The antioxidant, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory activities of the Cleome droserifolia (Forssk.) Del. (Cd) shrub were investigated considering the biological activity of its phytogenic compounds.
Analysis | Antioxidant Concentration (µg/mL) | Content | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DPPH Scavenging Activity, % | ABTS Scavenging Activity, % | |||||||||||
= 6) | Cd Extract | Ascorbic Acid | Packed Cd Extract |
Ascorbic Acid |
Treatment | Variable (Mean± Standard Error of the Mean, n = 10/Treatment) |
---|
Treatment | Variable (Mean± Standard Error of the Mean, n = 6) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Body Weight, g | Feed Intake, g/day | Fecal Score | Cell Volume(%) | Hemoglobin, g/dL | |||||
Yeast | Rectal Temperature, °C | ||||||||
Lactobacillus | Total | ||||||||
White Blood Cells, 10 | Protein, | g/dL |
3Albumin, g/dL |
/mmGlucose, mg/dL |
Total Antioxidant Capacity, Mm/L |
Malondialdehyde, nmol/mL | |||
3 | |||||||||
Lymphocytes, | % |
Neutrocytes, % |
Echinocytes, % |
Monocytes, % |
Phagocytic Index |
Phagocytic Activity, % | Lysozyme Activity, U/mL |
Interleukin-β1, pg/mL | |
Salmonella | Coliform | ||||||||
Total phenols (mean ± SE, mg GA equivalent/g DM) | |||||||||
C | 32.55 ± 0.23 | ||||||||
At day 0 | |||||||||
C | 6.31 ± 1.01 | 32.67 ± 2.45 | 10.16 ± 0.32 | 6.34 ± 0.15 | 4.37 ± 0.11 | 93.61 ± 2.27 | 492.75 ± 0.53 | 5.23 ± 0.43 | |
At day 0 | |||||||||
C | 7.29 ± 1.26 | 39.90 ±1.28 | 38.85 ± 2.33 | 12.49 ± 0.78 | |||||
2.04 ± 0.13 |
Treatment | Variable (Mean± Standard Error of the Mean, n = 6) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IgG, mg/dL | IgA, mg/dL | IgE, mg/dL | ||||||||||
7.81 | 12.87± 0.91 b | 62.66 ± 0.12 a | 23.16 ± 0.76 b | 1454 ± 37.01 | 99.47 ± 17.3664.58 ± 0.24 | 1.19 ± 0.083a | 39.07 ± 0.112 | |||||
At day 0 | a | - | ||||||||||
Intestinal microflora (log cfu/g) | ||||||||||||
Total flavonoids (mean ± SE, mg CAT equivalent/g DM) | 12.78 ± 0.19 | |||||||||||
15.6 | 16.03 ± 0.84 | |||||||||||
Cdl | b | 1413 ± 33.75 | ||||||||||
C | 75.68 ± 0.45 | a | 100.06 ± 15.8825.09 ± 0.84 b | 1.21 ± 0.07376.10 ± 0.92 a | 38.80 ± 0.091 13.18 ± 2.00 | 1.94 ± 0.27 | 24.90 ± 1.24 | 0.113 ± 0.37 | 16.91 ± 0.34 | |||
C | 981.32 ± 6.65 | 4.83 ± 0.65 b84.77 ± 2.68 | 6.80 ± 0.91 a | 5.96 ± 0.55 ab | 6.30 ± 0.70 a | Individual detected phenolic compounds (µg/g DM) | ||||||
7.73 ± 1.35 | 31.25 | 26.88 ± 0.86 b | Escherichia coli BA 1229677.6 ± 0.86 a | 8.06 ± 1.72 b34.16 ± 0.92 b | ||||||||
Cdh | 1393 ± 37.82 | 99.14 ± 17.31 | ||||||||||
Cdl | 7.60 ± 0.52 a | 8.10 ± 0.94 | 1.13 ± 0.063 | 80.21 ± 1.04 a | Cdl | 5.85 ± 1.09 | 33.05 ± 3.45 | Benzoic acid | 7657.15 | |||
38.74 ± 0.123 | b | 10.79 ± 0.58 | 6.72 ± 0.19 | 4.01 ± 0.07 | 91.51 ± 1.15 | a | 425.40 ± 1.64 | 3.10 ± 0.65 b | 4.86 ± 0.77 a | 62.5 | 31.45 ± 1.12 b | 82.30 ± 0.86 a |
4.92 ± 0.06 | Candida albicans ATCC MYA-2876 | 7.16 ± 2.92 b79.11 ± 1.14 | ||||||||||
Cdh | a | 8.06 ± 0.66 a | 8.06 ± 0.70 a | 3.13 ± 0.85 b | 4.83 ± 0.85 a | Rutin | 2987.63 | |||||
125 | 34.56 ± 1.24 b | Ellagic acid | 1641.98 | |||||||||
Naringenin | 1516.25 | |||||||||||
43.79 ± 1.16 | b | 80.20 ± 0.88 a | 49.28 ± 1.13 b | 85.12 ± 0.45 | o-Coumaric acid | |||||||
Cecal microflora (log cfu/g) | 1460.62 | |||||||||||
Rosmarinicacid | 955.27 | |||||||||||
a | ||||||||||||
Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19116 | NI | p-Hydroxybenzoic acid | 924.57 | Resveratrol | 895.77 | |||||||
250 | 46.87 ± 1.16 b | 83.2 ± 0.62 a | 54.03 ± 0.76 b | |||||||||
C | 3.56 ± 0.81 b | 5.40 ± 0.55 a | 88.07 ± 0.93 | Kaempferol | 778.80 | |||||||
a | Quercetin | 432.14 | ||||||||||
Ferulic acid | 264.06 | |||||||||||
Caffeic acid | ||||||||||||
p | ||||
-Value | ||||
0.478 | 0.968 | 0.085 | 0.007 | |
500 | ||||
53.16 ± 0.85 | b | 85.4 ± 0.56 a | 64.51 ± 0.85 b | 89.02 ± 0.88 a |
1000 | 66.09 ± 1.92 b | 87.52 ± 0.62 a | 81.14 ± 1.26 b | 92.44 ± 0.14 a |
Half-maximal inhibitory concentration | ||||
(IC50) (μg/mL) | 470.27 ± 2.24 a | 16.62 ± 0.91 b | 387.53 ± 3.11 a | 14.03 ± 0.67 b |
59.59 | ||||
p-Coumaric acid | ||||
39.55 |
Pathogens Microorganisms | Inhibition Zone (mm) | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 10788 | 15.63 ± 1.30 a | ||||||||||||||
Salmonella senftenberg ATCC 8400 | 12.70 ± 0.81 a | ||||||||||||||
Chlorogenic acid | |||||||||||||||
Cdl | 6.47 ± 0.88 | 38.88 ± 1.91 | 33.75 ± 5.29 | 10.79 ± 1.18 | 11.65 ± 2.61 | 19.39 ± 0.80 | 0.092 ± 0.01 | 15.21 ± 0.72 | Cdh | 6.36 ± 0.97 | 34.45 ± 3.47 | 10.58 ± 0.79 | 6.65 ± 0.27 | 4.08 ± 0.12 | 93.31 ± 1.24 |
29.33 | |||||||||||||||
Syringic acid | |||||||||||||||
19.29 | |||||||||||||||
Catechin | |||||||||||||||
10.43 | |||||||||||||||
Treatment | Variable (Mean± Standard Error of the Mean, n = 6) | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Red Blood Cell Count (106/mL) | |||||||||||||||||||
430.23 ± 1.59 | |||||||||||||||||||
5.20 ± 0.13 | |||||||||||||||||||
Cdl | 989.90 ± 10.41 | 85.79 ± 4.82 | 6.69 ± 0.67 | Cdh | |||||||||||||||
Cdh | 6.33 ± 1.42 | 38.71 ± 1.99 | 37.59 ± 3.32 | 10.12 ± 1.09 | 12.91 ± 0.69 | 1.96 ± 0.41 | 20.95 ± 0.12 | 985.74 ± 8.83 | 88.47 ± 3.45 | 7.99 ± 0.490.101 ± 0.01 | 15.74 ± 0.82p-Value | 0.764 | 0.947 | 0.764 | 0.742 | 0.641 | 0.369 | 0.4752 | 0.379 |
p-Value | 0.560 | 0.240 | 0.338 | 0.327 | 0.679 | At day 30 | |||||||||||||
0.804 | |||||||||||||||||||
p-Value | 0.516 | 0.329 | 0.258 | 0.175 | C | ||||||||||||||
0.1602 | At day 30 | 5.94 ± 1.21 | |||||||||||||||||
At day 30 | - | 7.63 ± 0.86 | a | 8.13 ± 0.61 a | C | 6.49 ± 0.8431.35 ± 3.72 | 10.91 ± 0.67 | 6.44 ± 0.23 | 4.37 ± 0.24 | 39.56 ± 1.3291.92 ± 1.01 | 440.40 ± 0.30 b | 4.19 ± 0.25 a | |||||||
32.69 ± 1.35 | 11.74 ± 0.52 | 13.22 ± 1.20 | 2.10 ± 0.35 | ||||||||||||||||
C | 974.57 ± 3.84 | 20.56 ± 1.63 | |||||||||||||||||
Cdl | 5.60 ± 1.13 a | 6.57 ± 1.70 a | 0.104 ± 0.02 | b | 18.66 ± 0.22 | a | |||||||||||||
b | 91.78 ± 2.39 | 7.99 ± 0.78 | 5.50 ± 0.45 b | 6.06 ± 1.30 b | Cdl | 5.85 ± 0.98 | 30.37 ± 1.99 | 10.91 ± 0.37 | 6.28 ± 0.24 | 4.59 ± 0.06 | 91.56 ± 1.62 | Cdl | 6.33 ± 0.56444.09 ± 0.95 | 42.01 ± 1.68 | |||||
Cdl | 33.65 ± 3.05 | 987.91 ± 6.01 a | 10.22 ± 0.65 | a | 11.28 ± 1.53 | 3.83 ± 0.04 | b | ||||||||||||
2.19 ± 0.54 | 20.63 ± 1.01 | 0.106 ± 0.12 | b | 17.01 ± 0.81 | ab | ||||||||||||||
93.86 ± 2.78 | Cdh | 6.88 ± 0.38 | 5.27 ± 0.83 ab | 6.93 ± 1.53 a | 5.34 ± 0.67 b | 6.20 ± 0.79 b | Cdh | 5.61 ± 1.23 | 30.01± 2.01 | 9.86± 0.34 | 6.14 ± 0.11 | 4.38 ± 0.15 | 92.41 ± 0.97 | 443.37 ± 0.92 a | 3.73 ± 0.04 b | ||||
p-Value | 0.967 | 0.641 | 0.143 | 0.281 | 0.287 | 0.258 | 0.034 | 0.002 |
Treatment | Variable (Mean± Standard Error of the Mean, n | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cdh | |||||||||||
6.02 ± 1.40 | |||||||||||
44.52 ± 1.21 | |||||||||||
37.63 ± 1.92 | |||||||||||
11.51 ± 0.89 | 10.97 ± 1.37 | 2.49 ± 0.24 | 21.2 ± 2.01 | 0.142 ± 0.01 | a | 15.25 ± 0.92 | b | ||||
Cdh | 982.99 ± 7.48 a | p-Value | 0.449 | 0.123 | 0.236 | 0.531 | 0.195 | 0.446 | 0.561 | 0.046 | 0.001 |
93.06 ± 4.26 |
7.73 ± 0.28 |
p |
-Value |
0.016 |
0.647 |
0.359 |