1 |
Leonardi et al., 2009 [11] |
41 |
10–17 |
Authors’ algorithm/CNN,
Borland C++ |
5 |
10/
n.s. |
n.s. |
257 for 10 landmarks |
2 |
Tanikawa et al.,
2010 [12] |
859
(400: permanent dentition; 459: mixed dentition) |
5–60; mean age: 23.6 (permanent dentition); 8.9 (mixed dentition) |
Authors’ algorithm/PPED system |
2 |
18/
n.s. |
n.s. |
n.s. |
3 |
Lindner et al., 2016 [13] |
400 |
7–76 |
Authors’ algorithm/FALA system, RFRV-CLM |
2 |
19/
84.7% in the range of 2 mm |
8/
78.4 ± 2.61% |
<3 |
4 |
Park et al., 2019 [14] |
1311
(1028: training set; 283: testing set) |
n.s. |
Authors’ algorithm/YOLOv3 and SSD |
1 |
80/
YOLOv3: 80.4% in the range of 2 mm |
n.s. |
0,05 for YOLOv3;
2.89 for SSD |
5 |
Hwang et al., 2020 [15] |
1311
(1028: training set; 283: testing set) |
n.s. |
Authors’ algorithm/YOLOv3 and manual analysis |
2 |
80/
mean detection error: 1.46 ± 2.97 mm |
n.s. |
n.s. |
6 |
Moon et al.,
2020 [16][10] |
2400 (2200: training set; 200 test set) |
n.s. |
Authors’ algorithm/YOLO v3 |
2 |
80/
n.s. |
n.s. |
n.s. |
7 |
Lee et al.,
2020 [17][16] |
400 |
n.s. |
Authors’ algorithm/Bayesian CNN |
2 |
19/
82.11% in the range of 2 mm |
n.s. |
512/38 for 19 landmarks (1 GPU/4 GPU) |
8 |
Kunz et al.,
2020 [18][17] |
1792
(96.6%: training set; 3.4% validation set) |
n.s. |
Authors’ algorithm/CNN, Keras and Google Tensorflow |
12 |
18/
n.s. |
12/
<0.37° (angular measurements); <0.20 mm (metric measurements);
<0.25% (proportional measurements) |
n.s. |
9 |
Kim at al., 2020 [19][18] |
2075 |
n.s. |
Authors’ algorithm/DL, SHG, Tensorflow, Python |
2 |
23/
84.7% in the range of 2 mm |
n.s. |
0.4 for 23 landmarks |
10 |
Kim et al., 2021 [20][19] |
950 (800: training set; 100: validation set; 50: testing set |
n.s. |
Authors’ algorithm/CNN |
2 |
13/
64.3% in the range of 2 mm |
n.s. |
n.s. |
11 |
Tanikawa et al., [21][20] |
1785 |
5.4–56.5; mean age: 12.2 |
Authors’ algorithm/CNN-PC & CNN-PE, Adam |
2 |
26/
success rates from 85% to 91% |
n.s. |
n.s. |
12 |
Tanikawa et al., 2021 [22][21] |
2385 |
5.8–77.9 |
Authors’ algorithm/
CNN-PC&PE, Adam |
2 |
26/
success rates from 85% to 90% |
n.s. |
n.s. |
13 |
Yao et al., 2022 [23][22] |
512
(312: training set; 100: validation set; 100: testing set) |
9–40 |
Authors’ algorithm/CNN, PyTorch |
2 |
37/
45.95% in the range of 1 mm;
97.3% in the range of 2 mm |
n.s. |
3 for 37 landmarks |
14 |
Uğurlu, 2022 [24][23] |
1620
(1360: training set; 140: validation set; 180: testing set) |
9–20 |
Authors’ algorithm/CNN/PyTorch, Python |
1 |
21/
76.2% in the range of 2 mm |
n.s. |
n.s |
15 |
Popova et al., 2023 [25][24] |
890
(387: training set; 43: validation set; 460: testing set) |
All ages |
Authors’ algorithm/CNN/(Keras and TensorFlow, Python |
3 |
16/
84.73% in the range of 2 mm |
n.s. |
n.s. |
16 |
Jeon et al., 2021 [26][25] |
35 |
Mean age: 23.8 |
Commercial analysis/CephX |
1 |
16 |
26/
0.1–0.3° (angular measurements); 0.1–0.3% (linear measurements) |
n.s. |
17 |
Bulatova et al., 2021 [27][26] |
110 |
n.s. |
Commercial analysis/Ceppro |
2 |
16/
±0.13 mm
in the range of 2 mm for 75% of landmarks; mean difference 2.0 ± 3.0 in X plane and 2.1 ± 3.0 in Y plane |
n.s. |
n.s. |
18 |
Ristau et al., 2022 [28][27] |
60 |
Patients with a full complement of teeth |
Commercial analysis/AudaxCeph |
2 |
13/max. mean error: <2.6 mm in X plane; <2.3 mm in Y plane |
n.s. |
n.s. |
19 |
Kılınç et al., 2022 [29][28] |
110 |
10–24, mean age: 15.83 ± 2.85 |
Commercial analysis/
WebCeph and
CephNinja |
1 |
n.s. |
11/
ICC from 0.170 to 0.884 |
n.s. |
20 |
Çoban et al., 2022 [30][29] |
105 |
>15, mean age: 17.25 ± 2.85 |
Commercianalyser/
WebCeph |
1 |
n.s. |
22/
ICC from 0.418 to 0.959 |
n.s. |
21 |
Mahto et al., 2022 [31][30] |
30 |
Mean age: 20.17 ± 6.72 |
Commercianalyser/WebCeph |
1 |
n.s. |
12/
ICCC from 0.795 to 0.966 |
n.s. |
22 |
Tsolakis et al., 2022 [32][31] |
100 |
Mean age: 15.9 ± 4.8 |
Commercial analyser/CS imaging V8 |
1 |
16 |
18/
ICC from 0.70 to 0.92 |
n.s. |
23 |
Jiang et al., 2023 [33][32] |
9870 (8611: training set; 1000: validation set; 259: testing set) |
6–50 |
Commercial analyser/CNN/CephNet |
5/100 |
28/
66.15% in the range of 1 mm; 91.73% in the range of 2 mm |
11/
89.33% |
n.s. |