ESCO2 Gene

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1		Vivi Li	+ 325 word(s)	325	2020-12-15 07:52:02

This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/esco2

Establishment of sister chromatid cohesion N-acetyltransferase 2

genes

1. Normal Function

The ESCO2 gene provides instructions for making a protein that is important for proper chromosome separation during cell division. Before cells divide, they must copy all of their chromosomes. The copied DNA from each chromosome is arranged into two identical structures, called sister chromatids. The ESCO2 protein plays an important role in establishing the glue that holds the sister chromatids together until the chromosomes are ready to separate.

2. Health Conditions Related to Genetic Changes

2.1 Roberts Syndrome

At least 30 ESCO2 gene mutations have been found to cause Roberts syndrome, which is characterized by limb and facial abnormalities and slow growth before and after birth. These mutations prevent the cell from producing any functional ESCO2 protein. Some mutations change single protein building blocks (amino acids), while others result in an abnormally short protein. The absence of functional ESCO2 protein causes some of the glue between sister chromatids to be missing around the chromosome's constriction point (centromere). In Roberts syndrome, cells respond to abnormal sister chromatid attachment by delaying cell division. Delayed cell division can be a signal that the cell should undergo self-destruction. The signs and symptoms of Roberts syndrome may be due to the loss of cells from various tissues during early development.

Researchers originally suspected that the varying severity of Roberts syndrome was caused by different types of mutations in the ESCO2 gene. They predicted that people with the mild form of the disorder would have mutations that reduced the activity of the ESCO2 protein, while those with the severe form would have mutations that completely eliminated the protein's function. However, all known mutations in the ESCO2 gene prevent the production of any functional ESCO2 protein. The underlying cause of the variation in disease severity remains unknown. Researchers suspect that other genetic and environmental factors may be involved.

3. Other Names for This Gene

EFO2
ESCO2_HUMAN
establishment of cohesion 1 homolog 2
establishment of cohesion 1 homolog 2 (S. cerevisiae)

References

Dorsett D. Roles of the sister chromatid cohesion apparatus in geneexpression, development, and human syndromes. Chromosoma. 2007 Feb;116(1):1-13.
Gordillo M, Vega H, Trainer AH, Hou F, Sakai N, Luque R, Kayserili H, Basaran S, Skovby F, Hennekam RC, Uzielli ML, Schnur RE, Manouvrier S, Chang S, Blair E, Hurst JA, Forzano F, Meins M, Simola KO, Raas-Rothschild A, Schultz RA, McDaniel LD, Ozono K, Inui K, Zou H, Jabs EW. The molecular mechanism underlying Robertssyndrome involves loss of ESCO2 acetyltransferase activity. Hum Mol Genet. 2008Jul 15;17(14):2172-80. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddn116.
Hou F, Zou H. Two human orthologues of Eco1/Ctf7 acetyltransferases are bothrequired for proper sister-chromatid cohesion. Mol Biol Cell. 2005Aug;16(8):3908-18.
McNairn AJ, Gerton JL. Cohesinopathies: One ring, many obligations. Mutat Res.2008 Dec 1;647(1-2):103-11. doi: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2008.08.010.Review.
Resta N, Susca FC, Di Giacomo MC, Stella A, Bukvic N, Bagnulo R, Simone C,Guanti G. A homozygous frameshift mutation in the ESCO2 gene: evidence ofintertissue and interindividual variation in Nmd efficiency. J Cell Physiol. 2006Oct;209(1):67-73.
Schüle B, Oviedo A, Johnston K, Pai S, Francke U. Inactivating mutations inESCO2 cause SC phocomelia and Roberts syndrome: no phenotype-genotypecorrelation. Am J Hum Genet. 2005 Dec;77(6):1117-28.
Vega H, Gordillo M, Jabs EW. ESCO2 Spectrum Disorder. 2006 Apr 18 [updated2020 Mar 26]. In: Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Bean LJH, Stephens K, Amemiya A, editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University ofWashington, Seattle; 1993-2020. Available fromhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1153/
Vega H, Trainer AH, Gordillo M, Crosier M, Kayserili H, Skovby F, Uzielli ML, Schnur RE, Manouvrier S, Blair E, Hurst JA, Forzano F, Meins M, Simola KO,Raas-Rothschild A, Hennekam RC, Jabs EW. Phenotypic variability in 49 cases ofESCO2 mutations, including novel missense and codon deletion in theacetyltransferase domain, correlates with ESCO2 expression and establishes theclinical criteria for Roberts syndrome. J Med Genet. 2010 Jan;47(1):30-7. doi:10.1136/jmg.2009.068395.
Vega H, Waisfisz Q, Gordillo M, Sakai N, Yanagihara I, Yamada M, van GosligaD, Kayserili H, Xu C, Ozono K, Jabs EW, Inui K, Joenje H. Roberts syndrome iscaused by mutations in ESCO2, a human homolog of yeast ECO1 that is essential forthe establishment of sister chromatid cohesion. Nat Genet. 2005 May;37(5):468-70.
Whelan G, Kreidl E, Wutz G, Egner A, Peters JM, Eichele G. Cohesinacetyltransferase Esco2 is a cell viability factor and is required for cohesionin pericentric heterochromatin. EMBO J. 2012 Jan 4;31(1):71-82. doi:10.1038/emboj.2011.381.

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Subjects: Genetics & Heredity

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Vivi Li

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Entry Collection: MedlinePlus

Update Date: 24 Dec 2020

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