Trust Management Model for Secure Internet of Vehicles: Comparison
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Please note this is a comparison between Version 1 by Yuanfang Chen and Version 4 by Yuanfang Chen.

The 车联网（Internet of Vehicles (IoV) enables vehicles to share data that help vehicles perceive the surrounding environment. However, vehicles can spread false information to other IoV nodes; this incorrect information misleads vehicles and causes confusion in traffic, therefore, a vehicular trust model is needed to check the trustworthiness of the message. oV）使车辆能够共享数据，帮助车辆感知周围环境。但是，车辆可以将虚假信息传播到其他车联网节点;这种不正确的信息会误导车辆并导致交通混乱，因此需要车辆信任模型来检查消息的可信度。

  • Internet of Vehicles
  • blockchain
  • trust management

1. Introduction

随着5G和6G的普及[1]以及可编程V2X环境和基于区块链的V2X（车辆到一切）技术[2]的应用，车联网已经迎来了快速发展。在车联网中，车辆可以与其他节点共享感知信息，包括交通安全信息、天气信息、道路信息等，并从其他节点获取服务[3]，从而提高交通安全和效率。

然而，车辆可能不可靠，我们需要解决如何在使用车联网之前，根据车辆的历史行为来评估车辆发送的消息的可靠性，并根据车辆的历史行为量化评估措施[4]（即信任值）的问题。例如，在车联网中，攻击者可能出于自私的原因控制车辆传播虚假信息，从而导致错误的环境感知和驾驶决策，从而危及驾驶员的安全并造成严重的交通事故[5]。
在车联网中，信任模型背后的基本原则是通过识别和取消恶意车辆及其产生的虚假消息来确保数据的可靠传输[6]。信任管理机制可以帮助车辆计算接收到的消息的可信度[7]，以提高车辆决策的准确性。综上所述，现有的信任管理机制一般可分为集中式信任管理和分布式信任管理[8]。集中式信任管理存在单点故障等问题，分布式信任管理存在信任值更新延迟等问题。
区块链作为比特币的核心技术，是一个分布式账本[9]。由于其分散和不可变的特性，区块链可以记录和更新车辆的信任值。有了区块链，即使少数RSU出现存储错误或被攻击者控制，整个网络的共识结果仍然可以得到保护。因此，一些研究者将区块链与信任管理机制相结合，解决上述集中式和分布式信任管理的问题。
然而，基于区块链或单层区块链的信任管理机制研究仍存在一些问题。首先，车辆每次验证交易时都需要存储一个完整的区块链账本或向相邻的全节点发送请求进行验证，这无疑会增加车辆的负担，浪费车辆的资源。其次，由于区块链节点数量非常大，覆盖面活跃广，也很难根据地理位置、通信流量、节点密度等客观因素进行分级管理。最后，由于车辆数据的重要性并不相同，如果系统不区分消息的重要性，车辆和RSU之间的数据存储和数据共享效率低下。因此，如何使系统能够存储和共享不同重要性级别的数据是一个问题。
With 考虑一个场景，车辆 theA popularity of 5G and 6G需要了解街道 A 的交通和业务情况，车辆 A 向附近的 [1]RSU and发送请求（我们假设每辆车都配备了一个车载单元 the application of programmable V2X environments and blockchain-based V2X (vehicle to everything) technologies（OBU），该单元使用专用短程通信 （DSRC） 或蜂窝 V2X （C-V2X） 通信技术与 RSU 进行微波通信）。收到请求后，RSU 会查询车辆 [2],A the的信任值，并允许车辆 IoV hasA 在其信任值高于特定阈值时使用该服务。RSU查询RSU区块链中的相关数据，并通过安全传输通道将其返回给车辆A。然后，车辆A可以根据RSU返回的数据和自身车辆区块链中的数据，充分了解前方区域的情况。 但是，车辆和RSU都可能成为恶意节点并恶意行为，从而影响系统中的其他节点。例如，恶意 embraced rapid development. In IoV, vehicles can share their perceived information with other nodes, including traffic safety information, weather information, road information, etc., and obtain services from other nodes [3], thus, improving traffic safety and efficiency.
However, vehicles can be unreliable, and we need to solve the problems of how to evaluate the reliability of the message sent by the vehicle and quantify an evaluation measure [4] (i.e., trust value) based on the historical behavior of the vehicle before utilizing IoV. For example, in IoV, vehicles may be controlled by attackers to spread false information for selfish reasons, thus, leading to false environmental perception and driving decision-making and thus, endangering the safety of drivers and causing serious traffic accidents [5].
In IoV, the basic principle behind the trust model is to ensure the reliable transmission of data by identifying and canceling malicious vehicles and the false news generated by them [6]. The trust management mechanism can help vehicles calculate the credibility of received messages [7] to improve the accuracy of vehicles in decision-making. In summary, the existing trust management mechanisms can be generally divided into centralized trust management and distributed trust management [8]. Centralized trust management has problems such as single points of failure, while distributed trust management has problems such as the delayed update of trust value.
Blockchain, as bitcoin’s core technology, is a distributed ledger [9]. Due to its decentralized and immutable characteristics, blockchain can record and update vehicles’ trust values. With blockchain, even if a small number of RSUs have storage errors or are controlled by attackers, the consensus results of the entire network can still be protected. 可能会篡改车辆信任值，恶意车辆可能会发送虚假消息。针对恶意节点问题，我们提出一种基于双层区块链的信任管理机制。该机制分为三个部分。其中，第一部分是双层区块链，第二部分是系统架构，最后一部分是共识机制。我们通过这三个部分介绍了所提出的双层区块链信任管理机制。
本文提出一种基于双层区块链的信任管理机制DLBTherefore, some researchers combine blockchain with trust management mechanisms to solve the above problems of centralized and distributed trust management.
However, there are still some problems in the research of trust management mechanisms based on the blockchain or single-layer blockchain. First of all, the vehicles need to store a complete blockchain ledger or send a request to the adjacent full node for verification every time the transaction is verified, which will undoubtedly increase the burden of the vehicle and waste the vehicle’s resources. Secondly, because the number of blockchain nodes is very large and the coverage is active and wide, it is also difficult to conduct hierarchical management according to objective factors such as geographical location, communication traffic, and node density. Finally, because the importance of vehicle data is not the same, the data storage and data sharing between vehicles and M，以解决车联网中针对车辆与RSUs is inefficient if the system does not distinguish the importance of messages. 通信的恶意攻击。利用双层区块链，可以减轻车联网负担，实现车联网节点分级管理，保护车辆隐私，实现分级数据存储和共享，实现车联网节点的有效信任评估和管理。值得注意的是，与同类算法相比，我们的类型算法和消息评估器选择算法具有更低的时间复杂度，仿真实验表明，我们的信任管理机制能够有效地识别恶意节点。因此，我们的DLBTherefore, how to enable the system to store and share data of different levels of importance is a problem.M在复杂的车联网环境中是有效和可行的。对于未来的研究，我们将在我们的模型中引入激励机制来促进合作行为。

2. Trust Management Model in IoV

论文亮点：

2.1 Centralized Trust Management

Mahmoud et al. [10] adopted an incentive and punishment strategy (TRIPO) to prevent intentional packet loss attacks in rational cases and unintentional packet loss attacks in irrational cases. TRIPO uses small payments to reward rational nodes that correctly forward packets from other nodes. For irrational nodes, TRIPO uses a reputation system to measure, i.e., a new monitoring technique to monitor the nodes. However, all of these operations are centralized in the offline trusted party. Based on the malicious behavior detection system running on vehicles and RSUs, Bißmeyer et al. [11] proposed a centralized trust management model, which uses the malicious behavior report to establish trust relationships and reach the goal of identifying and removing attackers in IoV. Li et al. [12] proposed a reputable ad hoc network announcement scheme that consists of a centralized reputation server, access point (physical wireless communication equipment), and vehicle. The centralized reputation server’s role is to collect and aggregate feedback to generate reputation and spread reputation. The access point acts as the communication interface between the vehicle and the reputation server, and the vehicle broadcasts and receives information from neighboring vehicles. The credibility of the received information is evaluated and then reported to the reputation server.

2.2 Distributed Trust Management 

Huang et al. [13] proposed a distributed reputation management system (DREAMS), in which basic reputation management tasks are performed by local authorities (LA) in different locations. LA acts as the trusted authority and arranges the vehicle edge computing server for local reputation display and updates. Oluoch et al. [14] also proposed a reputation model to help vehicles in the network evaluate the reliability of other vehicles, that is, each receiving vehicle requests other vehicles within its communication range to give reliability to the sending vehicle, or the receiving vehicle obtains the corresponding results from the RSU. Raya et al. [15] proposed a data-centric trust management model, which calculates the trust of each data, aggregates multiple related but possibly contradictory data, and finally obtains the final trust value.

2.3  Combination of Blockchain and Trust Management

Yang et al. [16] proposed a decentralized trust management model for IoV based on blockchain technology. The receiving vehicle uses Bayesian inference to verify the results for the messages received from adjacent vehicles. Then according to this result, the receiving vehicle generates scores for each vehicle sending messages and uploads them to the nearby RSU, which is responsible for calculating the variation of trust value of each vehicle according to the scores and packaging these data into a “block”. RSUs compete to become miners using the POW Consensus algorithm. Zhang et al. [17] proposed a trust management system for the IoV based on blockchain, which solves the problem of calculating message credibility. Moreover, this system can detect vehicles sending malicious messages and reduce their credit value according to the rating mechanism. In addition, a combination of the consensus mechanisms of PoW and PoS is used to ensure that vehicles with significant changes in reputation can be updated to the blockchain more quickly. Kang et al. [18] proposed a credit-based data sharing scheme, which considers the three weights of interaction frequency, event timeliness, and trajectory similarity, adopting the three-weight subjective logic (TWSL) model to select more reliable data sources and improve data credibility. In addition, the alliance blockchain is utilized to establish a secure and distributed vehicle blockchain and smart contracts are deployed on the vehicle blockchain to realize safe and efficient data storage of RSUs and data sharing among vehicles.

2.4. Combination of Double-Layer Blockchain and Trust Management 

Lee et al [19] proposed a two-layer blockchain trust management model for the Internet of Vehicles, which is composed of the local one-day message blockchain and the global vehicle reputation blockchain. The data in the global vehicle reputation blockchain are generated by RSUs located in different regions, which consist of the vehicle’s reputation score based on the vehicle’s historical behavior. Therefore, each vehicle’s reputation is updated and permanently stored in the global vehicle reputation blockchain for further query. In the local one-day message blockchain, vehicles and RSUs store and share local traffic information in a short period of time. RSUs and vehicles in the same region act as blockchain nodes. This blockchain creates a new block at a set time every day and deletes the previously recorded blockchain data. Kandah et al [20] also proposed a two-layer blockchain trust management model composed of platoon blockchain and global blockchain. The participating nodes of a platoon blockchain are a group of vehicles with a small gap in proximity and speed. They store the localized trust consensus (trust value of vehicles), while the global blockchain stores the trust factors of all vehicles in the system, that is, the data in the platoon blockchain is added to the global blockchain through mining. In the mining stage, RSU mines the block using the trust bidding system.

  1. 提出双层区块链结构，允许根据消息重要性选择性存储数据，降低存储压力。
  2. 使用逻辑回归算法计算车辆节点信任值，准确判断好节点和坏节点。
  3. 采用先进的共识机制，如Ouroboros，使系统安全可靠。
  4. 通过仿真测试，在各种条件下都能有效识别90%以上的恶意节点。
  5. 与现有算法相比，该方法具有较低的时间和空间复杂度。

References

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