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Liu, D. IDH1 Gene. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/4132 (accessed on 28 March 2024).
Liu D. IDH1 Gene. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/4132. Accessed March 28, 2024.
Liu, Dean. "IDH1 Gene" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/4132 (accessed March 28, 2024).
Liu, D. (2020, December 23). IDH1 Gene. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/4132
Liu, Dean. "IDH1 Gene." Encyclopedia. Web. 23 December, 2020.
IDH1 Gene
Edit

Isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1, cytosolic

genes

1. Introduction

The IDH1 gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called isocitrate dehydrogenase 1. This enzyme is primarily found in the fluid-filled space inside cells (the cytoplasm). It is also found in cellular structures called peroxisomes, which are small sacs within cells that process many types of molecules. In both the cytoplasm and in peroxisomes, isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 converts a compound called isocitrate to another compound called 2-ketoglutarate. This reaction also produces a molecule called NADPH, which is necessary for many cellular processes. The NADPH produced from isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 is involved in the breakdown of fats for energy, and it also protects cells from potentially harmful molecules called reactive oxygen species.

2. Health Conditions Related to Genetic Changes

2.1. Maffucci Syndrome

Mutations in the IDH1 gene can cause Maffucci syndrome, a disorder that primarily affects the bones and skin. It is characterized by multiple enchondromas, which are noncancerous (benign) growths of cartilage that develop in the bones, and red or purplish growths in the skin consisting of tangles of abnormal blood vessels (hemangiomas).

The IDH1 gene mutations that cause Maffucci syndrome are somatic, which means they occur during a person's lifetime and are not inherited. A somatic mutation occurs in a single cell. As that cell continues to grow and divide, the cells derived from it also have the same mutation. In Maffucci syndrome, the mutation is thought to occur in a cell during early development before birth; cells that arise from that abnormal cell have the mutation, while the body's other cells do not. This situation is called mosaicism.

IDH1 gene mutations have been found in some cells of enchondromas and hemangiomas in people with Maffucci syndrome, as well as in the bone marrow or blood of a few affected individuals. These mutations prevent isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 from carrying out its usual activity, the conversion of isocitrate to 2-ketoglutarate. Instead, the altered enzyme takes on a new, abnormal function: the production of a compound called D-2-hydroxyglutarate. Because the genetic changes lead to an enzyme with a new function, they are classified as "gain-of-function" mutations. The relationship between the mutations and the signs and symptoms of the disorder is not well understood.

2.2. Ollier Disease

Mutations in the IDH1 gene also cause Ollier disease, a disorder similar to Maffucci syndrome (described above) but without the blood vessel abnormalities.

As in Maffucci syndrome, the IDH1 gene mutations that cause Ollier disease are somatic gain-of-function mutations and are thought to occur early in development, resulting in mosaicism. IDH1 gene mutations have been found in enchondroma cells in most people with Ollier disease, but the relationship between the mutations and the signs and symptoms of the disorder is not well understood.

2.3. Cytogenetically Normal Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Mutations in the IDH1 gene have been identified in some people with a form of blood cancer known as cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia (CN-AML). While large chromosomal abnormalities can be involved in the development of acute myeloid leukemia, about half of cases do not have these abnormalities; these are classified as CN-AML. IDH1 gene mutations occur in about 16 percent of people with CN-AML.

The IDH1 gene mutations involved in CN-AML are somatic mutations, found only in cells that become cancerous. They change a single protein building block (amino acid) in the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 enzyme, replacing the amino acid arginine at position 132 with another amino acid. As in Maffucci syndrome and Ollier disease (described above), the IDH1 gene mutations found in CN-AML are gain-of-function mutations that result in the production of D-2-hydroxyglutarate. Studies suggest that an increase in D-2-hydroxyglutarate may interfere with the process that determines the type of cell an immature cell will ultimately become (cell fate determination). Instead of becoming normal mature cells, immature blood cells with somatic IDH1 gene mutations divide uncontrollably, leading to CN-AML. It is unknown why somatic IDH1 gene mutations can result in these various disorders.

2.4. Other Cancers

Somatic mutations in the IDH1 gene have been associated with several other forms of cancer, including brain tumors called gliomas and bone tumors known as chondrosarcomas. Like the genetic changes that cause CN-AML (described above), the IDH1 gene mutations found in these cancers are gain-of-function mutations. These mutations alter the function of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 such that it abnormally produces D-2-hydroxyglutarate. As in CN-AML, D-2-hydroxyglutarate likely blocks the maturation of cells, resulting in overproduction of immature cells and tumor formation. It is unclear why IDH1 gene mutations have been found in only these few types of cancer.

3. Other Names for This Gene

  • IDCD

  • IDH

  • IDHC_HUMAN

  • IDP

  • IDPC

  • isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (NADP+)

  • isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (NADP+), soluble

  • isocitrate dehydrogenase [NADP] cytoplasmic

  • NADP(+)-specific ICDH

  • NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase, cytosolic

  • NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase, peroxisomal

  • oxalosuccinate decarboxylase

  • PICD

References

  1. Amary MF, Bacsi K, Maggiani F, Damato S, Halai D, Berisha F, Pollock R,O'Donnell P, Grigoriadis A, Diss T, Eskandarpour M, Presneau N, Hogendoorn PC,Futreal A, Tirabosco R, Flanagan AM. IDH1 and IDH2 mutations are frequent events in central chondrosarcoma and central and periosteal chondromas but not in other mesenchymal tumours. J Pathol. 2011 Jul;224(3):334-43. doi: 10.1002/path.2913.
  2. Amary MF, Damato S, Halai D, Eskandarpour M, Berisha F, Bonar F, McCarthy S,Fantin VR, Straley KS, Lobo S, Aston W, Green CL, Gale RE, Tirabosco R, FutrealA, Campbell P, Presneau N, Flanagan AM. Ollier disease and Maffucci syndrome are caused by somatic mosaic mutations of IDH1 and IDH2. Nat Genet. 2011 Nov6;43(12):1262-5. doi: 10.1038/ng.994.
  3. Losman JA, Looper RE, Koivunen P, Lee S, Schneider RK, McMahon C, Cowley GS,Root DE, Ebert BL, Kaelin WG Jr. (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate is sufficient to promote leukemogenesis and its effects are reversible. Science. 2013 Mar29;339(6127):1621-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1231677.
  4. Pansuriya TC, van Eijk R, d'Adamo P, van Ruler MA, Kuijjer ML, Oosting J,Cleton-Jansen AM, van Oosterwijk JG, Verbeke SL, Meijer D, van Wezel T, Nord KH, Sangiorgi L, Toker B, Liegl-Atzwanger B, San-Julian M, Sciot R, Limaye N,Kindblom LG, Daugaard S, Godfraind C, Boon LM, Vikkula M, Kurek KC, Szuhai K,French PJ, Bovée JV. Somatic mosaic IDH1 and IDH2 mutations are associated withenchondroma and spindle cell hemangioma in Ollier disease and Maffucci syndrome. Nat Genet. 2011 Nov 6;43(12):1256-61. doi: 10.1038/ng.1004.
  5. Reitman ZJ, Yan H. Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 mutations in cancer:alterations at a crossroads of cellular metabolism. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2010 Jul 7;102(13):932-41. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djq187.
  6. Ward PS, Patel J, Wise DR, Abdel-Wahab O, Bennett BD, Coller HA, Cross JR,Fantin VR, Hedvat CV, Perl AE, Rabinowitz JD, Carroll M, Su SM, Sharp KA, Levine RL, Thompson CB. The common feature of leukemia-associated IDH1 and IDH2mutations is a neomorphic enzyme activity converting alpha-ketoglutarate to2-hydroxyglutarate. Cancer Cell. 2010 Mar 16;17(3):225-34. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2010.01.020.
  7. Yan H, Parsons DW, Jin G, McLendon R, Rasheed BA, Yuan W, Kos I,Batinic-Haberle I, Jones S, Riggins GJ, Friedman H, Friedman A, Reardon D,Herndon J, Kinzler KW, Velculescu VE, Vogelstein B, Bigner DD. IDH1 and IDH2mutations in gliomas. N Engl J Med. 2009 Feb 19;360(8):765-73. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0808710.
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