MSH6 Gene

Version	Summary	Created by	Modification	Content Size	Created at	Operation
1		Lily Guo	+ 735 word(s)	735	2020-12-15 08:01:17

This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/msh6

mutS homolog 6

genes

1. Introduction

The MSH6 gene provides instructions for making a protein that plays an essential role in repairing DNA. This protein helps fix errors that are made when DNA is copied (DNA replication) in preparation for cell division. The MSH6 protein joins with another protein called MSH2 (produced from the MSH2 gene) to form a two-protein complex called a dimer. This complex identifies locations on the DNA where errors have been made during DNA replication. Additional proteins, including another dimer called the MLH1-PMS2 dimer, then repair the errors by removing the mismatched DNA and replicating a new segment. The MSH6 gene is a member of a set of genes known as the mismatch repair (MMR) genes.

2. Health Conditions Related to Genetic Changes

2.1.Constitutional mismatch repair deficiency syndrome

More than 15 mutations in the MSH6 gene have been associated with a condition called constitutional mismatch repair deficiency (CMMRD) syndrome. Individuals with this condition are at increased risk of developing cancers of the colon (large intestine) and rectum (collectively referred to as colorectal cancer), brain, and blood (leukemia or lymphoma). These cancers usually first occur in childhood, with the vast majority of cancers in CMMRD syndrome diagnosed in people under the age of 18. Many people with CMMRD syndrome also develop changes in skin coloring (pigmentation), similar to those that occur in a condition called neurofibromatosis type 1.

Individuals with CMMRD syndrome inherit two MSH6 gene mutations, one from each parent, while people with Lynch syndrome (described below) have a mutation in one copy of the MSH6 gene.

MSH6 gene mutations result in near or complete loss of MSH6 protein production. A shortage of this protein eliminates mismatch repair activity and prevents the proper repair of DNA replication errors. These errors accumulate as the abnormal cells continue to divide. The errors disrupt other genes involved in important cellular processes, such as controlling cell growth and division (proliferation). If cell growth is uncontrolled, it can lead to childhood cancer in people with CMMRD syndrome.

It is thought that the features of neurofibromatosis type 1 in people with CMMRD syndrome are due to genetic changes in the NF1 gene that result from loss of mismatch repair. These changes are present only in certain cells (somatic mutations), whereas NF1 gene mutations that are present in all cells of the body cause neurofibromatosis type 1.

2.2. Lynch syndrome

Mutations in the MSH6 gene have been reported in about 13 percent of families with Lynch syndrome that have an identified gene mutation. Lynch syndrome increases the risk of many types of cancer, particularly colorectal cancer. People with Lynch syndrome also have an increased risk of cancers of the endometrium (lining of the uterus), ovaries, stomach, small intestine, gallbladder ducts, upper urinary tract, and brain. By age 75, the risk of developing one of these cancers is 60 percent for women and 40 percent for men with an MSH6 gene mutation. Endometrial cancer is especially common in women with Lynch syndrome caused by MSH6 gene mutations.

MSH6 gene mutations involved in this condition lead to the production of an abnormally short, nonfunctional MSH6 protein; a partially active version of the protein; or no protein product from one copy of the gene. A decrease in functional MSH6 protein leads to an increase in unrepaired DNA errors during cell division. The errors accumulate as the cells continue to divide, which may cause the cells to function abnormally, increasing the risk of tumor formation in the colon or another part of the body.

Because there is some functional MSH6 protein produced from the normal copy of the gene, mismatch repair activity in Lynch syndrome is reduced but not absent, as it is in CMMRD syndrome (described above). This difference in DNA repair activity levels likely explains why cancers in Lynch syndrome generally develop in adulthood while those in CMMRD syndrome often affect children.

In a small number of people, mutations in the MSH6 gene cause a variant of Lynch syndrome called Muir-Torre syndrome. In addition to colorectal cancer, people with this condition have an increased risk of developing several uncommon skin tumors. These rare skin tumors include sebaceous adenomas and carcinomas, which occur in glands that produce an oily substance called sebum (sebaceous glands). Multiple rapidly growing tumors called keratoacanthomas may also occur, usually on sun-exposed areas of skin.

3. Other Names for This Gene

G-T binding protein
G/T mismatch-binding protein
GTBP
mutS (E. coli) homolog 6
mutS homolog 6 (E. coli)
MutS-alpha 160 kDa subunit

References

Bandipalliam P. Syndrome of early onset colon cancers, hematologicmalignancies & features of neurofibromatosis in HNPCC families with homozygousmismatch repair gene mutations. Fam Cancer. 2005;4(4):323-33. Review.
Cederquist K, Emanuelsson M, Göransson I, Holinski-Feder E, Müller-Koch Y,Golovleva I, Grönberg H. Mutation analysis of the MLH1, MSH2 and MSH6 genes inpatients with double primary cancers of the colorectum and the endometrium: apopulation-based study in northern Sweden. Int J Cancer. 2004 Apr10;109(3):370-6. Erratum in: Int J Cancer. 2005 Jul 20;115(6):1011.
Chhibber V, Dresser K, Mahalingam M. MSH-6: extending the reliability ofimmunohistochemistry as a screening tool in Muir-Torre syndrome. Mod Pathol. 2008Feb;21(2):159-64.
Dominguez-Valentin M, Sampson JR, Seppälä TT, Ten Broeke SW, Plazzer JP,Nakken S, Engel C, Aretz S, Jenkins MA, Sunde L, Bernstein I, Capella G, BalaguerF, Thomas H, Evans DG, Burn J, Greenblatt M, Hovig E, de Vos Tot Nederveen CappelWH, Sijmons RH, Bertario L, Tibiletti MG, Cavestro GM, Lindblom A, Della Valle A,Lopez-Köstner F, Gluck N, Katz LH, Heinimann K, Vaccaro CA, Büttner R, Görgens H,Holinski-Feder E, Morak M, Holzapfel S, Hüneburg R, Knebel Doeberitz MV, LoefflerM, Rahner N, Schackert HK, Steinke-Lange V, Schmiegel W, Vangala D, PylvänäinenK, Renkonen-Sinisalo L, Hopper JL, Win AK, Haile RW, Lindor NM, Gallinger S, LeMarchand L, Newcomb PA, Figueiredo JC, Thibodeau SN, Wadt K, Therkildsen C,Okkels H, Ketabi Z, Moreira L, Sánchez A, Serra-Burriel M, Pineda M, Navarro M,Blanco I, Green K, Lalloo F, Crosbie EJ, Hill J, Denton OG, Frayling IM, Rødland EA, Vasen H, Mints M, Neffa F, Esperon P, Alvarez K, Kariv R, Rosner G, PineroTA, Gonzalez ML, Kalfayan P, Tjandra D, Winship IM, Macrae F, Möslein G, Mecklin JP, Nielsen M, Møller P. Cancer risks by gene, age, and gender in 6350 carriersof pathogenic mismatch repair variants: findings from the Prospective LynchSyndrome Database. Genet Med. 2020 Jan;22(1):15-25. doi:10.1038/s41436-019-0596-9.Sep;22(9):1569.
Edelbrock MA, Kaliyaperumal S, Williams KJ. Structural, molecular and cellularfunctions of MSH2 and MSH6 during DNA mismatch repair, damage signaling and othernoncanonical activities. Mutat Res. 2013 Mar-Apr;743-744:53-66. doi:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2012.12.008.
Kohlmann W, Gruber SB. Lynch Syndrome. 2004 Feb 5 [updated 2018 Apr 12]. In:Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Bean LJH, Stephens K, Amemiya A,editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington,Seattle; 1993-2020. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1211/
Lynch HT, de la Chapelle A. Hereditary colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003Mar 6;348(10):919-32. Review.
Pande M, Wei C, Chen J, Amos CI, Lynch PM, Lu KH, Lucio LA, Boyd-Rogers SG,Bannon SA, Mork ME, Frazier ML. Cancer spectrum in DNA mismatch repair genemutation carriers: results from a hospital based Lynch syndrome registry. FamCancer. 2012 Sep;11(3):441-7. doi: 10.1007/s10689-012-9534-6.
Peltomäki P. Lynch syndrome genes. Fam Cancer. 2005;4(3):227-32. Review.
Schneider NB, Pastor T, Paula AE, Achatz MI, Santos ÂRD, Vianna FSL, Rosset C,Pinheiro M, Ashton-Prolla P, Moreira MÂM, Palmero EI; Brazilian Lynch SyndromeStudy Group. Germline MLH1, MSH2 and MSH6 variants in Brazilian patients withcolorectal cancer and clinical features suggestive of Lynch Syndrome. Cancer Med.2018 May;7(5):2078-2088. doi: 10.1002/cam4.1316.
Tamura K, Kaneda M, Futagawa M, Takeshita M, Kim S, Nakama M, Kawashita N,Tatsumi-Miyajima J. Genetic and genomic basis of the mismatch repair systeminvolved in Lynch syndrome. Int J Clin Oncol. 2019 Sep;24(9):999-1011. doi:10.1007/s10147-019-01494-y.Oncol. 2019 Jul 31;:.

©Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons-Attribution ShareAlike (CC BY-SA) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.

Upload a video for this entry

Information

Subjects: Genetics & Heredity

Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :

Lily Guo

View Times: 274

Entry Collection: MedlinePlus

Update Date: 23 Dec 2020

Table of Contents

Video Upload Options

Confirm