Tangier Disease

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This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/tangier-disease

Tangier disease is an inherited disorder characterized by significantly reduced levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in the blood.

genetic conditions

1. Introduction

Tangier disease is an inherited disorder characterized by significantly reduced levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in the blood. HDL transports cholesterol and certain fats called phospholipids from the body's tissues to the liver, where they are removed from the blood. HDL is often referred to as "good cholesterol" because high levels of this substance reduce the chances of developing heart and blood vessel (cardiovascular) disease. Because people with Tangier disease have very low levels of HDL, they have a moderately increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

Additional signs and symptoms of Tangier disease include a slightly elevated amount of fat in the blood (mild hypertriglyceridemia); disturbances in nerve function (neuropathy); and enlarged, orange-colored tonsils. Affected individuals often develop atherosclerosis, which is an accumulation of fatty deposits and scar-like tissue in the lining of the arteries. Other features of this condition may include an enlarged spleen (splenomegaly), an enlarged liver (hepatomegaly), clouding of the clear covering of the eye (corneal clouding), and type 2 diabetes.

2. Frequency

Tangier disease is a rare disorder with approximately 100 cases identified worldwide. More cases are likely undiagnosed. This condition is named after an island off the coast of Virginia where the first affected individuals were identified.

3. Causes

Mutations in the ABCA1 gene cause Tangier disease. This gene provides instructions for making a protein that releases cholesterol and phospholipids from cells. These substances are used to make HDL, which transports them to the liver.

Mutations in the ABCA1 gene prevent the release of cholesterol and phospholipids from cells. As a result, these substances accumulate within cells, causing certain body tissues to enlarge and the tonsils to acquire a yellowish-orange color. A buildup of cholesterol can be toxic to cells, leading to impaired cell function or cell death. In addition, the inability to transport cholesterol and phospholipids out of cells results in very low HDL levels, which increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. These combined factors cause the signs and symptoms of Tangier disease.

3.1 The gene associated with Tangier disease

ABCA1

4. Inheritance

This condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy of the mutated gene, but they typically do not show signs and symptoms of the condition.

5. Other Names for This Condition

A-alphalipoprotein Neuropathy
alpha High Density Lipoprotein Deficiency Disease
Analphalipoproteinemia
Cholesterol thesaurismosis
Familial High Density Lipoprotein Deficiency Disease
Familial Hypoalphalipoproteinemia
HDL Lipoprotein Deficiency Disease
Lipoprotein Deficiency Disease, HDL, Familial
Tangier Disease Neuropathy
Tangier Hereditary Neuropathy

References

Iatan I, Alrasadi K, Ruel I, Alwaili K, Genest J. Effect of ABCA1 mutations onrisk for myocardial infarction. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2008 Oct;10(5):413-26.Review.
Kolovou GD, Mikhailidis DP, Anagnostopoulou KK, Daskalopoulou SS, Cokkinos DV.Tangier disease four decades of research: a reflection of the importance of HDL. Curr Med Chem. 2006;13(7):771-82. Review.
Koseki M, Matsuyama A, Nakatani K, Inagaki M, Nakaoka H, Kawase R,Yuasa-Kawase M, Tsubakio-Yamamoto K, Masuda D, Sandoval JC, Ohama T,Nakagawa-Toyama Y, Matsuura F, Nishida M, Ishigami M, Hirano K, Sakane N, KumonY, Suehiro T, Nakamura T, Shimomura I, Yamashita S. Impaired insulin secretion infour Tangier disease patients with ABCA1 mutations. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2009Jun;16(3):292-6.
Maxfield FR, Tabas I. Role of cholesterol and lipid organization in disease.Nature. 2005 Dec 1;438(7068):612-21. Review.
Nofer JR, Remaley AT. Tangier disease: still more questions than answers. CellMol Life Sci. 2005 Oct;62(19-20):2150-60. Review.
Probst MC, Thumann H, Aslanidis C, Langmann T, Buechler C, Patsch W, BaralleFE, Dallinga-Thie GM, Geisel J, Keller C, Menys VC, Schmitz G. Screening forfunctional sequence variations and mutations in ABCA1. Atherosclerosis. 2004Aug;175(2):269-79.
Soumian S, Albrecht C, Davies AH, Gibbs RG. ABCA1 and atherosclerosis. VascMed. 2005 May;10(2):109-19. Review.
Stefková J, Poledne R, Hubácek JA. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters in human metabolism and diseases. Physiol Res. 2004;53(3):235-43. Review.
Tall AR, Yvan-Charvet L, Terasaka N, Pagler T, Wang N. HDL, ABC transporters, and cholesterol efflux: implications for the treatment of atherosclerosis. CellMetab. 2008 May;7(5):365-75. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2008.03.001. Review.
Tang C, Oram JF. The cell cholesterol exporter ABCA1 as a protector fromcardiovascular disease and diabetes. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009Jul;1791(7):563-72. doi: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2009.03.011.

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Subjects: Genetics & Heredity

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Bruce Ren

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Entry Collection: MedlinePlus

Update Date: 23 Dec 2020

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