Greenberg Dysplasia

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This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/greenberg-dysplasia

Greenberg dysplasia is a severe condition characterized by specific bone abnormalities in the developing fetus. This condition is fatal before birth.

genetic conditions

1. Introduction

The bones of affected individuals do not develop properly, causing a distinctive spotted appearance called moth-eaten bone, which is visible on x-ray images. In addition, the bones have abnormal calcium deposits (ectopic calcification). Affected individuals have extremely short bones in the arms and legs and abnormally flat vertebrae (platyspondyly). Other skeletal abnormalities may include short ribs and extra fingers (polydactyly). In addition, affected fetuses have extensive swelling of the body caused by fluid accumulation (hydrops fetalis). Greenberg dysplasia is also called hydrops-ectopic calcification-moth-eaten skeletal dysplasia (HEM), which reflects the condition's most common features.

2. Frequency

Greenberg dysplasia is a very rare condition. Approximately ten cases have been reported in the scientific literature.

3. Causes

Mutations in the LBR gene cause Greenberg dysplasia. This gene provides instructions for making a protein called the lamin B receptor. One region of this protein, called the sterol reductase domain, plays an important role in the production (synthesis) of cholesterol. Cholesterol is a type of fat that is produced in the body and obtained from foods that come from animals: eggs, meat, fish, and dairy products. Cholesterol is necessary for normal embryonic development and has important functions both before and after birth. Cholesterol is an important component of cell membranes and the protective substance covering nerve cells (myelin). Additionally, cholesterol plays a role in the production of certain hormones and digestive acids. During cholesterol synthesis, the sterol reductase function of the lamin B receptor allows the protein to perform one of several steps that convert a molecule called lanosterol to cholesterol.

LBR gene mutations involved in Greenberg dysplasia lead to loss of the sterol reductase function of the lamin B receptor, and research suggests that this loss causes the condition. Absence of the sterol reductase function disrupts the normal synthesis of cholesterol within cells. This absence may also allow potentially toxic byproducts of cholesterol synthesis to build up in the body's tissues. Researchers suspect that low cholesterol levels or an accumulation of other substances disrupts the growth and development of many parts of the body. It is not known, however, how a disturbance of cholesterol synthesis leads to the specific features of Greenberg dysplasia.

4. Inheritance

This condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy of the mutated gene, but they typically do not show signs and symptoms of the condition.

5. Other Names for This Condition

chondrodystrophy, hydropic and prenatally lethal type
Greenberg skeletal dysplasia
HEM dysplasia
HEM skeletal dysplasia
hydrops - ectopic calcification - moth-eaten skeletal dysplasia
moth-eaten skeletal dysplasia

References

Clayton P, Fischer B, Mann A, Mansour S, Rossier E, Veen M, Lang C, Baasanjav S, Kieslich M, Brossuleit K, Gravemann S, Schnipper N, Karbasyian M, Demuth I,Zwerger M, Vaya A, Utermann G, Mundlos S, Stricker S, Sperling K, Hoffmann K.Mutations causing Greenberg dysplasia but not Pelger anomaly uncouple enzymaticfrom structural functions of a nuclear membrane protein. Nucleus. 2010Jul-Aug;1(4):354-66. doi: 10.4161/nucl.1.4.12435.
Duband-Goulet I, Courvalin JC. Inner nuclear membrane protein LBRpreferentially interacts with DNA secondary structures and nucleosomal linker.Biochemistry. 2000 May 30;39(21):6483-8.
Silve S, Dupuy PH, Ferrara P, Loison G. Human lamin B receptor exhibits sterolC14-reductase activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1998Jun 15;1392(2-3):233-44.
Trajkovski Z, Vrcakovski M, Saveski J, Gucev ZS. Greenberg dysplasia(hydrops-ectopic calcification-moth-eaten skeletal dysplasia): prenatalultrasound diagnosis and review of literature. Am J Med Genet. 2002 Sep1;111(4):415-9.
Tseng LC, Chen RH. Temporal control of nuclear envelope assembly byphosphorylation of lamin B receptor. Mol Biol Cell. 2011 Sep;22(18):3306-17. doi:10.1091/mbc.E11-03-0199.
Waterham HR, Koster J, Mooyer P, Noort Gv Gv, Kelley RI, Wilcox WR, WandersRJ, Hennekam RC, Oosterwijk JC. Autosomal recessive HEM/Greenberg skeletaldysplasia is caused by 3 beta-hydroxysterol delta 14-reductase deficiency due to mutations in the lamin B receptor gene. Am J Hum Genet. 2003 Apr;72(4):1013-7.

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Subjects: Genetics & Heredity

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Camila Xu

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Entry Collection: MedlinePlus

Update Date: 23 Dec 2020

Table of Contents

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1. Introduction

2. Frequency

3. Causes

4. Inheritance

5. Other Names for This Condition

References

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1. Introduction

2. Frequency

3. Causes

3.1. The gene associated with Greenberg dysplasia

4. Inheritance

5. Other Names for This Condition

References