Phenylketonuria

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This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/phenylketonuria

Phenylketonuria (commonly known as PKU) is an inherited disorder that increases the levels of a substance called phenylalanine in the blood. Phenylalanine is a building block of proteins (an amino acid) that is obtained through the diet. It is found in all proteins and in some artificial sweeteners. If PKU is not treated, phenylalanine can build up to harmful levels in the body, causing intellectual disability and other serious health problems.

genetic conditions

1. Introduction

The signs and symptoms of PKU vary from mild to severe. The most severe form of this disorder is known as classic PKU. Infants with classic PKU appear normal until they are a few months old. Without treatment, these children develop permanent intellectual disability. Seizures, delayed development, behavioral problems, and psychiatric disorders are also common. Untreated individuals may have a musty or mouse-like odor as a side effect of excess phenylalanine in the body. Children with classic PKU tend to have lighter skin and hair than unaffected family members and are also likely to have skin disorders such as eczema.

Less severe forms of this condition, sometimes called variant PKU and non-PKU hyperphenylalaninemia, have a smaller risk of brain damage. People with very mild cases may not require treatment with a low-phenylalanine diet.

Babies born to mothers who have PKU and uncontrolled phenylalanine levels (women who no longer follow a low-phenylalanine diet) have a significant risk of intellectual disability because they are exposed to very high levels of phenylalanine before birth. These infants may also have a low birth weight and grow more slowly than other children. Other characteristic medical problems include heart defects or other heart problems, an abnormally small head size (microcephaly), and behavioral problems. Women with PKU and uncontrolled phenylalanine levels also have an increased risk of pregnancy loss.

2. Frequency

The occurrence of PKU varies among ethnic groups and geographic regions worldwide. In the United States, PKU occurs in 1 in 10,000 to 15,000 newborns. Most cases of PKU are detected shortly after birth by newborn screening, and treatment is started promptly. As a result, the severe signs and symptoms of classic PKU are rarely seen.

3. Causes

Mutations in the PAH gene cause phenylketonuria. The PAH gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called phenylalanine hydroxylase. This enzyme converts the amino acid phenylalanine to other important compounds in the body. If gene mutations reduce the activity of phenylalanine hydroxylase, phenylalanine from the diet is not processed effectively. As a result, this amino acid can build up to toxic levels in the blood and other tissues. Because nerve cells in the brain are particularly sensitive to phenylalanine levels, excessive amounts of this substance can cause brain damage.

Classic PKU, the most severe form of the disorder, occurs when phenylalanine hydroxylase activity is severely reduced or absent. People with untreated classic PKU have levels of phenylalanine high enough to cause severe brain damage and other serious health problems. Mutations in the PAH gene that allow the enzyme to retain some activity result in milder versions of this condition, such as variant PKU or non-PKU hyperphenylalaninemia.

Changes in other genes may influence the severity of PKU, but little is known about these additional genetic factors.

4. Inheritance

This condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy of the mutated gene, but they typically do not show signs and symptoms of the condition.

5. Other Names for This Condition

deficiency disease, phenylalanine hydroxylase
Folling disease
Folling's disease
PAH deficiency
Phenylalanine Hydroxylase Deficiency
phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency
phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency disease
PKU

References

Blau N. Genetics of Phenylketonuria: Then and Now. Hum Mutat. 2016Jun;37(6):508-15. doi: 10.1002/humu.22980.
Cederbaum S. Phenylketonuria: an update. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2002Dec;14(6):702-6. Review.
Clarke JT. The Maternal Phenylketonuria Project: a summary of progress andchallenges for the future. Pediatrics. 2003 Dec;112(6 Pt 2):1584-7.
de Baulny HO, Abadie V, Feillet F, de Parscau L. Management of phenylketonuriaand hyperphenylalaninemia. J Nutr. 2007 Jun;137(6 Suppl 1):1561S-1563S;discussion 1573S-1575S. doi: 10.1093/jn/137.6.1561S.
Hanley WB. Adult phenylketonuria. Am J Med. 2004 Oct 15;117(8):590-5. Review.
Regier DS, Greene CL. Phenylalanine Hydroxylase Deficiency. 2000 Jan 10[updated 2017 Jan 5]. In: Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Bean LJH,Stephens K, Amemiya A, editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): Universityof Washington, Seattle; 1993-2020. Available fromhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1504/
Scriver CR. The PAH gene, phenylketonuria, and a paradigm shift. Hum Mutat.2007 Sep;28(9):831-45. Review.
What you need to know about ... phenylketonuria. Nurs Times. 2003 Jul 29-Aug4;99(30):26. Review.

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Rita Xu

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Table of Contents

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1. Introduction

2. Frequency

3. Causes

4. Inheritance

5. Other Names for This Condition

References

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1. Introduction

2. Frequency

3. Causes

The Gene Associated with Phenylketonuria

4. Inheritance

5. Other Names for This Condition

References