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Pobbati, A. YAP-TEAD Interaction Disruptors. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/6224 (accessed on 28 March 2024).
Pobbati A. YAP-TEAD Interaction Disruptors. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/6224. Accessed March 28, 2024.
Pobbati, Ajaybabu. "YAP-TEAD Interaction Disruptors" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/6224 (accessed March 28, 2024).
Pobbati, A. (2021, January 08). YAP-TEAD Interaction Disruptors. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/6224
Pobbati, Ajaybabu. "YAP-TEAD Interaction Disruptors." Encyclopedia. Web. 08 January, 2021.
YAP-TEAD Interaction Disruptors
Edit

This a entry that comprehensively covers the modalities that act as disruptors of the YAP-TEAD interaction. The transcriptional co-activator YAP (Yes-associated protein) by pairing with the transcription factor TEAD (TEA domain) orchestrates the expression of several oncogenic transcriptional programs. These programs are seen in a proportion of all solid tumors. Therefore, the disruption of YAP-TEAD interaction is proposed as an attractive option to target cancers.

YAP-TEAD Interaction

1. Introduction

The TEADs are a family of four conserved proteins (TEAD 1-4 in humans) that have similar domain architecture (Figure 1A)[1][2]. All TEADs have an N-terminal TEA domain that binds to DNA and adopts a homeodomain fold. At the C-terminus, all TEADs have a transactivation domain that binds to YAP/TAZ. TEADs differ largely at the linker that connects the TEA domain with the transactivation domain. It was known early on that an N-terminal motif of YAP interacts with the TEAD transactivation domain (Figures 1A and 1B). However, the determination of the crystal structures of TEADs in complex with YAP was a breakthrough as it gave a clear, detailed picture of the interaction[3][4][5]. The TEAD transactivation domain adopts an immunoglobulin-like β-sandwich fold; additionally, it has two helix-turn-helix motifs. The N-terminal motif of YAP wraps around TEAD extensively and forms three interfaces (Figure 1B).

Molecules 25 06001 g001 550

Figure 1. Domain architecture and structures of YAP/TAZ and TEAD (A) Domain architecture of YAP and TEAD (B) Ribbon diagram of the core complex structure of the YAP-TEAD complex (PDB ID: 3KYS). N-terminus of YAP interacts with the transactivation domain of TEAD by forming three interfaces. The central pocket is shown as red mesh. (C) Central pocket (red) and the orientation of the palmitate in the pocket is shown. The conserved polar/charged TEAD2 residues lining the central pocket is shown as yellow sticks.

2. Structural Characterization of YAP-TEAD Interaction

Interface 1 is an anti-parallel β-sheet where both YAP and TEAD contribute to a single β-strand. This interface contributes little to the affinity between YAP and TEAD. Although there are drugs that target higher-order oligomers of β-sheets such as the amyloid plaques formed in Alzheimer disease[6], a simple β-sheet as in interface 1 has poor ligand-binding ability. Interface 2 is formed when a helix of YAP/TAZ slots into a pocket formed by one of the helix-turn-helix motifs of TEAD (Figure 1B). Such a helix-pocket interaction commonly occurs between proteins and is usually mediated by leucine residues (the LxxLL motif)[7][8]. These three hydrophobic leucine residues that are oriented towards the pocket are the key contact residues. YAP and TAZ have a variant of this motif, they have L65xxL68F69 motif instead of LxxLL (the numbers correspond to human YAP residues). Peptides and small molecules have been shown to occupy the interface 2 pocket (Table 1). The YAP/TAZ helix on its own binds poorly to TEAD and interface 3 acts to increase its binding affinity. Interface 3 is the most crucial of the three interfaces[3][4][5]. At this interface, YAP adopts a three-dimensional structure resembling the Greek letter Ω (Figure 1B), and this conformation is generally referred to as the Ω-loop. Crucial for interface 3 interaction are three hydrophobic core residues -- in human YAP, these are M86, L91, and F95 -- that fit into a pocket on the TEAD surface. A cation-π interaction formed between R87 and F96 YAP residues is also crucial and appears to stabilize the Ω-loop conformation. Appreciable progress has been made on the peptidomimetics front, linear and cyclic peptides have been designed to act as PPIDs by occupying the interface 3 pocket on TEAD (Table 1). Interface 3 TEAD residues that interact with YAP are highly conserved, therefore it is difficult to design modalities at this interface that display selective TEAD inhibition. That said, it is not clear whether there is a biological need for selective TEAD inhibitors. In the field, researchers tend to work more on YAP than TAZ, but as YAP and TAZ have similar primary sequences and structural features, PPIDs that disrupt the YAP-TEAD interaction should also have the ability to disrupt the TAZ-TEAD interaction.

Table 1. Compounds that target TEAD surface pocket interfaces 2 and 3.

No. Molecule Structure Surface Pocket Validation Molecule Type Validation Method Reference
Modalities binding to Interface 2
1. TB2G1 Cystine-dense peptide Rosetta modeling PPID Co-IP assay [9]
2. Fragment 1 Molecules 25 06001 i001 Crystal structure PPID
unlikely
GST pull-down [10]
3. Tri-substitutedpyrazoles Molecules 25 06001 i002 Crystal structure Potential
PPID
   
Modalities binding to Interface 3
4. Peptide 17 YAP cyclic peptide Molecular modeling PPID GST pull-down [11]
5. Peptide 10 YAP cyclic peptide Crystal
structure
PPID GST pull-down [12]
6. Peptides 9, 10 YAP linear peptide Crystal
structure
PPID TR-FRET assay [13]
7. Flufenamic acid Molecules 25 06001 i003 Crystal
structure
PPID
unlikely
  [14]
8. TEAD-binding
fragment
Molecules 25 06001 i004 NMR PPID
unlikely
  [15]
9. Dioxo-benzoisothiazole
Example 22
Molecules 25 06001 i005 NMR PPID AlphaLISA
assay
[16]
10. Triazole
carbohydrazides
Hit 2
Molecules 25 06001 i006 Molecular
modeling
Potential
PPID
  [17]
11. Compound 3.1 Molecules 25 06001 i007 Molecular
docking
PPID Co-IP assay [18]
Peptide binding to both Interfaces 2 & 3
12. Super-TDU YAP-VGLL4 fusion peptide Molecular
modeling
PPID Co-IP assay [19]

Interestingly, Pobbati and colleagues identified a pocket with an appropriate geometry and hydrophobicity in the center of the transactivating domain of TEADs that is accessible to small molecules[14] (Figure 1B). This pocket is distinct from the TEAD surface pockets. One end of the pocket is solvent-exposed. However, it is blocked by the interface 1 β-strand of YAP that acts as a gate to ligand access. The other end of the central pocket extends into the domain interior. Palmitate is the natural ligand that binds to the central pocket[20][21]. In addition to the hydrophobic residues that line the TEAD central pocket, there are seven conserved charged/polar residues (Figure 1C). Remarkably, all seven residues are located at the solvent-exposed end of the pocket. Notably, several central pocket binders have been identified that, not only inhibit TEAD palmitoylation, but also disrupt YAP-TEAD interaction, thus, acting as allosteric PPIDs. Several other molecules bind the pocket but only act as palmitoylation inhibitors and not as allosteric PPIDs. Despite this, they inhibit TEAD activity and function (Table 2).

Table 2. Compounds that target the TEAD central pocket.

No. Molecule Structure Binding Validation Molecule Type Validation Method Reference
Flufenamates
1. Flufenamic acid Molecules 25 06001 i008 Crystal structure Palmitoylation
inhibitor
Mass Spec analysis [14]
2. TED-347 Molecules 25 06001 i009 Crystal structure Allosteric
PPID
FP assay with YAP peptide [22]
3. MYF-01-037 Molecules 25 06001 i010 Molecular
docking
Allosteric
PPID
Split luciferase assay [23]
4. Non-fused tricyclic Compound 42 Molecules 25 06001 i011 unknown PPID?   [24]
5. FA-Palmitate fusion Molecules 25 06001 i012 Crystal structure PPID?    
Non-covalent allosteric PPIDs
6. MGH-CP1 Molecules 25 06001 i013 Crystal structure Allosteric
PPID
Co-IP assay [25]
7. Compound 9 Indole-focused Molecules 25 06001 i014 Palmitate-based FP assay Allosteric
PPID
FP assay with YAP peptide [26]
8. Dihydropyrazolo
pyrimidines Compound 7
Molecules 25 06001 i015 unknown AllostericPPID? TR-FRET assay [27]
Covalent allosteric PPIDs
9. K-975 Molecules 25 06001 i016 Crystal structure Allosteric
PPID
Co-IP assay [28]
10. Kojic acid analogs Compound 19 Molecules 25 06001 i017 Thiol conjugation assay Allosteric
PPID
FP assay with YAP peptide [29]
Other central pocket binders
11. Compound 2 Molecules 25 06001 i018 Crystal structure Palmitoylation inhibitor FP assay with palmitate [30]
12. Vinylsulfonamide DC-TEADin02 Molecules 25 06001 i019 Molecular docking Palmitoylation inhibitor Competitive
NMR
[31]
13. Quinolinol Q2 Molecules 25 06001 i020 Molecular
dynamics
simulations
TEAD activator RNA-Seq [32]

References

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