MDD and Peripheral Biomarkers: Comparison
View Latest Version
Please note this is a comparison between Version 2 by Conner Chen and Version 1 by Jadwiga Mosiołek.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most prevalent mental illness and a leading cause of disability worldwide. Despite a range of effective treatments, more than 30% of patients do not achieve remission as a result of conventional therapy. In these circumstances the identification of novel drug targets and pathogenic factors becomes essential for selecting more efficacious and personalized treatment. Increasing evidence has implicated the role of inflammation in the pathophysiology of depression, revealing potential new pathways and treatment options. Moreover, convergent evidence indicates that MDD is related to disturbed neurogenesis and suggests a possible role of neurotrophic factors in recovery of function in patients. Although the influence of antidepressants on inflammatory cytokines balance was widely reported in various studies, the exact correlation between drugs used and specific cytokines and neurotrophins serum levels often remains inconsistent. Available data suggest anti-inflammatory properties of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), selective serotonin and noradrenaline inhibitors (SNRIs), and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) as a possible additional mechanism of reduction of depressive symptoms.

  • depression
  • inflammatory cytokines
  • response to antidepressants
Please wait, diff process is still running!

References

  1. Maes, M. Major depression and activation of the inflammatory response system. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1999, 461, 25–46.
  2. Maes, M. Major depression and activation of the inflammatory response system. In Cytokines, Stress and Depression; Dantzer, R., Wollman, E.E., Yirmiya, R., Eds.; Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers: New York, NY, USA, 1999; pp. 25–46.
  3. Maes, M.; Leonard, B.E.; Myint, A.M.; Kubera, M.; Verkerk, R. The new 5-HT hypothesis of depression: Cell-mediated immune activation induces indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, which leads to lower plasma tryptophan and an increased synthesis of detrimental tryptophan catabolites (TRYCATs), both of which contribute to the onset of depression. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2011, 35, 702–721.
  4. Maes, M. Depression is an inflammatory disease, but cell-mediated immune activation is the key component of depression. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2011, 35, 664–675.
  5. Capuron, L.; Dantzer, R. Cytokines and depression: The need for a new paradigm. Brain Behav. Immun. 2003, 17, S119–S124.
  6. Schiepers, O.J.; Wichers, M.C.; Maes, M. Cytokines and major depression. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2005, 29, 201–217.
  7. Raison, C.L.; Capuron, L.; Miller, A.H. Cytokines sing the blues: Inflammation and the pathogenesis of depression. Trends Immunol. 2006, 27, 24–31.
  8. Dowlati, Y.; Herrmann, N.; Swardfager, W.; Liu, H.; Sham, L.; Reim, E.K.; Lanctôt, K.L. A meta-analysis of cytokines in major depression. Biol. Psychiatry 2010, 67, 446–457.
  9. Torres-Aleman, I. Toward a comprehensive neurobiology of IGF-I. Dev. Neurobiol. 2010, 70, 384–396.
  10. Raedler, T.J. Inflammatory mechanisms in major depressive disorder. Curr. Opin. Psychiatry 2011, 24, 519–525.
  11. Behr, G.A.; Moreira, J.C.; Frey, B.N. Preclinical and clinical evidence of antioxidant effects of antidepressant agents: Implications for the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder. Oxid Med. Cell. Longev. 2012, 2012, 609421.
  12. Crupi, R.; Cuzzocrea, S. Neuroinflammation and immunity: A new pharmacological target in depression. CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets 2016, 15, 464–476.
  13. Gałecki, P.; Mossakowska-Wójcik, J.; Talarowska, M. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of antidepressants—SSRIs, SNRIs. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2018, 80, 291–294.
  14. Gałecki, P.; Talarowska, M. Inflammatory theory of depression. Psychiatr. Pol. 2018, 52, 437–447.
  15. Gałecki, P.; Talarowska, M. Neurodevelopmental theory of depression. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2018, 80, 267–272.
  16. Kanchanatawan, B.; Sirivichayakul, S.; Thika, S.; Ruxrungtham, K.; Carvalho, A.F.; Geffard, M. Physio-somatic symptoms in schizophrenia: Association with depression, anxiety, neurocognitive deficits and the tryptophan catabolite pathway. Metab. Brain Dis. 2017, 32, 1003–1016.
  17. Anderson, G. Editorial: The Kynurenine and Melatonergic Pathways in psychiatric and CNS disorders. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2016, 22, 947–948.
  18. Inserra, A.; Mastronardi, C.A.; Rogers, G.; Licinio, J.; Wong, M.L. Neuroimmunomodulation in major depressive disorder: Focus on Caspase 1, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and interferon-γ. Mol. Neurobiol. 2019, 56, 4288–4305.
  19. Chen, C.Y.; Yeh, Y.W.; Kuo, S.C.; Liang, C.S.; Ho, P.S.; Huang, C.C.; Yen, C.H.; Shyu, J.F.; Lu, R.B.; Huang, S.Y. Differences in immunomodulatory properties between venlafaxine and paroxetine in patients with major depressive disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018, 87, 108–118.
  20. Dahl, J.; Ormstad, H.; Aass, H.C.; Malt, U.F.; Bendz, L.T.; Sandvik, L.; Brundin, L.; Andreassen, O.A. The plasma levels of various cytokines are increased during ongoing depression and are reduced to normal levels after recovery. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2014, 45, 77–86.
  21. Hernandez, M.E.; Mendieta, D.; Pérez-Tapia, M.; Bojalil, R.; Estrada-Garcia, I.; Estrada-Parra, S.; Pavón, L. Effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and immunomodulator on cytokines levels: An alternative therapy for patients with major depressive disorder. Clin. Develop. Immunol. 2013, 2013, 267871.
  22. Brunoni, A.R.; Machado-Vieira, R.; Zarate, C.A.; Valiengo, L.; Vieira, E.L.; Benseñor, I.M.; Lotufo, P.A.; Gattaz, W.F.; Teixeira, A.L. Cytokines plasma levels during antidepressant treatment with sertraline and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): Results from a factorial, randomized, controlled trial. Psychopharmacology 2014, 231, 1315–1323.
  23. Fornaro, M.; Rocchi, G.; Escelsior, A.; Contini, P.; Martino, M. Might different cytokine trends in depressed patients receiving duloxetine indicate differential biological backgrounds. J. Affect. Disord. 2013, 145, 300–307.
  24. Wang, L.; Wang, R.; Liu, L.; Qiao, D.; Baldwin, D.S.; Hou, R. Effects of SSRIs on peripheral inflammatory markers in patients with major depressive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Behav. Immun. 2019, 79, 24–38.
  25. Więdłocha, M.; Marcinowicz, P.; Krupa, R.; Janoska-Jaździk, M.; Janus, M.; Dębowska, W.; Mosiołek, A.; Waszkiewicz, N.; Szulc, A. Effect of antidepressant treatment on peripheral inflammation markers—A meta-analysis. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2018, 80, 217–226.
  26. Köhler, C.A.; Freitas, T.H.; Stubbs, B.; Maes, M.; Solmi, M.; Veronese, N.; de Andrade, N.Q.; Morris, G.; Fernandes, B.S.; Brunoni, A.R.; et al. Peripheral alterations in cytokine and chemokine levels after antidepressant drug treatment for major depressive disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Mol. Neurobiol. 2018, 55, 4195–4206.
  27. Carboni, L.; McCarthy, D.J.; Delafont, B.; Filosi, M.; Ivanchenko, E.; Ratti, E.; Learned, S.M.; Alexander, R.; Domenici, E. Biomarkers for response in major depression: Comparing paroxetine and venlafaxine from two randomised placebo-controlled clinical studies. Transl. Psychiatry 2019, 9, 182.
  28. Manoharan, A.; Rajkumar, R.P.; Shewade, D.G.; Sundaram, R.; Muthuramalingam, A.; Paul, A. Evaluation of interleukin-6 and serotonin as biomarkers to predict response to fluoxetine. Hum. Psychopharmacol. Clin. Exp. 2016, 31, 178–184.
  29. Jazayeri, S.; Keshavarz, S.A.; Tehrani-Doost, M.; Djalali, M.; Hosseini, M.; Amini, H.; Chamari, M.; Djazayery, A. Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid and fluoxetine on plasma cortisol, serum interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 concentrations in patients with major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2010, 178, 112–115.
  30. Halaris, A.; Myint, A.-M.; Savant, V.; Meresh, E.; Lim, E.; Guillemin, G.; Sinacore, J. Does escitalopram reduce neurotoxicity in major depression? J. Psychiatric Res. 2015, 66, 118–126.
  31. Eller, T.; Vasar, V.; Shlik, J.; Maron, E. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and treatment response to escitalopram in major depressive disorder. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2008, 32, 445–450.
  32. Chang, H.H.; Lee, I.H.; Gean, P.W.; Lee, S.Y.; Chi, M.H.; Yang, Y.K.; Lu, R.B.; Chen, P.S. Treatment response and cognitive impairment in major depression: Association with C-reactive protein. Brain Behav. Immun. 2012, 26, 90–95.
  33. Yang, C. An Inflamed Mood: Studies on the Role of Inflammation in the Pathophysiology and Treatment Outcome of Major Depressive Disorder; University of Groningen: Groningen, The Netherlands, 2019.
  34. Papakostas, G.I.; Shelton, R.C.; Zajecka, J.M.; Bottiglieri, T.; Roffman, J.; Cassiello, C.; Stahl, S.M.; Fava, M. Effect of adjunctive L-methylfolate 15 mg among inadequate responders to SSRIs in depressed patients who were stratified by biomarker levels and genotype: Results from a randomized clinical trial. J. Clin. Psychiatry 2014, 75, 855–863.
  35. Kruse, J.L.; Congdon, E.; Olmstead, R.; Njau, S.; Breen, E.C.; Narr, K.L.; Espinoza, R.; Irwin, M.R. Inflammation and improvement of depression following electroconvulsive therapy in treatment-resistant depression. J. Clin. Psychiatry 2018, 79, 17m11597.
  36. Tuglu, C.; Kara, S.H.; Caliyurt, O.; Vardar, E.; Abay, E. Increased serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels and treatment response in major depressive disorder. Psychopharmacology 2003, 170, 429–433.
  37. Sims, J.E.; Smith, D.E. The IL-1 family: Regulators of immunity. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2010, 10, 89–102.
  38. Licinio, J.; Wong, M.L. The role of inflammatory mediators in the biology of major depression: Central nervous system cytokines modulate the biological substrate of depressive symptoms, regulate stress-responsive systems, and contribute to neurotoxicity and neuroprotection. Mol. Psychiatry 1999, 4, 317–327.
  39. Liu, J.J.; Wei, Y.B.; Strawbridge, R.; Bao, Y.; Chang, S.; Shi, L.; Que, J.; Gadad, B.S.; Trivedi, M.H.; Kelsoe, J.R.; et al. Peripheral cytokine levels and response to antidepressant treatment in depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Mol. Psychiatry 2020, 25, 339–350.
  40. Piletz, J.E.; Halaris, A.; Iqbal, O.; Hoppensteadt, D.; Fareed, J.; Zhu, H.; DeVane, C.L. Pro-inflammatory biomakers in depression: Treatment with venlafaxine. World J. Biol. Psychiatry 2009, 10, 313–323.
  41. Pérez-Sánchez, G.; Becerril-Villanueva, E.; Arreola, R.; Martínez-Levy, G.; Hernández-Gutiérrez, M.E.; Velasco-Velásquez, M.A.; Pavón, L. Inflammatory profiles in depressed adolescents treated with fluoxetine: An 8-week follow-up open study. Mediat. Inflamm. 2018, 1–12.
  42. Mössner, R.; Mikova, O.; Koutsilieri, E.; Saoud, M.; Ehlis, A.C.; Müller, N.; Fallgatter, A.J.; Riederer, P. Consensus paper of the WFSBP task force on biological markers: Biological markers in depression. World J. Biol. Psychiatry 2007, 8, 141–174.
  43. Yoshimura, R.; Hori, H.; Ikenouchi-Sugita, A.; Umene-Nakano, W.; Katsuki, A.; Atake, K.; Nakamura, J. Plasma levels of interleukin-6 and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor response in patients with major depressive disorder. Hum. Psychopharmacol. Clin. Exp. 2013, 28, 466–470.
  44. Almond, M. Depression and inflammation: Examining the link. Curr. Psychiatr. 2013, 12, 24–32.
  45. Osimo, E.F.; Baxter, L.J.; Lewis, G.; Jones, P.B.; Khandaker, G.M. Prevalence of low-grade inflammation in depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of CRP levels. Psychol. Med. 2019, 49, 1958–1970.
  46. Howren, M.B.; Lamkin, D.M.; Suls, J. Associations of depression with C-reactive protein, IL-1, and IL-6: A meta-analysis. Psychosom. Med. 2009, 71, 171–186.
  47. Haapakoski, R.; Mathieu, J.; Ebmeier, K.P.; Alenius, H.; Kivimäki, M. Cumulative meta-analysis of interleukins 6 and 1β, tumour necrosis factor α and C-reactive protein in patients with major depressive disorder. Brain Behav. Immun. 2015, 49, 206–215.
  48. Köhler-Forsberg, O.; Buttenschøn, H.N.; Tansey, K.E.; Maier, W.; Hauser, J.; Dernovsek, M.Z.; Henigsberg, N.; Souery, D.; Farmer, A.; Rietschel, M.; et al. Association between C-reactive protein (CRP) with depression symptom severity and specific depressive symptoms in major depression. Brain Behav. Immun. 2017, 62, 344–350.
  49. Mocking, R.J.T.; Nap, T.S.; Westerink, A.M.; Assies, J.; Vaz, F.M.; Koeter, M.W.J.; Ruhé, H.G.; Schene, A.H. Biological profiling of prospective antidepressant response in major depressive disorder: Associations with (neuro)inflammation, fatty acid metabolism, and amygdala reactivity. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017, 79, 84–92.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Feedback