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The genus Cephalaria, belonging to the Caprifoliaceae family, is a rich source of interesting secondary metabolites, including mainly saponins which display a variety of biological activities, such as immunomodulatory, antimicrobial and hemolytic effects.
Constituent Name | Species | Part of Plant | References |
---|---|---|---|
1. Kaempferol | C. kotschyi | aerial parts | Aliev and Movsumov, 1981 [50] |
C. anatolica C. aristata C. aytachii Göktürk & Sümbül C. balansae Raus C. davisiana Göktürk & Sümbül C. elazigensis var. purpureaa C. elmaliensis Hub.-Mor. & V.A.Matthews C. isaurica V.A.Matthews C. lycica V.A.Matthews C. paphlagonica Bobrov C. procera C. scoparia Contandr. & Quézel C. speciosa Boiss. & Kotschy C. stellipilis Boiss. C. sumbuliana Göktürk C. taurica Szabó C. tuteliana Kuș & Göktürk |
aerial parts | Sarikahya et al., 2019 [54] | |
2. Astragalin | C. anatolica C. aristata C. balansae C. davisiana C. elazigensis var. purpurea C. elmaliensis C. lycica C. paphlagonica C. procera C. speciosa C. stellipilis C. sumbuliana C. taurica |
aerial parts | Sarikahya et al., 2019 [54] |
3. Nicotiflorin | C. anatolica C. balansae C. paphlagonica C. speciosa C. stellipilis C. taurica |
aerial parts | Sarikahya et al., 2019 [54] |
4. Tiliroside | C. elmaliensis | aerial parts | Sarıkahya and Kırmızıgül, 2012a [55] |
5. Quercetin | C. gigantea | flowers | Movsumov et al., 2006 [51] |
C. procera | inflorescences | Movsumov et al., 2013 [53] | |
C. anatolica C. aristata C. balansae C. davisiana C. elazigensis var. purpurea C. isaurica C. lycica C. scoparia C. speciosa C. stellipilis C. taurica C. tchihatchewii C. tuteliana |
aerial parts | Sarikahya et al., 2019 [54] | |
6. Quercimeritrin | C. balkharica | aerial parts | Zemtsova and Bandyukova, 1968 [48] |
C. kotschyi | flowers | Aliev and Movsumov, 1981 [50] | |
C. gigantea | flowers | Zemtsova and Bandyukova, 1968 [48] Movsumov et al., 2006 [51] |
|
C. grossheimii | flowers | Movsumov et al., 2009 [52] | |
C. procera | inflorescences | Movsumov et al., 2013 [53] | |
7. Rutin | C. gazipashensis | aerial parts | Sarıkahya and Kırmızıgül, 2012 [31] |
C. scoparia | aerial parts | Sarikahya et al., 2015 [56] | |
C. anatolica C. aristata C. davisiana C. elmaliensis C. lycica |
aerial parts | Sarikahya et al., 2019 [54] | |
8. Gigantoside A | C. gigantea | flowers | Movsumov et al., 2006 [51] |
C. procera | inflorescences | Movsumov et al., 2013 [53] | |
9. Hyperoside | C. kotschyi | flowers | Aliev and Movsumov, 1981 [50] |
C. grossheimii | flowers | Movsumov et al., 2009 [52] | |
C. anatolica C. aristata C. aytachii C. balansae C. davisiana C. elazigensis var. purpurea C. elazigensis var. elazigensis C. elmaliensis C. isaurica C. lycica C. paphlagonica C. procera C. scoparia C. speciosa C. stellipilis C. sumbuliana C. taurica C. tchihatchewii C. tuteliana |
aerial parts | Sarikahya et al., 2019 [54] | |
C. uralensis | aerial parts | Chrząszcz et al., 2020 [29] | |
10. Guiaverin | C. lycica C. paphlagonica C. sumbuliana |
aerial parts | Sarikahya et al., 2019 [54] |
11. Quercitrin | C. gigantea | roots | Tabatadze et al., 2017 [42] Tabatadze et al., 2020 [57] |
12. Apigenin | C. procera | inflorescences | Movsumov et al., 2013 [53] |
C. grossheimii | flowers | Movsumov et al., 2009 [52] | |
C. aristata C. davisiana C. scoparia C. tchihatchewii |
aerial parts | Sarikahya et al., 2019 [54] | |
13. Luteolin | C. gigantea | flowers | Movsumov et al., 2006 [51] |
C. procera | inflorescences | Movsumov et al., 2013 [53] | |
C. anatolica C. aristata C. aytachii C. davisiana C. elazigensis var. elazigensis C. elmaliensis C. lycica C. scoparia C. sumbuliana C. taurica C. tchihatchewii C. tuteliana |
aerial parts | Sarikahya et al., 2019 [54] | |
14. Cynaroside | C. balkharica | aerial parts | Zemtsova and Bandyukova, 1968 [48] |
C. gigantea | aerial parts | Zemtsova and Bandyukova, 1968 [48] | |
C. kotschyi | flowers | Aliev and Movsumov, 1981 [50] | |
C. pastricensis | flowers | Godjevac et al., 2004 [36] | |
C. gigantea | flowers | Movsumov et al., 2006 [51] | |
C. grossheimii | flowers | Movsumov et al., 2009 [52] | |
C. procera | inflorescences | Movsumov et al., 2013 [53] | |
C. elmaliensis | aerial parts | Sarikahya et al., 2012a [55] Sarikahya et al., 2015 [56] |
|
C. anatolica C. aristata C. aytachii C. balansae C. davisiana C. elazigensis var. purpurea C. elmaliensis C. isaurica C. lycica C. paphlagonica C. procera C. scoparia C. speciosa C. stellipilis C. sumbuliana C. taurica C. tchihatchewii C. tuteliana |
aerial parts | Sarikahya et al., 2019 [54] | |
15. Swertiajaponin | C. uralensis | flowers aerial parts |
Chrząszcz et al., 2020 [27] Zemtsova and Bandyukova, 1977 [49] |
C. isaurica | aerial parts | Kayce and Kırmızıgül, 2010 [37] | |
C. elmaliensis | aerial parts | Sarikahya et al., 2015 [56] | |
C. scoparia | aerial parts | Sarikahya et al., 2015 [56] | |
C. gigantea | aerial parts | Chrząszcz et al., 2020 [27] | |
16. Luteolin-7-O-rutinoside | C. anatolica C. aristata C. elmaliensis C. isaurica C. lycica C. paphlagonica C. scoparia C. speciosa C. stellipilis C. sumbuliana C. taurica C. tchihatchewii C. tuteliana |
aerial parts | Sarikahya et al., 2019 [54] |
17.Luteolin 7-O-arabino(1→6)glucoside | C. pastricensis | flowers | Godjevac et al., 2004 [36] |
18. Diosmetin | C. davisiana C. scoparia C. taurica C. tchihatchewii |
aerial parts | Sarikahya et al., 2019 [54] |
19. Nepetin | C. anatolica C. aristata C. aytachii C. balansae C. davisiana C. elazigensis var. purpurea C. elmaliensis C. isaurica C. lycica C. scoparia C. taurica C. tchihatchewii C. tuteliana |
aerial parts | Sarikahya et al., 2019 [54] |
20. Isoorientin | C. isaurica | aerial parts | Kayce and Kırmızıgül, 2010 [37] |
C. scoparia C. stellipilis |
aerial parts | Sarikahya et al., 2011 [43] | |
C. gigantea C. uralensis |
aerial parts aerial parts flowers |
Chrząszcz et al., 2020 [27] | |
21. Isovitexin | C. uralensis | aerial parts flowers |
Chrząszcz et al., 2020 [27] |
22. Isovitexin O-hexoside | C. gigantea | aerial parts | Chrząszcz et al., 2020 [27] |
23. Swertisin | C. coriaceae | flowers leaves |
Zemtsova and Bandyukova, 1977 [49] |
C. gigantea | flowers leaves |
Zemtsova and Bandyukova, 1977 [49] | |
24. Acacetin | C. taurica | aerial parts | Sarikahya et al., 2019 [54] |
25. Hesperidin | C. anatolica C. aristata C. aytachii C. davisiana C. lycica C. scoparia C. speciosa C. sumbuliana C. taurica C. tchihatchewii C. tuteliana |
aerial parts | Sarikahya et al., 2019 [54] |
26. Genistein | C. davisiana | aerial parts | Sarikahya et al., 2019 [54] |
27. Penduletin | C. scoparia C. tuteliana |
aerial parts | Sarikahya et al., 2019 [54] |
28. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside | C. anatolica C. aristata C. balansae C. davisiana C. elazigensis var. purpurea C. elazigensis var. elazigensis C. elmaliensis C. lycica C. paphlagonica C. procera C. scoparia C. speciosa C. stellipilis C. sumbuliana C. tchihatchewii |
aerial parts | Sarikahya et al., 2019 [54] |
29. Pelargonidin chloride | C. aristata C. davisiana C. speciosa |
aerial parts | Sarikahya et al., 2019 [54] |
30. Chlorogenic acid | C. syriaca | shoot | Ali et al., 2012 [17] |
C. ambrosioides | roots | Pasi et al., 2002 [58] | |
C. gigantea | roots | Tabatadze et al., 2017 [42] Tabatadze et al., 2020 [57] |
|
C. uralensis | aerial parts flowers |
Chrząszcz et al., 2020 [27] | |
31. Cryptochlorogenic acid | C. gigantea | aerial parts | Chrząszcz et al., 2020 [27] |
C. uralensis | aerial parts flowers |
Chrząszcz et al., 2020 [27] | |
32. Neochlorogenic acid | C. gigantea | aerial parts | Chrząszcz et al., 2020 [27] |
C. uralensis | aerial parts flowers |
Chrząszcz et al., 2020 [27] | |
33. 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid | C. ambrosioides | roots | Pasi et al., 2002 [58] |
C. gigantea | aerial parts | Chrząszcz et al., 2020 [27] | |
C. uralensis | aerial parts flowers |
Chrząszcz et al., 2020 [27] | |
34. 4,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid | C. gigantea | aerial parts | Chrząszcz et al., 2020 [27] |
C. uralensis | aerial parts flowers |
Chrząszcz et al., 2020 [27] | |
35. 3,4-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid | C. ambrosioides | roots | Pasi et al., 2002 [58] |
36. Caffeic acid | C. gigantea | roots | Tabatadze et al., 2017 [42] Tabatadze et al., 2020 [57] |
C. gigantea | aerial parts | Chrząszcz et al., 2020 [27] | |
C. uralensis | aerial parts flowers |
Chrząszcz et al., 2020 [27] | |
C. anatolica C. aristata C. aytachii C. balansae C. davisiana C. elazigensis var. purpurea C. elazigensis var. elazigensis C. elmaliensis C. isaurica C. lycica C. paphlagonica C. scoparia C. speciosa C. stellipilis C. sumbuliana C. taurica C. tchihatchewii C. tuteliana |
aerial parts | Sarikahya et al., 2019 [54] | |
37. Ferulic acid | C. uralensis | aerial parts | Chrząszcz et al., 2020 [27] |
38. Gallic acid | C. syriaca | seeds | Ali et al., 2012 [17] |
39. p-Hydroxybenzoic acid | C. syriaca | roots seeds |
Ali et al., 2012 [17] |
40. trans-4-OH-Cinnamic acid | C. aristata C. davisiana |
aerial parts | Sarikahya et al., 2019 [54] |
41. Sinapic acid | C. syriaca | seeds | Ali et al., 2012 [17] |
42. Syringic acid | C. syriaca | seeds shoots |
Ali et al., 2012 [17] |
43. Vanillic acid | C. syriaca | seeds shoots |
Ali et al., 2012 [17] |