The field of sustainable interior design has witnessed a notable surge in global attention, driven by mounting environmental concerns and a heightened demand for design solutions that are both ecologically conscious and socially responsible [1,2]^[1][2]. Within the context of Jordan, a nation experiencing rapid urbanization and robust economic development, the integration of sustainable principles into interior design emerges as a critical imperative. This integration is crucial not only for minimizing the environmental footprint of construction and renovation projects, but also for enhancing the wellbeing of occupants within these spaces ^[3]. In this context, interior designers play a pivotal role as stewards of the built environment, wielding the potential to instigate positive change through the deliberate adoption of sustainable design practices.

Sustainable interior design, in its essence, encompasses a multifaceted approach that spans energy efficiency, the judicious selection of eco-friendly materials, the minimization of waste, and the conscientious consideration of social and cultural factors ^[4]. As the vanguards of spatial aesthetics and functionality, interior designers’ attitudes and inclinations toward sustainability exert profound influence over the extent to which these practices permeate their projects ^[5]. Indeed, understanding the perspectives, motivations, and challenges that interior designers encounter in their pursuit of sustainability is pivotal for advancing sustainable interior design in Jordan.

Sustainable interior design refers to the conscious consideration of environmental, social, and economic aspects when making design decisions. Sustainable interior design encompasses a diverse array of strategies and practices aimed at minimizing resource depletion, reducing environmental impacts, and enhancing human health and wellbeing. For instance, the integration of energy-efficient design elements, such as LED lighting systems and passive cooling techniques, can substantially reduce a building’s energy consumption and environmental footprint. A notable example can be found in the study by Kent et al. ^[6], where the implementation of indoor fans in a zero-energy office building in Singapore resulted in a 32% reduction in cooling energy consumption while maintaining high levels of human thermal comfort. These energy-efficient solutions not only mitigate environmental impact but also contribute to cost savings and occupant satisfaction.

Furthermore, sustainable interior design principles emphasize the selection of eco-friendly materials with reduced environmental footprints, such as recycled and reclaimed materials. For instance, the use of reclaimed wood flooring not only conserves virgin timber resources, but also imparts a unique character to interior spaces. Waste reduction strategies, including recycling and responsible sourcing, play a pivotal role in minimizing construction and demolition waste, thereby lessening the burden on landfills.

Creating healthier indoor environments is another paramount facet of sustainable interior design. This involves incorporating strategies to improve indoor air quality, such as the use of low-VOC (Volatile Organic Compound) paints and finishes, as well as the integration of natural ventilation systems. The result is an interior environment that promotes occupant wellbeing, productivity, and overall quality of life [7,8]^[7][8]. The principles of sustainable interior design encompass energy efficiency, use of eco-friendly materials, waste reduction, and the creation of healthier indoor environments [9,10]^[9][10]. Sustainable interior design is a holistic approach that integrates environmentally responsible practices, social considerations, and economic viability into the design and construction of interior spaces. Environmental interior design, guided by key principles that drive its sustainability, aims to create healthy, resource-efficient, and environmentally friendly environments that promote occupant wellbeing while minimizing negative impacts on the planet. This approach prioritizes the use of eco-friendly materials, energy-efficient systems, and sustainable construction practices to minimize negative impacts on the environment, emphasizing environmental responsibility. Simultaneously, it focuses on promoting social wellbeing by creating spaces that enhance occupant health, comfort, productivity, and inclusivity, while ensuring accessibility for all. Lastly, economic viability is a crucial principle, aiming to optimize resource utilization, reduce operational costs, and provide long-term economic benefits, making sustainable interior design both environmentally conscious and economically advantageous ^[11].

Sustainable interior design offers a range of benefits. Firstly, it provides environmental advantages by utilizing sustainable materials, minimizing energy consumption, and reducing waste generation, thereby contributing to lower carbon footprints and the preservation of natural resources. Secondly, it promotes occupant health and wellbeing through the incorporation of elements, such as good indoor air quality, natural lighting, ergonomic design, and biophilic elements, resulting in improved health, productivity, and satisfaction. Lastly, sustainable interior design facilitates cost savings by implementing energy-efficient systems, using durable materials, and optimizing resource utilization, leading to reduced operational costs and long-term financial savings ^[11].

2. Attitudes and Sustainable Design Adoption

Kineber et al. ^[12] conducted a study that explored sustainable interior design implementation barriers in Egypt. The study aimed to identify and analyze obstacles hindering the implementation of sustainable interior design. The findings revealed that governmental obstacles were the most pressing, followed by issues related to information, knowledge, awareness, technology, training, attitudes, the market, and economics. The study emphasized the need for enhanced training of interior architects and designers, as well as increased awareness among stakeholders through government support and regulation. Another important study that explored the significance of material selection and environmental standards in achieving sustainable interior design was conducted by Yan ^[13]. It emphasized the importance of incorporating material and technical skills, architectural aesthetic principles, and meeting the functional and comfort needs of occupants. The study suggested that interior design should not only fulfill functional requirements, but also reflect historical context, architectural style, environmental atmosphere, and spiritual factors. It recommended the adoption of green ecological design concepts and the application of new materials and technologies to improve the ecological construction level of interior environments. A study was conducted by Ashour et al. ^[14] on a comprehensive review of deterrents to the practice of sustainable interior architecture and design in Egypt. This study focused on the concept of Sustainable Interior Architecture and Design (SIAD) and its significance in achieving sustainable development goals. It identified and categorized 61 deterrents to SIAD practice, including economic, attitude, knowledge, awareness, market, information, technology, education and training, and government and professional bodies. The study highlighted the need for further research to address these identified deterrents. Several factors influence interior designer’s attitudes toward sustainable interior design. One of the key factors is education and training. Designers with a strong background in sustainability tend to hold more positive attitudes and are more likely to prioritize sustainable design features ^[15]. Client preferences, project budget constraints, and availability of sustainable materials also play a significant role in shaping designers’ attitudes and decision making [16,17]^[16][17]. Şule et al. ^[18] conducted a cross-cultural study that explored the integration of green building design principles into interior architecture education. It utilized a global teamwork project, incorporating a green building assessment system (LEED checklist) and examples of vernacular architecture as precedents. The study found a gap in students’ understanding of green building between developing and developed countries and suggested that collaborative project experiences could bridge this gap and facilitate the exchange of technical and cultural information related to sustainability. Another study that tackled education as a key factor that has a sustainability impact on interior design practices was conducted by Rashdan ^[19]. This study focuses on the role of designers in deciding sustainable solutions and incorporating sustainable principles in interior design. It identifies barriers to the implementation of sustainable design, including cost considerations, limited material and system selection, lack of experience, and the absence of circular economy principles. The circular economy framework, which emphasizes “reduce, reuse, and recycle” (the 3Rs), plays a pivotal role in sustainable interior design. By adopting circular economy principles, designers can contribute to the reduction in waste, the efficient use of resources, and the creation of environmentally responsible and economically viable interior spaces. The study emphasizes the importance of sustainability and recommends that environmentally responsible interior designers, with the support of associations and design firms, collaborate to develop specific standards covering different aspects of sustainable interior design. Attitudes are fundamental determinants of behavior, and they significantly influence the adoption of sustainable design practices. Positive attitudes toward sustainability are linked to a higher likelihood of integrating sustainable strategies into design projects. Understanding the factors that shape interior designers’ attitudes is essential for encouraging the widespread adoption of sustainable interior design practices ^[20]. Bacon ^[21] examined the attitudes of interior designers toward sustainable interior design practices and the barriers they encounter. She evaluated the perceived barriers in three areas: project capabilities, transition to sustainability, and knowledge and skills associated with sustainable design. The study concludes that attitudes toward sustainable interior design practices are positive, and factors affecting project capabilities are identified as the biggest obstacle. The findings suggest a correlation between attitudes and perceived barriers, indicating that a positive attitude contributes to overcoming barriers and vice versa. Another study tackled the issue of attitude conducted by Máté ^[22] who investigated the attitudes and decision-making processes of interior designers in Australia regarding sustainable design. It reveals a contradiction in interior design practices where designers often do not align their behavior and actions with their professed attitudes toward sustainability. The study highlights the reliance of many designers on clients or external agencies to prioritize sustainable design approaches. It also identifies a lack of confidence in the designers’ own knowledge and the information provided by suppliers regarding sustainable issues. The findings emphasize the need for additional resources, information, and education to support interior designers in making choices consistent with sustainable design principles.

3. Sustainable Interior Design Practices in Jordan

The Jordanian interior design sector faces unique challenges and opportunities in adopting sustainability principles. With a growing emphasis on sustainable development, there is an increasing awareness of the need for environmentally and socially responsible interior design practices in the country. Government initiatives, such as the National Green Building Strategy, provide a supportive framework for integrating sustainability principles. A study conducted by Hussein ^[23] discussed the challenges and opportunities faced by the Jordanian interior design sector in adopting sustainable practices. It highlights the growing emphasis on sustainable development and the need for environmentally and socially responsible interior design. The study emphasizes the role of government initiatives, such as the National Green Building Strategy, in providing a supportive framework for integrating sustainability principles into interior design practices in Jordan. Altamimi et al. ^[24] explored the experiences of interior design professionals in Jordan regarding social sustainability in workplace design. Her study examined the four dimensions of physiological health and comfort, efficiency and ergonomics, privacy and social interaction, and spatial organization. The study provides valuable insights for the development of workplace design guidelines that prioritize social sustainability parameters within the built environment. Obeidat et al. ^[25] conducted a study focusing on the role of sustainable interior design and its impact on customer behavior in commercial environments. The study examined the interior environment quality in terms of sustainable design and its effects on building performance, efficiency, and services. It highlighted the importance of integrating sustainable design into interior environments to enhance customer behavior and improve the quality, efficiency, and effectiveness of commercial buildings. The study addressed the positive role of sustainable interior design in influencing customer behavior and raising the performance and services of commercial environments. Matarneh ^[26] conducted an exploratory study that investigated sustainability in traditional and vernacular Jordanian architecture. Based on the analysis of three key global sustainable building certification systems: LEED, BREEAM, and Green Globes, the study provided a comprehensive framework that can serve as an instrumental tool to design and assess traditional and vernacular buildings in Jordan. The framework considered the unique characteristics of Jordan’s architectural heritage, climate, cultural values, and socio-economic context. It incorporated principles of sustainability, preservation, and functionality to ensure the compatibility of traditional buildings with modern requirements. The framework encompassed various aspects, including architectural design, structural integrity, energy efficiency, water conservation, indoor environmental quality, and cultural significance. By applying this framework, architects, interior designers, engineers, and heritage conservation experts can effectively evaluate the condition of existing buildings, identify areas for improvement, and develop strategies for their sustainable adaptation and preservation. This framework not only supported the conservation of Jordan’s architectural heritage, but also contributed to the creation of environmentally responsible, culturally sensitive, and economically viable built environments in the country. Altomonte et al. ^[27] conducted a study in the UK to assess occupant satisfaction in BREEAM-certified and non-certified office buildings. They analyzed data from questionnaires and found that BREEAM certification, in itself, did not significantly influence building and workspace satisfaction. The study highlights the need to delve deeper into the factors affecting occupant satisfaction in certified buildings. Altomonte et al. ^[28] extended this line of research by investigating the relationship between IEQ credits achieved in LEED-rated office buildings and occupant satisfaction. Their study, based on a substantial dataset, concluded that achieving specific IEQ credits did not significantly increase satisfaction with corresponding IEQ factors. Additionally, the rating level and the product and version of certification did not substantially affect workplace satisfaction. This research suggests that while green certifications aim to improve IEQ, several factors may contribute to variations in occupant satisfaction ^[28]. Licina and Yildirim ^[29] explored the impact of WELL certification on occupant satisfaction, productivity, and health. They compared occupants’ satisfaction with IEQ in non-WELL (BREEAM and conventional) and WELL-certified office buildings. Their findings revealed that transitioning to WELL buildings led to a statistically significant increase in building and workspace satisfaction in two out of three building pairs. Notably, WELL certification positively affected parameters such as building cleanliness and furniture. However, there was no significant difference in satisfaction with noise and visual comfort. Additionally, the level of certification did not consistently correlate with overall building satisfaction scores. The study also examined Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) symptoms and self-reported productivity, revealing that, except for the symptom of tiredness, there were generally insignificant differences between WELL and non-WELL buildings. The impact of COVID-19 measures was noted to influence the self-reported work abilities of occupants ^[29]. These studies shed light on the intricate relationship between sustainable building certifications and occupant satisfaction with IEQ. While these certifications aim to improve various aspects of the indoor environment, including air quality, lighting, and comfort, the degree to which they impact occupant satisfaction can vary. Factors, such as the specific certification system, building design, and occupant expectations, may all play a role in determining occupant satisfaction levels. Further research is needed to explore these dynamics and optimize sustainable building practices to enhance both environmental performance and occupant wellbeing. The reviewed studies shed light on the current state of sustainable interior design practices in Jordan. They highlight the challenges and opportunities faced by the Jordanian interior design sector in adopting sustainability principles and emphasize the importance of government initiatives in supporting sustainable design. These challenges include the limited availability of sustainable materials and products, higher initial costs, lack of awareness, and resistance from clients who prioritize cost efficiency over sustainability [30,31]^[30][31]. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the status quo and the potential for further development and improvement in sustainable interior design practices in Jordan.

4. Sustainability Indicators in Interior Design

4.1. Environmental Sustainability Indicators

Sustainable interior design strategies play a crucial role in promoting environmentally responsible practices within the field of interior design. These strategies aim to minimize the negative environmental impacts of interior spaces while creating healthier and more resource-efficient environments. One of the key aspects of sustainable interior design is the careful selection of materials. Choosing environmentally friendly and low-impact materials, such as those that are recycled, renewable, or locally sourced, can significantly reduce the carbon footprint associated with interior design projects ^[32]. Additionally, considering the life cycle assessment of materials helps in understanding their environmental impact throughout their entire lifespan. Mohsen and Akash ^[33] found that only 5.7% of dwellings in Jordan’s urban areas have been provided with wall insulation and none with roof thermal insulation. It was shown that energy savings of up to 76.8% can be achieved when polystyrene is used for both wall and roof insulation. Integrating energy-efficient measures into interior design is crucial for reducing energy consumption and minimizing the environmental footprint of buildings. Strategies, such as optimizing natural lighting, implementing energy-efficient lighting fixtures, utilizing energy-efficient appliances, and incorporating efficient HVAC systems, contribute to significant energy savings ^[34]. Jaber et al. ^[35] evaluated space heating systems used in Jordan, the benefits and costs of each system were considered, and the overall benefit-to-cost ratios were determined. Their analyses showed that heating systems based on renewable energy, are most favorable. Prioritizing indoor environmental quality is essential for promoting occupant health and wellbeing. Sustainable interior design strategies focus on enhancing indoor air quality, acoustics, and thermal comfort. This can be achieved through proper ventilation systems, the use of low-emission materials, and the incorporation of sound-absorbing surfaces ^[9]. Water conservation is another critical aspect of sustainable interior design. Implementing water-efficient fixtures, such as low-flow faucets and dual-flush toilets, helps reduce water consumption within interior spaces. Additionally, incorporating water saving strategies for landscaping and utilizing greywater systems for non-potable water uses contribute to overall water conservation efforts ^[36]. Promoting adaptive reuse and upcycling of existing materials and furniture items reduces waste and extends the lifespan of resources. Integrating salvaged materials, repurposing furniture, and incorporating reclaimed wood or recycled materials in interior design projects contribute to sustainable practices ^[37]. In his article on Jordan’s water strategies, Mohsen ^[38] recommended that water conservation in Jordan should be pursued through increased water recycling and other possible options. Sustainable interior design strategies encompass a range of practices aimed at minimizing environmental impacts, optimizing resource efficiency, and promoting occupant wellbeing. By incorporating strategies, such as materials selection, energy efficiency, indoor environmental quality, water conservation, and adaptive reuse, interior designers can contribute to the creation of sustainable and resilient built environments. Implementing these strategies not only benefits the environment, but also enhances occupant comfort, health, and productivity, making sustainable interior design a crucial aspect of contemporary design practice.

4.2. Economic Sustainability Indicators

Economic sustainability is a crucial aspect of interior design that focuses on creating spaces that are financially viable, cost effective, and contribute to long-term economic benefits. This section explores key economic sustainability indicators in interior design, highlighting their significance in promoting efficient resource allocation, cost savings, and economic viability. Life cycle cost analysis involves evaluating the total cost of a project over its entire lifespan, including initial costs, operating expenses, maintenance costs, and potential end-of-life costs. By conducting a thorough analysis, interior designers can make informed decisions regarding material selection, energy-efficient systems, and maintenance strategies to optimize cost effectiveness over time ^[39]. Incorporating energy-efficient design strategies in interior spaces can significantly impact operational costs. By integrating energy-efficient lighting, HVAC systems, and appliances, interior designers can help reduce energy consumption and lower long-term operational expenses. Choosing sustainable materials and considering their financial implications is essential for economic sustainability. Opting for durable, low-maintenance materials and exploring local sourcing options can reduce material costs, transportation expenses, and waste generation ^[40]. Emphasizing adaptive reuse and renovation instead of new construction can have economic benefits. Reimagining existing spaces and repurposing materials can significantly reduce construction costs, resource consumption, and waste generation ^[41]. Considering the return on investment is crucial for economic sustainability in interior design. This involves assessing the financial benefits and potential cost savings associated with design decisions, such as implementing energy-efficient systems, optimizing space utilization, and enhancing occupant productivity ^[42]. Economic sustainability indicators in interior design emphasize efficient resource allocation, cost effectiveness, and long-term economic viability. By conducting life cycle cost analyses, prioritizing energy efficiency, selecting sustainable materials, promoting adaptive reuse, and considering return on investment, interior designers can contribute to economic sustainability. These indicators not only help minimize operational expenses and construction costs, but also enhance the overall financial performance and economic value of interior design projects.

4.3. Social Sustainability Indicators

Social sustainability is an essential aspect of interior design, focusing on creating spaces that enhance the wellbeing, health, and satisfaction of occupants. This section explores key social sustainability indicators in interior design, highlighting their significance in promoting inclusive, accessible, and supportive environments. Universal design principles aim to create spaces that are accessible and usable by people of all ages, abilities, and backgrounds. In interior design, this involves incorporating features, such as barrier-free access, adaptable furniture, and inclusive layouts that accommodate diverse user needs. Prioritizing the health and wellbeing of occupants is a crucial social sustainability indicator. Interior design can contribute to improving indoor air quality by using low-emission materials, integrating proper ventilation systems, and maximizing access to natural light. Additionally, incorporating biophilic design elements and creating spaces that promote physical activity and mental wellbeing can enhance the overall health of occupants ^[4]. Social sustainability in interior design emphasizes creating comfortable and ergonomically sound spaces. This involves considering factors, such as ergonomic furniture design, appropriate lighting levels, acoustic control measures, and temperature regulation, to enhance occupant comfort and productivity ^[43]. Interior design can foster community engagement and collaboration by creating spaces that encourage social interaction, communication, and connectivity. Design strategies, such as incorporating communal areas, flexible workspaces, and shared amenities, promote a sense of community and support social interactions among occupants ^[44]. Interior design should reflect and respect the cultural diversity of occupants. Incorporating elements that celebrate cultural heritage, traditions, and values contributes to a sense of belonging and inclusivity. Designing spaces that accommodate diverse cultural practices, preferences, and needs fosters a welcoming and inclusive environment ^[45]. Social sustainability indicators in interior design focus on creating inclusive, accessible, and supportive spaces that enhance the wellbeing and satisfaction of occupants. By incorporating universal design principles, promoting health and wellbeing, prioritizing comfort and ergonomics, fostering community engagement and collaboration, and embracing cultural sensitivity, interior designers can contribute to social sustainability. These indicators not only enhance the quality of interior spaces, but also promote a sense of belonging, connectivity, and overall satisfaction among occupants.