Arboviruses consist of a diverse family of pathogens that can infect a wide range of animals and humans. Arboviruses are a diverse family of vector-borne pathogens that include members of the Flaviviridae, Togaviridae, Phenuviridae, Peribunyaviridae, Reoviridae, Asfarviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Orthomyxoviridae and Poxviridae families.
Virus | Family/Order | Vector | Symptoms | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Zika virus (ZIKV) |
Flaviviridae | Aedes mosquitoes |
Fever, conjunctivitis, joint pain, headache, maculopapular rash, microcephaly, Guillain–Barré syndrome. |
[10] |
Yellow fever virus (YFV) |
Flaviviridae | Aedes mosquitoes |
Jaundice, liver damage, gastrointestinal bleeding, recurring fever. |
[11] |
Dengue Virus (DENV) |
Flaviviridae | Aedes mosquitoes |
Fever, headache, nausea, muscle and joint pain, skin rash, hypovolemic shock, hemorrhage. |
[12] |
West Nile virus (WNV) |
Flaviviridae | Culex mosquitoes |
Fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, swollen lymph nodes, meningitis, encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis. |
[13] |
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) |
Flaviviridae | Culex mosquitoes |
Mild flu-like symptoms, encephalitis, seizures, paralysis, coma and long-term brain damage. | [14] |
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) |
Flaviviridae | Ixodes ticks, Dermacentor and Haemaphysalis |
Mild meningitis to severe meningoencephalitis with or without paralysis and long-term brain damage damage. |
[15] |
Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus (OHFV) |
Flaviviridae | Dermacentor ticks | Fever, headache, nausea, muscle pain, cough and hemorrhages. | [16] |
Saint Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) |
Flaviviridae | Culex mosquitoes |
Headache, sensory depression, temporal–spatial disorientation, tremors and changes in consciousness. | [17] |
Kyasanur Forest disease virus (KFDV) |
Flaviviridae | Haemaphysalis spinigera |
Fever with hemorrhagic and/or neurological features in 20% of patients. | [18] |
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) |
Togaviridae | Aedes mosquitoes |
Fever frequently associated with joint pain, polyarthralgia and arthritis, rash, myalgia and headache. | [19] |
O’nyong nyong virus (ONNV) |
Togaviridae | Anophles mosquitoes |
Low-grade fever, symmetrical polyarthralgia, lymphadenopathy, generalized papular or maculopapular exanthema and joint pain. | [20] |
Ross river virus (RRV) |
Togaviridae | Culex and Aedes mosquitoes |
Arthritis, rash, fever, fatigue and myalgia. | [21] |
Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) |
Togaviridae | Culiseta mosquitoes |
Fever, chills, vomiting, myalgia, arthralgia, malaise and encephalitis. |
[22] |
Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) |
Togaviridae | Aedes, Culex and Culiseta mosquitoes |
Fever, chills, headache, aseptic meningitis and encephalitis. |
[23] |
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) |
Togaviridae | Culex mosquitoes |
Fever, chills, malaise, severe headache, myalgia, seizures, drowsiness, confusion and photophobia. | [24] |
Barmah Forest virus (BFV) |
Togaviridae | Culex and Aedes mosquitoes |
Asymptomatic to relatively mild symptomatic presentations, such as fever and rash; in more severe diseases, polyarthralgia or arthritis. |
[25] |
Thogoto virus (THOV) |
Orthomyxoviridae | Haemaphysalis and Amblyomma ticks | Benign febrile symptoms to meningoencephalitis. | [26] |
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) |
Bunyvirales | Culex and Aedes mosquitoes |
Fever, headache, backache, vertigo, anorexia, photophobia, hepatitis, jaundice, hemorrhagic disease and ocular complications |
[27][28][27,28] |
Ngari virus (NRIV) |
Bunyvirales | Aedes, Culex and Anopheles mosquitoes |
Fever, joint pain, rash, can induce severe and fatal hemorrhagic fever | [28] |
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) |
Bunyvirales | Haemophysalis Amblyomma, Ixodes and Rhipicephalus ticks |
High fever, gastrointestinal symptoms, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia and multiple organ failure | [29] |
Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) |
Bunyvirales | Hyalomma, Rhipicephalus and Dermacentor ticks |
Non-specific febrile illness, sudden onset of fever, myalgia, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, hemorrhages at various sites around the body. | [30] |
Jamestown Canyon virus (JCV) |
Bunyvirales | Aedes, Coquillettidia, Culex mosquitoes |
Non-specific febrile illness, meningitis or meningoencephalitis |
[31] |
La Crosse encephalitis virus (LACV) |
Bunyvirales | Aedes mosquitoes |
Fever, headache, myalgia, malaise and occasional prostration, encephalitis and lifelong sequelae. | [32] |
Oropouche Virus (OROV) |
Bunyvirales | Culicoides and Culex mosquitoes |
Acute febrile illness, myalgia, arthralgia, dizziness, photophobia, rash, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, conjunctive congestion and meningitis. |
[33] |