EDARADD Gene

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1		Vivi Li	+ 389 word(s)	389	2020-12-15 07:51:11

This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/edaradd

EDAR associated death domain: The EDARADD gene provides instructions for making a protein called the EDAR-associated death domain protein.

genes

1. Normal Function

This protein is part of a signaling pathway that plays an important role in development before birth. Specifically, it is critical for interactions between two embryonic cell layers called the ectoderm and the mesoderm. In the early embryo, these cell layers form the basis for many of the body's organs and tissues. Ectoderm-mesoderm interactions are essential for the formation of several structures that arise from the ectoderm, including the skin, hair, nails, teeth, and sweat glands.

The EDARADD protein interacts with another protein, called the ectodysplasin A receptor, which is produced from the EDAR gene. This interaction occurs at a region called the death domain that is present in both proteins. The EDARADD protein acts as an adapter, which means it assists the ectodysplasin A receptor in triggering chemical signals within cells. These signals affect cell activities such as division, growth, and maturation. Starting before birth, this signaling pathway controls the formation of ectodermal structures such as hair follicles, sweat glands, and teeth.

2. Health Conditions Related to Genetic Changes

2.1 Hypohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia

Fewer than 10 mutations in the EDARADD gene have been found to cause hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia, the most common form of ectodermal dysplasia. Starting before birth, ectodermal dysplasias result in the abnormal development of the skin, hair, nails, teeth, and sweat glands. Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia is characterized by a reduced ability to sweat (hypohidrosis), sparse scalp and body hair (hypotrichosis), and several missing teeth (hypodontia) or teeth that are malformed. EDARADD gene mutations are an infrequent cause of hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia, accounting for only about 1 percent of all cases.

Most of the EDARADD gene mutations associated with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia change single protein building blocks (amino acids) in the receptor protein. These changes occur in or near the death domain, preventing the EDARADD protein from interacting effectively with the ectodysplasin A receptor. As a result, the receptor cannot trigger the signals needed for ectoderm-mesoderm interactions in early development. Without these signals, hair follicles, teeth, sweat glands, and other ectodermal structures do not form properly, which leads to the characteristic features of hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia.

3. Other Names for This Gene

ectodysplasia A receptor associated death domain
ectodysplasin A receptor associated adapter protein
EDAD_HUMAN
EDAR-associated death domain

References

Chassaing N, Cluzeau C, Bal E, Guigue P, Vincent MC, Viot G, Ginisty D,Munnich A, Smahi A, Calvas P. Mutations in EDARADD account for a small proportionof hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia cases. Br J Dermatol. 2010May;162(5):1044-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09670.x.
Chaudhary AK, Girisha KM, Bashyam MD. A novel EDARADD 5'-splice site mutation resulting in activation of two alternate cryptic 5'-splice sites causes autosomalrecessive Hypohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia. Am J Med Genet A. 2016Jun;170(6):1639-41. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37607.
Cluzeau C, Hadj-Rabia S, Jambou M, Mansour S, Guigue P, Masmoudi S, Bal E,Chassaing N, Vincent MC, Viot G, Clauss F, Manière MC, Toupenay S, Le Merrer M,Lyonnet S, Cormier-Daire V, Amiel J, Faivre L, de Prost Y, Munnich A, BonnefontJP, Bodemer C, Smahi A. Only four genes (EDA1, EDAR, EDARADD, and WNT10A) accountfor 90% of hypohidrotic/anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia cases. Hum Mutat. 2011Jan;32(1):70-2. doi: 10.1002/humu.21384.
Headon DJ, Emmal SA, Ferguson BM, Tucker AS, Justice MJ, Sharpe PT, Zonana J, Overbeek PA. Gene defect in ectodermal dysplasia implicates a death domainadapter in development. Nature. 2001 Dec 20-27;414(6866):913-6.
Wohlfart S, Hammersen J, Schneider H. Mutational spectrum in 101 patients withhypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia and breakpoint mapping in independent cases of rare genomic rearrangements. J Hum Genet. 2016 Oct;61(10):891-897. doi:10.1038/jhg.2016.75.
Wohlfart S, Söder S, Smahi A, Schneider H. A novel missense mutation in thegene EDARADD associated with an unusual phenotype of hypohidrotic ectodermaldysplasia. Am J Med Genet A. 2016 Jan;170A(1):249-53. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37412.
Wright JT, Grange DK, Fete M. Hypohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia. 2003 Apr 28[updated 2017 Jun 1]. In: Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Bean LJH,Stephens K, Amemiya A, editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): Universityof Washington, Seattle; 1993-2020. Available fromhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1112/

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Vivi Li

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Update Date: 24 Dec 2020

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