Summary

This entry collection introduces those common diseases.

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Topic Review
Cosmetic Limb Lengthening
Cosmetic limb lengthening is a surgical intervention aimed at increasing height in individuals without medical indications such as deformity or discrepancy. Unlike reconstructive lengthening procedures performed for congenital or acquired conditions, cosmetic interventions are undertaken primarily to address dissatisfaction with stature, self-image, and psychosocial challenges.
  • 334
  • 18 Aug 2025
Topic Review
A Test for Fibromyalgia? Saliva DNA Methylation
Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic pain syndrome of unclear aetiology, and growing evidence suggests epigenetic modifications may contribute to its pathogenesis. In this study, we investigated genome-wide DNA methylation in saliva samples from fibromyalgia patients and healthy controls to identify potential epigenetic biomarkers of the disease. Salivary DNA from 53 fibromyalgia patients (78% female, mean age 43 ± 2 years) and 1619 controls without fibromyalgia or other diagnosed pathology (58% female, mean age 44 ± 2.3 years) was profiled using the Infinium Methylation EPIC array (~850,000 CpG sites). All X-chromosome CpG sites were excluded to avoid sex bias. A non-parametric Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare methylation levels between groups. Five autosomal CpG sites exceeded a significance threshold of p < 0.0001 (with false discovery rate q ≈ 0.003–0.009). These top five CpGs – located in or near the genes AFAP1, UBE2Q2P1 (pseudogene of UBE2Q2), RNASEH2C, and two intergenic regions – all showed notably lower methylation in fibromyalgia patients compared to controls. By averaging the DNA methylation levels of these five CpG sites for each individual, we derived a composite epigenetic index that was dramatically different between the fibromyalgia and control groups (mean beta value 0.189 vs 0.241, p = 3.1×10^−9). Our findings demonstrate a distinct DNA methylation signature in fibromyalgia patients that can statistically distinguish them from healthy individuals. This five-CpG methylation panel, especially when combined into a mean metric, may serve as a potential biomarker to aid in the identification of fibromyalgia. Further research is warranted to validate these markers in independent cohorts and to investigate their functional relevance to fibromyalgia’s pathophysiology.
  • 470
  • 02 Sep 2025
Topic Review
Biological references for 17OHP, IRT, biotinidase in newborns
Neonatal deaths, which usually occur in the first week after delivery, account for nearly 75 percent of all deaths of children under 5 years of age. Prematurity, birth difficulties, infections, and birth defects are responsible for about 40 percent of these deaths. Although mortality rates have declined since 2000, access to quality healthcare remains a major problem for mothers and infants worldwide. In perspective, the present study aimed to establish clear biological reference intervals for 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), immunoreactive trypsinogen (IRT), and biotinidase in Indian neonates. The statistical analysis of data from up to 3200 dried blood spot (DBS) samples of Indian newborns provided valuable information for the new cut-off values in newborn screening (NBS) programs. We applied correlation analysis to fix the relationship for NBS parameters such as 17-OHP, IRT, and biotinidase. This study provided important information about the distribution and comparison of key cut-offs for biomarkers considering body weights and gestational age in the Indian newborn population for the first time, which can help healthcare experts make easier treatment decisions.
  • 515
  • 29 Apr 2025
Topic Review
Therapeutic Effects of Coumarins with Different Substitution Patterns
The use of derivatives of natural and synthetic origin has gained attention because of their therapeutic effects against human diseases. Coumarins are one of the most common organic molecules and are used in medicine for their pharmacological and biological effects, such as anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, antihypertensive, anticonvulsant, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and neuroprotective, among others.
  • 652
  • 03 Apr 2025
Topic Review
DPP4: A Multifunctional Enzyme Drug-Target for Diabetes II
The text describes the Dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP4 or CD26) emphasizing its multi-substrate and multi-functional role. As it is an established drug target for the treatment of Diabetes type II, it refers to the approved inhibitors of the enzyme, their mechanism and mode of inhibitory action and the mechanism underneath their side effects, when it is known. It also discusses the probable usefulness of uncompetitive, non-competitive or mixed inhibitors in addition to the approved competitive or covalent bond forming inhibitors because of the multi-substrate character of the enzyme.
  • 974
  • 14 Jan 2025
Topic Review
Innovative Therapies Targeting Drug Resistant in ccRCC
A thorough study of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (ccRCC) shows that com- bining tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) shows promising results in addressing the tumor-promoting influences of abnormal immunologi- cal and molecular biomarkers in metastatic Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (ccRCC). These abnormal biomarkers enhance drug resistance, support tumor growth, and trigger cancer- related genes. Ongoing clinical trials are testing new treatment options that appear more effective than earlier ones. However, more research is needed to confirm their long-term safety use and potential side effects. This study highlights vital molecular and immunologi- cal biomarkers associated with drug resistance in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (ccRCC). Furthermore, this study identifies a number of promising drug candidates and biomarkers that serve as significant contributors to the enhancement of the overall survival of ccRCC patients. Consequently, this article offers pertinent insights on both recently completed and ongoing clinical trials, recommending further toxicity study for the prolonged use of this treatment strategy for patients with metastatic ccRCC, while equipping researchers with invaluable information for the progression of current treatment strategies.
  • 632
  • 20 Jan 2025
Topic Review
Photobiomodulation in Dermatology
Photobiomodulation (PBM), formerly known as low-level laser light therapy (LLLT), is a safe phototherapy technique that uses wavelengths of the visible light spectrum which includes red light (RL, 620–700 nm) and near-infrared (NIR, 700–1440 nm). This treatment modality has been used in dermatology, both in clinical settings and at home. PBM involves the use of various light sources, including low-level lasers (LLL) and light-emitting diodes (LED), to deliver therapeutic light. Reviews on the matter have already been conducted.
  • 1.5K
  • 06 Nov 2024
Topic Review
Guest Posting Sheet
A guest posting sheet is typically a document or spreadsheet used to organize and track information related to guest blogging or guest posting efforts. Guest posting is a common strategy in digital marketing and content creation where a writer contributes a post to someone else's blog or website to reach a broader audience.
  • 1.2K
  • 31 Oct 2024
Topic Review
Megakaryocytes in Brief
Megakaryocytes are large bone marrow cells responsible for producing platelets crucial for blood clotting. They undergo endomitosis, becoming polyploid to generate thousands of platelets. Beyond thrombopoiesis, they regulate hematopoietic niches and immune responses. Dysregulation can lead to disorders like thrombocytopenia, myeloproliferative neoplasms, and acute megakaryoblastic leukemia.
  • 1.0K
  • 26 Aug 2024
Topic Review
Breaking Down the Between Alcohol Addiction Mental Clarity
Did you know that about 20% of American adults have an alcohol use disorder? Alcohol use disorder is a strong and uncontrollable urge to drink. It can lead to severe physical, emotional, and social consequences. It also has a significant impact on mental clarity and well-being.
  • 936
  • 31 Oct 2024
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