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Dimetylotryptamina: Comparison
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Please note this is a comparison between Version 2 by Marek Adam Motyka and Version 1 by Marek Adam Motyka.

Dimethylotryptaminae (DMT) jestis an indole alkaloidem indolowym i pochodną and a derivative of tryptaminy (e (a metabolit niezbędnegoe of the essential aminokwasu acid tryptofanu), która występuje w wielu układachphan), which exists in many biologicznych (sal systems (endogenous substancja endogenna) w tym roślin i zwierząte) including plants and animals. DMT wytwarzaproduces intensywne, ale krótkotrwałe (do 30-e but short-lived (up to 30–60 min) psychodeliczne i halucynogenne doznaniaedelic and hallucinogenic experiences [1]. IstniTheje również coraz więcej dowodów na to, że ere is also increasing evidence that endogenne DMT odgrywa rolę w ośrodkowym (OUN) i obwodowym układzie nerwowyous DMT plays a role in the central (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) i może działać jako, and it may act as a neuroprzekaźnik, działając jako nieselektywny agonistatransmitter by acting as a non-selective serotoniny, głównie na 5-hydroksytryptaminę ( agonist principally on the 5-hydroksxytryptaminę). receptory HT1A ie (5-HT1A and 5-HT2A) receptors.

  • dimethyltryptamine
  • psychedelic
  • psychiatric disorders

1. The Zastosowania DMT w przeszłości i czasach współczUses of DMT in Past and Modern Timesnych

WeAccordługing to Eckernäsa i in et al. (2022), DMT jestis a psychodelikiem, który możeedelic that can potencjalnie wyleczyć kilka zaburzeńtially cure several psychicznych, chociaż niewiele wiadomo na temat jego właściwości farmakatric disorders, although little is known about its pharmacokinetycznych i farmakics and pharmacodynamicznych properties [ 25 25]. Nieverthemniej jednak brak wiedzy na temat DMT i jego właściwości nie przeszkodził ludziom z zamierzchłej przeszłości i czasów współczesnych eksperymentować z nim według własnego uznania. Dane badawcze potwierdzają, że jednym z bardziejless, the lack of knowledge concerning DMT and its properties did not prevent people from the ancient past and modern times from experimenting with it at their discretion. Research data confirm that one of the more popularnych wywarów zawierających DMT jest decoctions containing DMT is ayahuasca, spożywana wconsumed during so-called rites of passage in the Amazonii podczas tzw. były kluczowe w przygotowaniu młodych ludzi do ról, jakie pełnią dorośli [ since pre-Columbian times, whereby its use and sensations were monitored during these ceremonies by tribal chiefs who thought that these experiences were crucial in preparing young people for the roles assumed by 26adults [26].
BThe bazą do sporządzenia tego wywaru jestse for making this decoction is Banisteriopsis caapi (Spruce ex Griseb.) C.V.Morton, roślina porastająca rozległe tereny Ameryki Południowej, którą można spotkać we wschodniej części Brazylii, Ekwadorze a plant that grows over vast South American terrains, and which can be found in the eastern part of Brazil, Ecuador, Boliwiivia, Peru, Kolumbii i na Karaibach . Swoją łacińską nazwę zawdzięcza misjonarzowi iColombia, and the Caribbean. It owes its Latin name to the missionary and botanikowi Johnowist John Banisterowi, który przemierzał Puszczę, who roamed the Amazońską w XVII wieku. Składnikin Forest in the 17th century. The psychoaktywne, którymctive constituents to which the liana zawdzięcza swój urok, to alkaloidy β-kowes its appeal are the β-carboliny:e alkaloids tetrahydroharminae, harmalina i e, and harmina. Przyjmowane w małych dawkach działają przeciwdepresyjnie. Jednak w większych dawkach wywołują doznania halucynogenne. Halucynogenny wywar jest równieże. Taken in small doses, they exert an antidepressant effect. However, in larger doses, they induce a hallucinogenic experience. A hallucinogenic decoction is also produkowany w połączeniu z roślinami zawierającymi DMT, takimi jakced when combined with DMT-containing plants, such as Psychotria viridis Ruiz & Pav. [ 2727]. Ayahuasca accompanied indigenous people atowarzyszyła rdzennym mieszkańcom podczas zaślubin, urodzin i inicjacji w regionie nuptials, birthdays, and initiations in the Amazon region. At the same time, ayahuasca is used in natural (traditional or cultural) medicine for strengthening, aiding concentration and performance, and cleansing the body of accumulated toxins. Among indigenous Amazonii. Jednocześnie ayahuasca jest wykorzystywana w medycynie naturalnejan peoples, any circumstances during which it is permissible to use the plant for medicinal and ceremonial purposes are regulated by internal tribal arrangements [28]. Both (tradycyjnej lub kulturowej) dhe preparation and serving of the brew are only allowed to curanderos (local healers—shamans) [27].
Some wzmacniania, wsporesearchers suggest that the DMT-containing secretion of the toad Incilius alvarius magy also hania koncentracji i wydajności oraz oczyszczania organizmu z nagromadzonych toksyve been used in the southwestern U.S. and in northern Mexico. It has been established that a single toad can produce doses sufficient to achieve psychedelic sensations. Admittedly, the doses are toxic when ingested orally, but burning the collected secretions followed by inhalation produces potent psychedelic results [29].
In. Wśród rdzennych ludów amazońskich wszelestern culture, it is possible to identify several important dates relating to the modern history of DMT. According to Steven Barker, such a date is 1931, when Canadian chemist Richard Manske conducted the first synthesis of DMT in a laboratory [4]. Barker also poie okoliczności, w których dozwolone jest używaninted out that the occurrence of DMT in plants was discovered in 1946 by microbiologist Oswaldo Gonçalves de Lima, while the psychedelic properties of DMT were described in 1956 by Hungarian chemist and psychiatrist Stephen Szár, who extracted DMT from the Mimosa plant and conducted an experiment on himself by taking the extract via intramuscular injection [4]. One rcan alsośliny do celów leczniczych i ceremonialnych, find slightly different dates for these discoveries in the scientific literature. According to Anna Ermakova et al., the first synthesis of 5-MeO-DMT took place in 1936, while the first isolation of the psychedelic from the Dictyoloma incanescens DC. plant sąof reguthe Rutaceae family toowane wewnętrznymi ustaleniamk place in 1959, and in subsequent years, it was identified in some fungi, secretions of the glands of the desert toads, and in mammals [12]. Despite plemiennymi [28the slight discrepancies in time, it must ]be .acknowledged Zarówno przygotowywanie, jak i podawanie napathat these events bridge the gap between the profane and the sacred and between modern science and the cultural–religious use of many DMT-containing plants [4].
The use of DMT for ritu dozwolone jest jedyal purposes is also observed in modern times. Indigenous South Americans have been using plants containing 5-MeO-DMT for thousands of years [30], anid they use curanderod snuff made from Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg. beans [12]. (In Brazil, untilokalnym uzdrowicielom – szamanom) [ modern times, there are several religious communities for which ayahuasca decoction is a sacrament in public rituals. Congregations celebrating ayahuasca are also found in Germany, Australia, Canada, France, the Netherlands, Japan, Spain, and the United 27States [31,32].
Ni In the 21st cekntórzy badacze sugerują, że zawierająca ury, ayahuasca healing sessions conducted by globetrotting curanderos are increasingly common and available to almost anyone interested [27]. As for the use of DMT-containing wydzielina ropuchysecretions of Incilius alvarius toads, mogła być równresearchers could not find definite historical evidence of its indigenous use, and it could be a relatively recent phenomenon [12].
According to Eckernäs eż używana w południowo-zachodnict al. (2022), DMT is a psychedelic that can potentially cure several psychiatric disorders, although little is known about its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic properties [25]. Nevertheless, Stanach Zjednoczonych i północnym Meksyku. Ustalono, że pojedyncza ropucha może wytworzyć dawthe lack of knowledge concerning DMT and its properties did not prevent people from the ancient past and modern times from experimenting with it at their discretion. Research data confirm that one of the more popular decoctions containing DMT is ayahuasca, consumed during so-called rites of passage in the Amazon since pre-Columbian times, whereby its use and sensations were monitored during these ceremonies by tribal chiefs who thought that these experiences were crucial in preparing young people for the roles assumed by adults [26].
The base for making this decoction is Banisteriopsis caapi (Spruce ex Griseb.) C.V.Morton, a plant that growys over vastarczające do uzyskania doznań South American terrains, and which can be found in the eastern part of Brazil, Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, and the Caribbean. It owes its Latin name to the missionary and botanist John Banister, who roamed the Amazon Forest in the 17th century. The psychodelicznych. Trzeba przyznać, że dawki są toksyczne po spożactive constituents to which the liana owes its appeal are the β-carboline alkaloids tetrahydroharmine, harmaline, and harmine. Taken in small doses, they exert an antidepressant effect. However, in larger doses, they induce a hallucinogenic experience. A hallucinogenic decoction is also produced when combined with DMT-containing plants, such as Psychotria viridis Ruiz & Pav. [27]. Ayahuasca acciu doustnym, ale spalanie zebranych wydzielin, a następnie inhalacja, daje silne ompanied indigenous people at nuptials, birthdays, and initiations in the Amazon region. At the same time, ayahuasca is used in natural (traditional or cultural) medicine for strengthening, aiding concentration and performance, and cleansing the body of accumulated toxins. Among indigenous Amazonian peoples, any circumstances during which it is permissible to use the plant for medicinal and ceremonial purposes are regulated by internal tribal arrangements [28]. Both thef prekty psychodeliczneparation and serving of the brew are only allowed to curanderos (local healers—shamans) [ 29 27].
WSome researchers kulturze zachodsuggest that the DMT-containing secretion of the toad Incilius alvarius may also have been used iej można zidentyfikować kilka ważnych dat związanych zn the southwestern U.S. and in northern Mexico. It has been established that a single toad can produce doses sufficient to achieve psychedelic sensations. Admittedly, the doses are toxic when ingested orally, but burning the collected secretions followed by inhalation produces potent psychedelic results [29].
In Western culture, it is possible to identify współczesnąseveral important dates relating to the modern historiąy of DMT. Według According to Stevena Barkera taką datą jest rok , such a date is 1931, kiedy to kanadyjskiwhen Canadian chemikst Richard Manske przeprowadził pierwszą syntezę DMT wconducted the first synthesis of DMT in a laboratoriumy [ 4 4]. Barker also zwrócił również uwagę, że występowanie DMT w roślinach odkrył wpointed out that the occurrence of DMT in plants was discovered in 1946 roku mikby microbiologist Oswaldo Gonçalves de Lima, awhile the psychodeliczne właściwości DMT opisał w 1956 roku węgierskiedelic properties of DMT were described in 1956 by Hungarian chemik ist and psychiatraist Stephen Szár, który wyekstrahował DMT z roślinywho extracted DMT from the Mimosa i przeprowadził eksperymentować na sobie, biorąc ekstrakt domięśniowoplant and conducted an experiment on himself by taking the extract via intramuscular injection [ 44]. WOne can also find literaturze naukowej można też znaleźć nieco inne daty tych odkryć. Według Annyslightly different dates for these discoveries in the scientific literature. According to Anna Ermakovej i wsp. pierwsza syntezaa et al., the first synthesis of 5-MeO-DMT miała miejsce w 1936 roku, natomiast pierwsza izolacjatook place in 1936, while the first isolation of the psychodelika z Dictyolomaedelic from the Dictyoloma incanescens DC. rośplin z rodzinyant of the Rutaceae famiała miejsce w 1959 roku, aw kolejnych latach została zly took place in 1959, and in subsequent years, it was identified in some fungi, secretions of the glands of the desert toads, and in mammals [12]. Despite the slight dentyfikowana u niektórych grzybów, wydzielin giscrepancies in time, it must be acknowledged that these events bridge the gap between the profane and the sacred and between modern science and the cultural–religious use of many DMT-containing plants [4].
The use of DMT for rituczołów ropuch pustynnych oral purposes is also observed in modern times. Indigenous South Americans have been using plants containing 5-MeO-DMT for thousands of years [30], aznd they u ssakówsed snuff made from Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) [Speg. 12beans [12]. In Brazil, until Pomimo niewielkich rozbieżności w czasie, należy przyznać, że wydamodern times, there are several religious communities for which ayahuasca decoction is a sacrament in public rituals. Congregations celebrating ayahuasca are also found in Germany, Australia, Canada, France, the Netherlands, Japan, Spain, and the United States [31,32]. In the 21st centurzy, ayahuasca henia te wypełniają lukę międzyaling sessions conducted by globetrotting curanderos are increasingly common and available to almost anyone interested [27]. As pforofanum the use of DMT-containing secretions of Incilius alvarius toa sacrum oraz między współczesną nauką a kulturowds, researchers could not find definite historical evidence of its indigenous use, and it could be a relatively recent phenomenon [12].
According to- Eckereligijnym wykorzystaniem wielu roślin zawierającycnäs et al. (2022), DMT is a psychedelic that can potentially cure several psychiatric disorders, although little is known about its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic properties [25]. Nevertheless, DMT [4the lack ]of .
Użyknowaledge concernie DMT do celów rytualnych obserwuje się również w czasach nowożytnych. Rdzenni mieszkańcy Ameryki Południowej używali roślin zawierających 5-MeO-DMT od tysięcy lat [ng DMT and its properties did not prevent people from the ancient past and modern times from experimenting with it at their discretion. Research data confirm that one of the more popular decoctions containing DMT is ayahuasca, consumed during so-called rites of passage in the Amazon since pre-Columbian times, whereby its use and sensations were monitored during these ceremonies by tribal chiefs who thought that these experiences were crucial in preparing young people 30for ]the i używaliroles assumed by adults [26]. The tbabaki wykonanej zse for making this decoction is AnBadenanthera peregrnisteriopsis caapina (LSpruce ex Griseb.) Speg. fasola [C.V.Morton, a plant that grows over vast South American terrains, and which can be found in the 12eastern ].part W Brazylii do czasów współczesnych istnieje kilka wspólnot religijnych, dla których wywarof Brazil, Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, and the Caribbean. It owes its Latin name to the missionary and botanist John Banister, who roamed the Amazon Forest in the 17th century. The psychoactive constituents to which the liana owes its appeal are the β-carboline alkaloids tetrahydroharmine, harmaline, and harmine. Taken in small doses, they exert an antidepressant effect. However, in larger doses, they induce a hallucinogenic experience. A hallucinogenic decoction is also produced when combined with DMT-containing plants, such as Psychotria viridis Ruiz a & Pav. [27]. Ayahuaskca accompani jest sakramentem w publicznych rytuałach. Kongregacje świętujące ayahuaskęed indigenous people at nuptials, birthdays, and initiations in the Amazon region. At the same time, ayahuasca is used in natural (traditional or cultural) medicine for strengthening, aiding concentration and performance, and cleansing the body of accumulated toxins. Among indigenous Amazonian peoples, any circumstances during which it is permissible to use the plant for medicinal and ceremonial purposes are regulated by internal tribal arrangements [28]. Both the zpreparationajdują się również w Niemcz and serving of the brew are only allowed to curanderos (local healers—shamans) [27]. Some research, Austraers suggest that the DMT-containing secretion of the toad Incilius alvarius may alii,so Kanadzie, Francji, Holandii, Japonii, Hiszpanii i Stanach Zjednoczonych have been used in the southwestern U.S. and in northern Mexico. It has been established that a single toad can produce doses sufficient to achieve psychedelic sensations. Admittedly, the doses are toxic when ingested orally, but burning the collected secretions followed by inhalation produces potent psychedelic results [29]. In 31Western culture, 32it ].is W XXI wieku sesje uzdrawiania ayapossible to identify several important dates relating to the modern history of DMT. According to Steven Barker, such a date is 1931, when Canadian chemist Richard Manske conducted the first synthesis of DMT in a laboratory [4]. Barker also pointed out that the occuaską prowadzone przez podróżujących po świecie curanderos są corrrence of DMT in plants was discovered in 1946 by microbiologist Oswaldo Gonçalves de Lima, while the psychedelic properties of DMT were described in 1956 by Hungarian chemist and psychiatrist Stephen Szár, who extracted DMT from the Mimosa plant and conducted an experiment on himself by taking the extract via intramuscular injection [4]. One cazn bardziej powszechne i dostępne dla pralso find slightly different dates for these discoveries in the scientific literature. According to Anna Ermakova et al., the first synthesis of 5-MeO-DMT took place in 1936, while the first isolation of the psychedelic from the Dictyoloma incanescens DC. plawnt of the Rutaceae family took place każdego zainteresowanego in 1959, and in subsequent years, it was identified in some fungi, secretions of the glands of the desert toads, and in mammals [ 27] .12]. JDespite theśli chodzi o stosowanie zawierającyc slight discrepancies in time, it must be acknowledged that these events bridge the gap between the profane and the sacred and between modern science and the cultural–religious use of many DMT-containing plants [4]. The DMT wydzielin ropucuse of DMT for ritual purposes is also observed in modern times. Indigenous South Americans have been using plants containing 5-MeO-DMT for thousands of years [30], and they used snuff Imade from Anadencilius alvariusnthera peregrina (L.) ,Speg. badeans [12]. In Bracze nie mogli znaleźć jednoznacznych historycznych dowodów na ich rdzenil, until modern times, there are several religious communities for which ayahuasca decoction is a sacrament in public rituals. Congregations celebrating ayahuasca are also found in Germany, Australia, Canada, France, the Netherlands, Japan, Spain, and the United States [31,32]. In the użycie i może to być21st century, ayahuasca healing sessions conducted by globetrotting curanderos are increasingly common and available to almost anyone interested [27]. As for the use of DMT-containing secretosions of Incilius alvarius toads, researchers could nkowo nowe zjawisko [ot find definite historical evidence of its indigenous use, and it could be a relatively recent 12phenomenon [12].
Today, researchers are exploring the medicinal properties of psychedelics and providing a better understanding of their mood-enhancing and potential therapeutic properties [33]. At least a few studies have been undertaken in the last decade. Ido Hartogsohn, examining a cult originating in Brazil that uses ayahuasca brew during rituals, describes the profound dependence of psychedelic effects on psychological, social, and cultural factors [33,34]. Deborah Gonzalez et al. (2021) tracked data collected from 200 patients with psychiatric disorders treated with ayahuasca decoction, all of whom experienced marked and sustained improvements in health, quality of life, and spirituality [35].
In the most extensive study reported to date, collected from nearly 7000 respondents consuming ayahuasca, valuable data demonstrated the vital role of combining the ceremonial context of decoction use, therapeutic motivations, and the additional support obtained with yoga and tai chi exercises (Tai chi ch’üan), also sometimes known as “shadowboxing”, to produce positive results in terms of improved well-being, mystical experiences, and insight [36]. These and other studies suggest that psychedelic experiences correspond closely with the enhancement and transcendence of mood, spirituality, cognitive abilities, and quality of life.

2. Legal Aspects

We should note two normative approaches when considering the legal aspects. The first is regulated by state or international laws, which aim to protect against the widespread use of DMT-containing specifics and reduce possible adverse events resulting from uncontrolled use. The second aspect is ritual–cultural use, which is regulated by cultural precepts but in a less restrictive manner.
DMT is on Schedule One of the 1971 United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances, which means that the drug is subject to mild restrictions, its use has no therapeutic effect, and there is a high potential for dependence, abuse, and the possibility of severe adverse effects [13]. However, in 21st-century Brazilian syncretic religions, ayahuasca use has spread to almost every continent; in several countries, these groups have obtained some form of legal authorization for the ritual and religious use of ayahuasca [37]. Congregations celebrating ayahuasca exist in Germany, Australia, Canada, France, the Netherlands, Japan, Spain, and the United States [31,32,38]. In contrast, the United Nations indicates that DMT can be used strictly for medical research and scientific purposes, while international trade is under vigilant and systematic observation [39].
Synthetic DMT derivatives appeared with the escalation of the so-called “legal highs” on the drug market—especially on the deep web and the darknet—influencing the introduction of appropriate “legal” arrangements [40]. In Poland, in March 2009, as part of an amendment to the Act on Counteracting Drug Addiction of 29 July 2005, the plants from which ayahuasca decoction is prepared were placed on the list of narcotics, and their distribution and use were subject to legal sanctions [41]. The 5-MeO-DMT is a controlled substance in New Zealand, the U.K., Australia, and several other countries [12].
As for the ritual–cultural aspects, the situation is not subject to overly restrictive sanctions. For this reason, ceremonies during which DMT-containing hallucinogenic decoctions are consumed could be said to promote the undertaking of travel to these places to experience mystical and entheogenic states [27]. In recent decades, so-called ayahuasca tourism has become popular [32]. Reported reasons for tourists reaching for ayahuasca include curiosity, treatment of mental disorders, the need for self-discovery, spiritual development, interest in psychedelic medicine, the search for purpose in life, and the opportunity to contact God, spirits, and transcendental energy, as well as hedonistic goals [42,43]. Of czywiście należy zauważyć, że dokładnie te specyfiki, które mogą służyć poprawie dobrostanuourse, it should be noted that the exact specifics that can serve to improve psychofizyczno-społecznego, gdy są wykorzystywane wyłącznie do celów rekreacyjnych, mogą jednocześnie stanowić krytyczne zagrożenie dla użytkowników–physical–social well-being, when used solely for recreational purposes, can at the same time pose a critical threat to users [4444]. ]Thus, .it Dlatego należy zauważyć, że prawdziwi szamani rozumieją i szanują moce ukryte w roślinach i żaden z nich nie używa roślin halucynogennych dla rozrywki, tak jak robią to ludzie z Zachodushould be noted that true shamans understand and respect the powers hidden in plants, and none use hallucinogenic plants for entertainment, as Westerners do [ 45 45].

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