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Xu, C. Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/4131 (accessed on 19 April 2024).
Xu C. Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/4131. Accessed April 19, 2024.
Xu, Camila. "Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/4131 (accessed April 19, 2024).
Xu, C. (2020, December 23). Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/4131
Xu, Camila. "Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis." Encyclopedia. Web. 23 December, 2020.
Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis
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This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/hyperkalemic-periodic-paralysis

Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis is a condition that causes episodes of extreme muscle weakness or paralysis, usually beginning in infancy or early childhood.

genetic conditions

1. Introduction

Most often, these episodes involve a temporary inability to move muscles in the arms and legs. Episodes tend to increase in frequency until mid-adulthood, after which they occur less frequently in many people with the condition. Factors that can trigger attacks include rest after exercise, potassium-rich foods such as bananas and potatoes, stress, fatigue, alcohol, pregnancy, exposure to hot or cold temperatures, certain medications, and periods without food (fasting). Muscle strength usually returns to normal between attacks, although many affected people continue to experience mild stiffness (myotonia), particularly in muscles of the face and hands.

Most people with hyperkalemic periodic paralysis have increased levels of potassium in their blood (hyperkalemia) during attacks. Hyperkalemia results when the weak or paralyzed muscles release potassium ions into the bloodstream. In other cases, attacks are associated with normal blood potassium levels (normokalemia). Ingesting potassium can trigger attacks in affected individuals, even if blood potassium levels do not go up.

2. Frequency

Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis affects an estimated 1 in 200,000 people.

3. Causes

Mutations in the SCN4A gene can cause hyperkalemic periodic paralysis. The SCN4A gene provides instructions for making a protein that plays an essential role in muscles used for movement (skeletal muscles). For the body to move normally, these muscles must tense (contract) and relax in a coordinated way. One of the changes that helps trigger muscle contractions is the flow of positively charged atoms (ions), including sodium, into muscle cells. The SCN4A protein forms channels that control the flow of sodium ions into these cells.

Mutations in the SCN4A gene alter the usual structure and function of sodium channels. The altered channels stay open too long or do not stay closed long enough, allowing more sodium ions to flow into muscle cells. This increase in sodium ions triggers the release of potassium from muscle cells, which causes more sodium channels to open and stimulates the flow of even more sodium ions into these cells. These changes in ion transport reduce the ability of skeletal muscles to contract, leading to episodes of muscle weakness or paralysis.

In 30 to 40 percent of cases, the cause of hyperkalemic periodic paralysis is unknown. Changes in other genes, which have not been identified, likely cause the disorder in these cases.

3.1. The gene associated with Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis

  • SCN4A

4. Inheritance

This condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder.

5. Other Names for This Condition

  • adynamia episodica hereditaria

  • familial hyperkalemic periodic paralysis

  • Gamstorp disease

  • Gamstorp episodic adynamy

  • hyperKPP

  • hyperPP

  • primary hyperkalemic periodic paralysis

References

  1. Cannon SC. An expanding view for the molecular basis of familial periodicparalysis. Neuromuscul Disord. 2002 Aug;12(6):533-43. Review.
  2. Fontaine B. Periodic paralysis. Adv Genet. 2008;63:3-23. doi:10.1016/S0065-2660(08)01001-8. Review.
  3. Jurkat-Rott K, Holzherr B, Fauler M, Lehmann-Horn F. Sodium channelopathies ofskeletal muscle result from gain or loss of function. Pflugers Arch. 2010Jul;460(2):239-48. doi: 10.1007/s00424-010-0814-4.
  4. Jurkat-Rott K, Lehmann-Horn F. Genotype-phenotype correlation and therapeutic rationale in hyperkalemic periodic paralysis. Neurotherapeutics. 2007Apr;4(2):216-24. Review.
  5. Jurkat-Rott K, Lehmann-Horn F. Paroxysmal muscle weakness: the familialperiodic paralyses. J Neurol. 2006 Nov;253(11):1391-8.
  6. Miller TM, Dias da Silva MR, Miller HA, Kwiecinski H, Mendell JR, Tawil R,McManis P, Griggs RC, Angelini C, Servidei S, Petajan J, Dalakas MC, Ranum LP, FuYH, Ptácek LJ. Correlating phenotype and genotype in the periodic paralyses.Neurology. 2004 Nov 9;63(9):1647-55.
  7. Venance SL, Cannon SC, Fialho D, Fontaine B, Hanna MG, Ptacek LJ,Tristani-Firouzi M, Tawil R, Griggs RC; CINCH investigators. The primary periodicparalyses: diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment. Brain. 2006 Jan;129(Pt 1):8-17.
  8. Weber F, Jurkat-Rott K, Lehmann-Horn F. Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis. 2003 Jul 18 [updated 2016 Jan 28]. In: Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, Wallace SE,Bean LJH, Stephens K, Amemiya A, editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2020. Available fromhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1496/
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Subjects: Genetics & Heredity
Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Camila Xu
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Entry Collection: MedlinePlus
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Update Date: 23 Dec 2020
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