Industry 4.0 and Sustainability

Sustainability and Industry 4.0 (I4.0) are trending concepts used in the literature on industrial processes. Industry 4.0 has been mainly addressed by the current literature from a technological perspective, overlooking sustainability challenges regarding this recent paradigm. The objective of this encyclopedia entry is to evaluate the state of the art of relations between sustainability and I4.0. The goal will be met by (1) mapping and summarizing existing research eﬀorts, (2) identifying research agendas, (3) examining gaps and opportunities for further research. Web of Science, Scopus, and a set of speciﬁc keywords were used to select peer-reviewed papers presenting evidence on the relationship between sustainability and I4.0. To achieve this goal, it was decided to use a dynamic methodology called “systematic literature network analysis”. This methodology combines a systematic literature review approach with the analysis of bibliographic networks. Selected papers were used to build a reference framework formed by I4.0 technologies and sustainability issues. The encyclopedia entry contributes to the Sustainable Industry 4.0 reference framework with application procedures. It aims to show how I4.0 can support ideas of sustainability. The results showed that apart from a huge contribution to both concepts, many papers do not provide an insight into realization of initiatives to introduce Sustainable Industry Internet of Things, sensors, collaborative and cognitive robotics, cloud computing, big data, computer modelling and simulations, additive manufacturing (3D printing)


Introduction
This picture clearly shows the technology-driven nature of I4.0 on the one hand. On the other hand, businesses are expecting great benefits: economic, e.g., savings through more accurate planning, shorter lead times, increase of energy efficiency; environmental, e.g., increase of energy efficiency, decrease of manufacturing scrap waste, etc.; [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] social, e.g., increase of safety, more comfortable working environment, etc.
Those benefits are foreseen through emerging possibilities for innovative execution of business processes leading to the creation of a strategic advantage.  [5] [5] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [ 10] opens the opportunity of connectivity of technology with resources and skills in terms of sustainability benefits (zero impactâlower costâsocial equity). Industry 4.0 can reduce the environmental impact of a product, a process, or a service based on footprint data availability and traceable analysis . Additionally, it helps to leverage a greater efficiency of functions e.g., reduction of resource consumption. Therefore, Industry 4.0 might contribute sustainability to develop digital sustainable operations allowing to meet SDGs goals. Furthermore, increasing development of smart technologies is envisaged as affecting sustainability. The potential of Industry 4.0 is still existing with its unknown impact on other areas like socio-environmental sustainability or making opportunities for realizing Industry 4.0 through intelligent systems.

Sustainable Industry 4.0 framework
Grounding on cluster analysis depicted in , the reference framework was constructed ( Figure   1). The goal of this framework is to serve as a kind of manual and guideline for Industry 4.0 applications supporting sustainability principles. The use of framework is based on selection of which sustainability issues are planned to be addressed or defined as critical by an organization.
Then, search term is to be found in the framework and next, one may find which I4.0 topics and their relations with the selected sustainability issue were discussed in the literature. There is reference given to the clusters where more details, case studies, best practices could be found.
The reverse procedure is applied if one is seeking for possible impacts of planned I4.0 applications on sustainability ( Figure 2). After finding the cluster with the topics of interest, one may use GCS values to seek for the most prominent papers in the cluster and start own research from this point.
In Figure 1, papers with the highest GCS are listed in bold. The list of papers is in . [15] [13] [10] [10] [10] The presented framework is of a general nature, therefore it is applicable in a wide variety of organizations. Its strengths are simplicity, clarity and ease of use. However, for specific cases one may need to extend the framework and include details on a lower level, such as guidelines for particular I4.0 technologies or sustainability issues.

Discussion and Future Research Directions
To develop the roadmap to Industry 4.0 the bibliometric analysis of the selected papers was used instead of the citation method (the most popular in systematic reviews), aiming to minimize any mistakes regarding the accuracy of the information. It prevented the exclusion of essential papers, information and strengthen the results due to use of wide scientific research databases. In the future research, researchers should validate this target sample using the citation method to select relevant papers by searching using query keywords. The advantage of the cross-search tool is to retrieve any important papers cited in the body of literature compared to the previous method relying on the use of the selected academic databases and search terms. The decision of how the method will be applied in the literature research is a hot spot of arguments. The application of large research databases allows to do the exhaustive analysis, on one hand, but on the other hand [10] may lead to misinterpretation of findings.
The bibliometric analysis showed that the topic is very vivid and motivates future research in an It enables sustainable supply chains and value chains.
It enables new sustainable business models.
It enables monitoring of the full product life cycle.
Answering this question, synergy exists between I4.0 and sustainability due to digital technology.
By using I4.0-technology affecting sustainability through the responsible, effective use of resources, circular economy can be reached. The concept lying on decentralization of manufacturing which embodied in an IT technology framework was the response to the pressure on changing conventional business models in order to develop new sustainable business models (circular business model). An indispensable way to achieve CE is based on technologies which are often successful when combined with IoT. Industry 4.0 can act as a driver of redesign of traditional supply chains aiming at resource efficiency and circularity.
The I4.0 technologies, e.g., sensors deployed in many machines enable the tracking of production performance and product data over the full product life cycle. In consequence, an analysis of collected data results in productivity improvements.
RQ2. How Industry 4.0 technologies and tools can be integrated into sustainability practices on a theoretical and practical basis?
Mainly IoT, digitization, sensors and big data could be employed to monitor sustainability.
The study confirms that IIoT is an important element of Sensors used in production allow to gather a machineâs status data to analyze load of machines, reducing downtime and protecting products against unexpected failures which have a great impact on product quality.
RQ3. What are the main approaches/methodologies/frameworks/tools that should be considered for integrating Industry 4.0 with sustainable development?
Critical success factors were discussed in the literature. Regarding the third question, coalesced with the second one, the encyclopedia entry addressed some of the critical success factors for the use of IoT, e.g., transparency, resource efficiency, creating knowledge through digitalization that impacts the achievement of sustainability. The identified factors, which interact with IoT system, sensors, etc., contribute to SDGs. It would also support Sustainable Industry 4.0 reference framework implementation in manufacturing. On the other hand, some factors might hinder the readiness to implement 4.0 technology. By incorporation of digitalization as a binder of the factors, sustainability performance in the production environment could be measured and monitored, tracking data in real time. In this sense, it leads to an increase in resource efficiency, reducing inefficient work, revealing costs treated as inefficient when using the latest technology. Thanks to the capturing of massive data, production can be now deeply analyzed and reliable information about production efficiency is still available and up-to-date. Effective use of critical success factors and approaches pertaining to Industry 4.0 allow the fostering of sustainability in smart data-driven manufacturing.