POR Gene

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1		Lily Guo	+ 444 word(s)	444	2020-12-15 08:05:44

This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/por

cytochrome p450 oxidoreductase

genes

1. Introduction

The POR gene provides instructions for making the enzyme cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase. This enzyme is required for the normal functioning of more than 50 enzymes in the cytochrome P450 family. Cytochrome P450 enzymes are involved in the formation (synthesis) and breakdown (metabolism) of various molecules and chemicals within cells.

Cytochrome P450 enzymes are critical for the synthesis of cholesterol and steroid hormones. Cholesterol is a substance that has many essential functions both before and after birth, including roles in the production of steroid hormones and in the formation and growth of bones. Steroid hormones are needed for normal development and reproduction. This group of hormones includes testosterone and estrogen, which are essential for normal sexual development and reproduction; corticosteroids, which are involved in the body's response to stress; and aldosterone, which helps regulate the body's salt and water balance.

Additionally, cytochrome P450 enzymes are involved in the metabolism of ingested substances, such as medications, in the liver. Because cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase helps regulate the activity of these enzymes, researchers suspect that normal variations in the POR gene may influence a person's response to particular drugs (drug metabolism).

2. Health Conditions Related to Genetic Changes

2.1. Cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase deficiency

More than 50 mutations in the POR gene have been found to cause cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase deficiency. This condition causes hormonal changes that can affect the development of the reproductive system, skeleton, and other parts of the body. The disorder affects sexual development before birth and at puberty, and severe cases are also characterized by skeletal abnormalities.

Most of the mutations that cause cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase deficiency change single protein building blocks (amino acids) in cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase. POR gene mutations significantly reduce the enzyme's activity, which disrupts the production of steroid hormones. Changes in sex hormones such as testosterone and estrogen lead to problems with sexual development.

Reduced activity of cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase can also disrupt the production of cholesterol, which likely impairs normal bone formation in severe cases of cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase deficiency. Studies suggest that a molecule called retinoic acid also plays a role in the skeletal abnormalities found in severe cases. The breakdown of retinoic acid requires cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase; if a shortage of cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase prevents retinoic acid from being broken down, the resulting excess of that molecule can stimulate the abnormal growth and fusion of bones.

It is unclear whether mutations in the POR gene affect how the liver processes medications. The role of this enzyme in drug metabolism is an active area of research.

3. Other Names for This Gene

CPR
CYPOR
cytochrome P450 reductase
FLJ26468
NADPH-dependent cytochrome P450 reductase
NCPR_HUMAN
P450 (cytochrome) oxidoreductase
P450R

References

Arlt W, Walker EA, Draper N, Ivison HE, Ride JP, Hammer F, Chalder SM,Borucka-Mankiewicz M, Hauffa BP, Malunowicz EM, Stewart PM, Shackleton CH.Congenital adrenal hyperplasia caused by mutant P450 oxidoreductase and humanandrogen synthesis: analytical study. Lancet. 2004 Jun 26;363(9427):2128-35.
Flück CE, Tajima T, Pandey AV, Arlt W, Okuhara K, Verge CF, Jabs EW, Mendonça BB, Fujieda K, Miller WL. Mutant P450 oxidoreductase causes disorderedsteroidogenesis with and without Antley-Bixler syndrome. Nat Genet. 2004Mar;36(3):228-30.
Fukami M, Horikawa R, Nagai T, Tanaka T, Naiki Y, Sato N, Okuyama T, Nakai H, Soneda S, Tachibana K, Matsuo N, Sato S, Homma K, Nishimura G, Hasegawa T, Ogata T. Cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase gene mutations and Antley-Bixler syndrome with abnormal genitalia and/or impaired steroidogenesis: molecular and clinicalstudies in 10 patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Jan;90(1):414-26.
Hart SN, Zhong XB. P450 oxidoreductase: genetic polymorphisms and implicationsfor drug metabolism and toxicity. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2008Apr;4(4):439-52. doi: 10.1517/17425255.4.4.439 . Review.
Huang N, Agrawal V, Giacomini KM, Miller WL. Genetics of P450 oxidoreductase: sequence variation in 842 individuals of four ethnicities and activities of 15missense mutations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Feb 5;105(5):1733-8. doi:10.1073/pnas.0711621105.
Huang N, Pandey AV, Agrawal V, Reardon W, Lapunzina PD, Mowat D, Jabs EW, Van Vliet G, Sack J, Flück CE, Miller WL. Diversity and function of mutations in p450oxidoreductase in patients with Antley-Bixler syndrome and disorderedsteroidogenesis. Am J Hum Genet. 2005 May;76(5):729-49.
Miller WL, Huang N, Agrawal V, Giacomini KM. Genetic variation in human P450oxidoreductase. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2009 Mar 5;300(1-2):180-4. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2008.09.017.
Sim SC, Miller WL, Zhong XB, Arlt W, Ogata T, Ding X, Wolf CR, Flück CE,Pandey AV, Henderson CJ, Porter TD, Daly AK, Nebert DW, Ingelman-Sundberg M.Nomenclature for alleles of the cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase gene.Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2009 Jul;19(7):565-6. doi: 10.1097/FPC.0b013e32832af5b7.

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Subjects: Genetics & Heredity

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Lily Guo

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Entry Collection: MedlinePlus

Update Date: 25 Dec 2020

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