Dendritic polymers represent the well-established 4th class of polymers, next to their conventional linear, branched, and cross-linked counterparts. They main reason behind the increased scientific interest in this field iare constructed by a central core that is the multitude of applications. Among the most recognized are water purification, separation systems for instance chromatography, light harvesting solvent extraction, catalysis, liquid crystals, textiles, dye nanocarriers, coatings, membranes, and gels, Perhaps the most important implementations derive from a similarity to biological focal point of radial polymerization and may comprise the same monomeric units as the rest of the macromolecules. These include biomimetic synthesis and biomedical formulations based on the macromolecules themselves and their composites. Some possess intrinsic antimicrobial and antivira or a completely different entity that endows the substance with exceptional properties. Functionalization or inclusion of metal nanoparticles into their cavities increases their potential. They are also capable of controlled, targeted, and stimuli-responsive drug release. Other nanomedicine uses include theranostics for example biosensors, cancer diagnosis and therapy, magnetic resonance and bioimaging, therapy for inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, gene transfection, treatment of central nervous system conditions, antimicrobial coatings for orthopedical implants, and antigen mimicry for vaccinations. The properties of bio-dendritic polymers are ideally suited for tissue engineering including the field of regeneretive dentistry.The main body, i.e., the branched interior, contains the monomers and their characteristic groups. These define the conformation of the cavities and their chemical environment. The periphery contains the end groups that may be decorated with functional groups to adapt to the desired role.
The main reason behind the increased scientific interest in this field is the multitude of applications. Among the most recognized are water purification[1][2][3][4][5][6][7], separation systems[8][9], for instance, chromatography[10][11], light harvesting[12][13][14] solvent extraction[15][16], catalysis[17][18][19][20][21], liquid crystals[22][23][24][25][26][27], textiles[28][29][30], dye nanocarriers[31][32], coatings[33][34], membranes[35][36], and gels[37][38], Perhaps the most important implementations derive from a similarity to biological molecules[39]. These include biomimetic synthesis[40][41][42] and biomedical formulations[43][44][45][46][47][48][49] based on the macromolecules themselves and their composites. Some possess intrinsic antimicrobial[50] and antivira[51][52]l properties. Functionalization[53][54][55] or inclusion of metal nanoparticles[56] into their cavities increases their potential. They are also capable of controlled[57], targeted[58], and stimuli-responsive[59] drug release[59][60][61][62][63]. Other nanomedicine[64][65] uses include theranostics[66][67], for example, biosensors[68][69], cancer diagnosis[70][71] and therapy[72], magnetic resonance[73][74] and bioimaging, therapy for inflammatory diseases[75][76], such as rheumatoid arthritis, gene transfection[77][78], treatment of central nervous system conditions[79], antimicrobial coatings for orthopedical implants[80][81], and antigen mimicry for vaccinations[82]. The properties of bio-dendritic polymers are ideally suited for tissue engineering[83][84][85][86] including the field of regenerative dentistry.
Dendritic Polymer | Modification | Substrate | Function | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
G5 PAMAM | Arg-Gly Asp | - | Dermal microvessel endothelial, human vascular endothelial, odontoblast-like MDPC-23 cells | [288] |
G5 PAMAM | Fluorescein isothiocyanate Arg-Gly Asp | - | Dental pulp cells differentiation mouse odontoblast-like MDPC-23 cells | [37125] |
G3, G4 PAMAM-COOH | Carboxylic acid functionalization | Collagen fibrils | Dentin remineralization | [391] |
G3.5 PAMAM | Alendronate | Demineralized enamel | Enamel remineralization | [34122] |
G4 PAMAM-COOH | Butanedioic anhydride | Ferric chloride solution | Aggregates with a microribbon structure | [33121] |
PAMAM G3 | Carboxylic acid functionalization | Demineralized enamel | Enamel remineralization | [27115] |
G1 PAMAM Dendron | Aspartic acid, hexadecyl chain at the focal point | Biomimetic amelogenin nanospheres | Hydroxyapatite orientation Enamel | [32120] |
G4 PAMAM | Dimethyl phosphate | Demineralized enamel | Enamel remineralization | [31119] |
G3 PAMAM-NH2 | Demineralized dentin | Dentin remineralization | [38126] | |
G4 PAMAM-COOH | Triclosan | Demineralized dentin | Dentin remineralization, anti-bacterial | [21109] |
G4 PAMAM | Demineralized dentinal tubules | Dentin remineralization | [39127] | |
G3 PAMAM-NH2 | Type-I collagen fibrils | Mineralization of collagen fibrils | [40128] | |
G2 G4-PAMAM-OH | Demineralized dentin | Dentin remineralization | [41129] | |
PAMAM-COOH | Ca(OH)2 | Demineralized dentin | Dentin remineralization | [593] |
G4.5 PAMAM-COOH | Demineralized enamel | Enamel remineralization | [28116] | |
G2 PAMAM | Glutaraldehyde | Demineralized dentin | Dentin remineralization | [42130] |
G3 PAMAM | Phosphorylation polyacrylic acid | Demineralized dentin | Dentin remineralization | [17105] |
G4 PAMAM | Phosphorylation | Demineralized dentin | Dentin remineralization | [18106] |
G3 PAMAM | Amorphous calcium phosphate | Demineralized dentin | Dentin remineralization | [795] |
G3.5 PAMAM | Demineralized dentin | In vivo Dentin remineralization | [492] | |
PAMAM-COOH | Nano-hydroxyapatite | Demineralized dentin | Dentin remineralization | [43131] |
PAMAM-OH, PAMAM-COOH, PAMAM-NH2 | Demineralized dentin | Dentin remineralization | [44132] | |
G3 PAMAM | Nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) | Demineralized dentin | Dentin remineralization | [997] |
G3-PAMAM-NH2 | Nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) | Demineralized dentin | Dentin remineralization in an acidic solution | [1098] |
PAMAM 3.5 | NACP resin | Demineralized dentin | Dentin remineralization | [1199] |
PAMAM | Demineralized dentin | Dentin remineralization | [45133] | |
G3 PAMAM | bioactive multifunctional composite | Demineralized dentin | Dentin remineralization | [14102] |
G3 PAMAM | Glutaraldehyde | Demineralized dentin | Dentin remineralization | [46134] |
G3 PAMAM-NH2 | Amorphous calcium phosphate nanoparticles | Ethoxylated bisphenol A, dimethacrylate pyromellitic glycerol dimethacrylate resin | Dentin remineralization | [12100] |
Phosphorylated G3, G4 PAMAM | Apigenin | Demineralized dentin | Dentin remineralization, anti-bacterial | [22110] |
G4 PAMAM | Mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticles | Dentin remineralization | [47135] | |
G4 PAMAM | SN15 salivary statherin protein-inspired peptide NACP resin | Demineralized dentin | Enamel remineralization | [35123] |
PAMAM | Nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate | Demineralized dentin | Dentin remineralization | [694] |
G3 PAMAM-COOH | Nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate | Demineralized dentin | Dentin remineralization | [896] |
PAMAM-NH2, PAMAM-COOH, PAMAM-OH |
Enamel | Enamel remineralization | [29117] | |
G5 PAMAM-NH2, PAMAM-COOH |
Demineralized enamel | Enamel remineralization | [30118] | |
PAMAM-PO3H2 | Demineralized dentin and type I collagen matrix | Hydroxyapatite, Dentin remineralization | [16104] | |
G3 PAMAM | Pulpine | Demineralized dentin | Dentin remineralization, pulp tissue repair | [25113] |
PAMAM | Honokiol-loaded | Demineralized dentin | Enamel remineralization, anti-bacterial | [36124] |
G4 PAMAM-COOH | Chlorhexidine | Demineralized dentin | Dentin remineralization | [24112] |
G3 PAMAM-NH2 | Nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate, pyromellitic glycerol dimethacrylate, ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate resin | Demineralized dentin | Dentin remineralization in an acidic solution after severe fluid challenges | [13101] |
G4 PAMAM- PO3H2 G4 PAMAM-COOH |
Demineralized dentin | Dentin biomimetic remineralization and dentinal tubule occlusion | [19107] | |
G4 PAMAM-COOH | Amorphous calcium phosphate nanofillers, chlorhexidine | Demineralized dentin | Dentin remineralization, anti-bacterial | [23111] |
PAMAM- PO3H2 | Dental pulp stem cells | [48136] | ||
PAMAM- PO3H2 PAMAM-COOH | Collagen fibrils | Mineralization of type I collagen fibrils | [20108] | |
PAMAM–COOH | Nano-sized amorphous calcium phosphate | Collagen fibrils | Mineralization of dentin type I collagen fibrils | [49137] |