distraction [23]。. Rowland等人在2019年的干预研究也发现，即使是短暂的正念练习也能成功地提高人们的自我控制水平 et al.'s intervention study from 2019 also discovered that even brief mindfulness exercises were successful in raising people's levels of self-control [24]。基于此，本研究认为，母性特质正念影响幼儿社交能力的中介因素是自我控制。. Based on this, this study posits that a mediating factor for maternal trait mindfulness to affect early children's social competence is self-control.

2.3. 母性特质正念、有问题的社交媒体使用与学龄前儿童社交能力之间的关系The Relationship between Maternal Trait Mindfulness, Problematic Social Media Use, and Preschoolers' Social Competence

由于社交媒体的普及，越来越多的女性在与孩子共度时光时频繁地、无意识地使用社交媒体。毫无疑问，这是一个令人担忧的现象。A growing number of women are using social media frequently and unconsciously while spending time with their children as a result of the popularity of social media. Undoubtedly, this is a worrying phenomenon. Li et al. （2022） 发现，父母屏幕成瘾通过直接和间接途径影响幼儿的屏幕成瘾。进一步的研究发现，女性比男性更容易养成有害的社交媒体习惯，从而影响自己的身心健康以及与他人互动的能力(2022) found that parental screen addiction affects young children's screen addiction through both direct and indirect paths. Further research has found that women are more likely than men to engage in harmful social media habits that affect their own psychological and physical well-being, as well as their ability to interact with others [25,26,27,28]。当妈妈们对社交媒体使用的要求与她们作为父母的责任发生冲突时，她们更有可能经历焦虑和绝望等负面情绪. When moms' requirements for social media use collide with their responsibilities as parents, they are more likely to experience negative feelings like anxiety and despair [8,29]，这会影响她们与孩子的互动方式, which can affect how they interact with their children [30]。然而，正念水平较高的母亲会敏锐地意识到自己的情绪和行为问题，并及时进行自我调整，以减少冲动反应，避免不良的亲子互动过程对学龄前儿童社交能力的负面影响. However, mothers with higher levels of mindfulness are acutely aware of their own emotional and behavioral issues and make timely self-adjustments to reduce impulsive reactions and avoid the negative effects of adverse parent-child interaction processes on preschoolers' social competence [12,31,32]。研究表明，母亲的情绪表达会影响学龄前儿童的社交能力，但具有较高特质正念的母亲也更了解自己的情绪和行为问题。. Research has shown that maternal emotional expressions can affect preschoolers' social competence, but mothers with higher levels of trait mindfulness are also more aware of their own emotional and behavioral problems. Based on the reality of social network context, this study suggests that maternal problematic social media use may serve as another mediating variable in the influence of maternal trait mindfulness on preschoolers' social competence.
根据依恋理论，母亲的心理和行为对孩子发展社交能力的程度有重大影响。作为重要的养育者，母性特质正念可能会通过他们的自我控制水平和对有问题的社交媒体使用的表现对学龄前儿童的社交能力产生影响。研究表明，自我控制会负面预测有问题的社交媒体使用行为According to attachment theory, maternal psychology and conduct have a significant influence on how well their children develop social competence. As important nurturers, maternal trait mindfulness may have an impact on preschoolers' social competence through their level of self-control and performance of problematic social media use. Research has shown that self-control negatively predicts problematic social media use behaviors [33]。在家庭中，母亲有问题的社交媒体使用也可以被视为自我控制的失败，因为过度使用社交媒体会显着降低面对面亲子互动的效率，并对儿童社交能力的发展产生明显影响。基于这些发现，母亲特质正念对学龄前儿童社交能力的影响是由母亲自我控制和有问题的社交媒体使用介导的。. In the context of the family, problematic social media use by mothers can also be viewed as a failure of self-control, as excessive social media use can significantly reduce the efficiency of face-to-face parent-child interactions and have a noticeable impact on the development of children's social competence. Based on these findings, the influence of maternal trait mindfulness on preschoolers' social competence is chain mediated by maternal self-control and problematic social media use.

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