Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1
Brice Bouyssiere
 + 1708 word(s) 1708 2021-01-13 07:57:10 |
2 format correct
Camila Xu
 Meta information modification 1708 2021-01-15 09:30:41 | |
3 format correct
Camila Xu
 Meta information modification 1708 2021-01-15 11:02:44 |

Video Upload Options

Do you have a full video?
Send video materials Upload full video

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Bouyssiere, B. Asphaltene. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/6447 (accessed on 19 April 2024).
Bouyssiere B. Asphaltene. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/6447. Accessed April 19, 2024.
Bouyssiere, Brice. "Asphaltene" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/6447 (accessed April 19, 2024).
Bouyssiere, B. (2021, January 14). Asphaltene. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/6447
Bouyssiere, Brice. "Asphaltene." Encyclopedia. Web. 14 January, 2021.
Asphaltene
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/pr8111504

Asphaltenes is the heaviest and most polar fraction of petroleum not yet wery well characterized and only presently define by they solubility.

asphaltene analytical techniques

1. Introduction

Petroleum, as the most important source of energy and raw chemical materials, is a complex but delicately balanced system that depends on the relationship of its constituent fractions to each other [1]. Hence, the disturbance of these interactions, such as recovery and refining, may cause sediment formation and asphaltene deposition [2][3], which brings about many negative effects to the petroleum industry, such as the deactivation of catalysts, blocked pipelines, and deposition on the internal surface of the reservoirs [4][5][6][7][8].

Asphaltenes are the most polar fraction in crude oil, providing very low economic value and causing adverse effects to the oil industry. Images of n-heptane petroleum asphaltenes are shown in Figure 1. The content and characteristics of asphaltenes depend to a greater or lesser extent on the source of the crude oil [9]. Operationally, asphaltenes have up to now been defined as insoluble compounds in aliphatic hydrocarbons such as n-pentane or n-heptane, and soluble in aromatics such as toluene and benzene [10]. Asphaltenes are dark-brown-to-black friable solids that have no definite melting point, and usually foam and swell upon heating, leaving a carbonaceous residue [11]. The molecular weights of asphaltenes span a wide range, from hundreds to millions, leading to speculation about self-aggregation [12]. Carbon and hydrogen are the most abundant elements in asphaltenes, and the contents of carbon and hydrogen are usually greater than 90 wt%. These values correspond to a hydrogen-to-carbon atomic ratio of 1.15 in n-heptane (n-C7) asphaltenes [13]. In contrast to carbon and hydrogen, the content of undesired heteroatoms in asphaltenes usually greatly varies, especially sulfur [14]. Sulfur contents vary from 0.05 to 7.0 wt% [13]. On the other hand, the nitrogen content of asphaltene constituents has a somewhat lesser degree of variation (0.05–0.5 wt%), and oxygen contents generally less than 1.0 wt% [15]. In addition, there are some metallic elements in asphaltenes that are distributed in the range of 0–4000 ppm, among which nickel and vanadium are the most abundant. Metal atoms in asphaltenes are usually present in the form of metalloporphyrins [16], and as so-called “nonporphyrins”, which has not been proved [17].

Processes 08 01504 g001 550

Figure 1. Laboratory sample of asphaltenes extracted from crude oil in n-heptane (left) and n-pentane (right).

The composition and properties of asphaltenes have always been among the most important issues for petrochemistry. Over several decades, many researchers have contributed to the characterization, analysis, and determination of the physicochemical properties of asphaltenes with various analytical techniques, but these studies have only been partially successful, mainly because asphaltenes exhibit significant complexity. Asphaltene molecules are highly condensed and relatively high in undesired heteroatoms and metals, leading to stubborn self-aggregation [18]. Asphaltenes, defined as a solubility class, differ from a chemical class, so some variability among different asphaltenes is expected. To further complicate the problem, multifarious differently sourced crude oils and preparation procedures exist for asphaltenes. The characterization of asphaltenes is still a very difficult and challenging issue.

2. Characterization Methods for Asphaltenes

2.1. Precipitation of Asphaltenes from Crude Oil

The precipitation and filtration of asphaltenes is generally carried out by using small molecules, n-alkanes. The procedure is performed with a variety of standard methods, as shown in Table 1. Each provides different results [19][20].

Table 1. Variety of asphaltene precipitation methods.

Method Solvent Solvent/Oil Ratio Operating Conditions Filter Media
ASTM D-3279-07 n-heptane 100:1 Reflux for 30 min, settle at ambient for 1 h, filter at 38–49 °C Fiberglass, 1.5 μm
ASTM D-4124-01 n-heptane 100:1 Heat on steam bath for 30 min, settle at ambient overnight Slow/medium paper, ∼10 μm
ASTM D-4124-09 iso-octane 100:1 Reflux for 2 h, settle at ambient for 2 h Medium glass frit, 10 μm
WRI n-heptane 40:1 Heat to 80 °C for 5 min, stir at ambient for 16 h, settle for 30 min Medium glass frit, 10 μm
ASTM D-6560-00 n-heptane 30:1 Reflux for 60 min, settle at ambient for 90–150 min Whatman 42 paper, 2.5 μm
ASTM D-2007-03 n-pentane 10:1 Settle at ambient for 30 min Rapid paper, 20 μm
IFP 9313 absorbance versus maltenes at 750 nm n-heptane 20:1–200:1 Heat to 80 °C for 5 min, filter at ambient Cellulose ester filter, 0.45 μm

2.2. Analytical Techniques for Asphaltene Properties

Asphaltenes, as the most mysterious fraction in petroleum, have had their properties studied for decades. The bulk properties of asphaltenes, such as element content, density, and thermogravimetric analysis, are nowadays well-known and can be readily determined via correlative analytical instruments [21][22]. A more comprehensive understanding of asphaltenes requires the utilization of specialized analysis methods. For example, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) [23][24] and X-ray diffraction (XRD) [25] can be used to determine the average molecular parameters of asphaltenes. Vapor pressure osmometry (VPO), size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and mass spectrometry (MS) techniques can be used to measure the molecular weight distribution of asphaltenes [26][27][28][29].

In recent years, with its continuous development, MS technology and especially ultra-high-resolution (UHR) mass spectrometers are an indispensable tool for analyzing the chemical properties and molecular composition of asphaltenes [30][31][32]. Electrospray ionization (ESI) equipped Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance–mass spectrometry (FT-ICR–MS) has long been used to characterize the molecular composition of asphaltenes, as early as a decade ago. ESI preferentially ionizes heteroatom-containing compounds such as polar N-, S-, O-, and metal-containing species. ESI FT-ICR–MS has been widely used to analyze the molecular composition of heteroatomic compounds in asphaltenes and their corresponding saturates, aromatics, and resins [33][34]. In addition, it is widely used in the research of petroleum porphyrin and geochemical porphyrin due to the good response of metalloporphyrins in ESI [35][36]. Compared to ESI, atmospheric-pressure photoionization (APPI) ionizes a wider range of compounds, including nonpolar compounds [37]. The APPI ionization source may obtain asphaltene-composition information not seen by ESI, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) [38]. Thus, APPI is widely used to characterize the molecular composition of petroleum asphaltenes and other components [39][40]. Although the resolution of Orbitrap is not as high as that of FT-ICR, its resolution ability cannot be ignored, and its stronger isolation and collision capabilities have unique advantages in studying the molecular composition and structural information of asphaltenes [41]. In addition, other ionization techniques (e.g., APCI, APLI, LDI, MALDI, and ASAP) equipped with ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometers are also applied to characterize asphaltenes [42][43][44][45][46].

Ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometers equipped with multiple ionization sources have an absolute advantage in the qualitative research of asphaltenes’ molecular composition, but their quantitative results are affected by differences in ionization response and other substrates. Due to the limitations of molecular MS for the direct and quantitative identification of asphaltene compounds, inductively coupled plasma–high-resolution mass spectrometry (ICP–HR-MS) is an efficient tool for studying the size distribution of vanadium-, nickel-, and sulfur-containing compounds in asphaltenes. When ICP–MS is used to study asphaltenes, liquid chromatography (LC) is often used for online separation, and gel-permeation chromatography (GPC) is the most commonly used separation principle. The asphaltene solution (usually dissolved in tetrahydrofuran) is separated into high- (HMW), medium- (MMW), and low-molecular-weight (LMW) fractions after passing through GPC; then, it is analyzed online by mass spectrometry and simultaneously detected by UV or other detectors [47]. Despite criticisms of GPC, coupling GPC with ICP–MS allows for the identification and quantification of relative sizes associated with various V, Ni, and S compounds in asphaltenes [48]. Reinjected experiments revealed that the dissociation of asphaltene aggregates and reaggregation of LMW fractions occur after the isolation, as shown in Figure 2 [47].

Processes 08 01504 g002 550

Figure 2. Chromatograms obtained by gel-permeation chromatography (GPC) inductively coupled plasma (ICP) MS of collected and reinjected (a) high-molecular-weight (HMW), (b) medium-molecular-weight (MMW), and (c) low-molecular-weight (LMW) fractions [47].

Recently, high-resolution scanning probe microscopy has emerged as effective method for elucidating molecular structures, offering the unique capability of imaging a single adsorbate on the atomic scale. Attempts were made to use scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) to characterize asphaltenes, but no atomic resolution could be achieved on asphaltene molecules [49]. The latest advances in atomic force microscopy (AFM) enabled the direct observation of individual asphaltene molecules. Schuler et al. [50] studied more than 100 asphaltene molecules using AFM and STM, and provided the direct measurement of the tremendous range of molecular structures in asphaltenes. Images of asphaltene molecules derived from coal and petroleum are shown in Figure 3. This work is groundbreaking in the history of asphaltenes, allowing for us to have a direct visual understanding of the structure of some molecules in asphaltenes. This technique is also used to identify colloidal particles associated with asphaltene aggregates present in crude oils and the model system [51]. AFM even allows for direct observations on the specific structure of some biomarkers, such as the characterization of substitution patterns on petroporphyrins [52]. This technology constitutes a paradigm shift in the analysis of complex molecular mixtures, and may be applied to molecular electronics, organic light-emitting diodes, and photovoltaic devices [50].

Processes 08 01504 g003 550

Figure 3. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images of coal-derived asphaltenes and petroleum asphaltenes [50].

2.3. Analytical Techniques of Metal Content in Asphaltene

Petroleum is a complex mixture containing not only carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen, but also many trace elements, including 45 metals, such as V, Ni, and Fe [53]. It is well-known that a fair amount of metal in crude oil exists in the asphaltene fraction. These metals are detrimental to petroleum processing, especially for accelerating catalyst deactivation [54]. Metal content is one of the important parameters for evaluating crude oil. Modern instrumental approaches to determine trace metals and asphaltenes in crude oil is by means of physical methods. Analytical methods were developed for the determination of metals in crude oils and derivatives using various analytical techniques, including flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) [55], graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) [56], inductively coupled plasma optical-emission spectroscopy (ICP–OES) [57], inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS) [58], X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy [59], spectrophotometry [60], and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [61]. To date, concentrations of these metals in petroleum have mostly been determined by ICP–OES and ICP–MS because of their distinguished sensitivity, repeatability, and operability [62]. A large amount of data indicates that metal content in crude oil is between 1 and 10,000 μg/g, and concentrations of nickel and vanadium can reach up to several thousand ppm (w/w) [63]. The concentration of these metals in the asphaltene fraction is the most abundant. The concentration range of V, Ni, and Fe in asphaltenes from different studies is shown in Table 2.

Table 2. Concentrations of V, Ni, and Fe in asphaltenes with different origins.

Asphaltene Origin Concentration Range of V (ppm) Concentration Range of Ni (ppm) Concentration Range of Fe (ppm) Reference
Venezuela crude oil 1300–4000 300–410   [64]
Kuwait crude oil 200–800 50–120   [65]
Athabasca oil sand 640 240 260 [66]
Utah oil sand 21 170 4820 [66]
Russia Tatarstan crude oil 200–10,000 120–550   [67]
China Qingchuan gilsonite 3888 366 491 [68]
Texas shale 270 257 634 [36]

References

  1. Chilingarian, G.V.; Yen, T.F. Bitumens, Asphalts, and Tar Sands; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1978. [Google Scholar]
  2. Hong, E.; Watkinson, P. A study of asphaltene solubility and precipitation. Fuel 2004, 83, 1881–1887. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Enayat, S.; Rajan Babu, N.; Kuang, J.; Rezaee, S.; Lu, H.; Tavakkoli, M.; Wang, J.; Vargas, F.M. On the development of experimental methods to determine the rates of asphaltene precipitation, aggregation, and deposition. Fuel 2020, 260, 116250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Nascimento, P.T.H.; Santos, A.F.; Yamamoto, C.I.; Tose, L.V.; Barros, E.V.; Gonçalves, G.R.; Freitas, J.C.C.; Vaz, B.G.; Romão, W.; Scheer, A.P. Fractionation of Asphaltene by Adsorption onto Silica and Chemical Characterization by Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Coupled to Attenuated Total Reflectance, and Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Energy Fuels 2016, 30, 5439–5448. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Speight, J.G. Petroleum Asphaltenes—Part 2: The Effect of Asphaltene and Resin Constituents on Recovery and Refining Processes. Oil Gas Sci. Technol. 2004, 59, 479–488. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Akbarzadeh, K.; Hammami, A.; Kharrat, A.; Zhang, D.; Allenson, S.; Creek, J.; Kabir, S.; Jamaluddin, A.; Marshall, A.G.; Rodgers, R.P. Asphaltenes—Problematic but rich in potential. Oilfield Rev. 2007, 19, 22–43. [Google Scholar]
  7. Ribeiro, F.S.; Souza Mendes, P.R.; Braga, S.L. Obstruction of pipelines due to paraffin deposition during the flow of crude oils. Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 1997, 40, 4319–4328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Ok, S.; Mal, T.K. NMR Spectroscopy Analysis of Asphaltenes. Energy Fuels 2019, 33, 10391–10414. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Wen, C.S.; Chilingarian, G.; Yen, T.F. Properties and structure of bitumens. In Bitumens, Asphalts and Tar Sands; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1978; Volume 7, pp. 155–190. [Google Scholar]
  10. Speight, J.G. Petroleum Asphaltenes—Part 1: Asphaltenes, Resins and the Structure of Petroleum. Oil Gas Sci. Technol. 2004, 59, 467–477. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Mullins, O.C.; Sheu, E.Y. Structures and Dynamics of Asphaltenes; Springer Science and Business Media: New York, NY, USA, 2013. [Google Scholar]
  12. Badre, S.; Carla Goncalves, C.; Norinaga, K.; Gustavson, G.; Mullins, O.C. Molecular size and weight of asphaltene and asphaltene solubility fractions from coals, crude oils and bitumen. Fuel 2006, 85, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Mullins, O.C.; Sheu, E.Y.; Hammami, A.; Marshall, A.G. Asphaltenes, Heavy Oils, and Petroleomics; Springer Science and Business Media: New York, NY, USA, 2007. [Google Scholar]
  14. Simanzhenkov, V.; Idem, R. Crude Oil Chemistry; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2003. [Google Scholar]
  15. Sheu, E.Y.; Mullins, O.C. Fundamentals and Applications; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 1995. [Google Scholar]
  16. Yen, T.F.; Chilingarian, G.V. Asphaltenes and Asphalts, 2: Part B; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2000. [Google Scholar]
  17. Dechaine, G.P.; Gray, M.R. Chemistry and Association of Vanadium Compounds in Heavy Oil and Bitumen, and Implications for Their Selective Removal. Energy Fuels 2010, 24, 2795–2808. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Vargas, F.M.; Tavakkoli, M. Asphaltene Deposition: Fundamentals, Prediction, Prevention, and Remediation; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2018. [Google Scholar]
  19. Schabron, J.F.; Rovani, J.F.; Sanderson, M.M. Asphaltene Determinator Method for Automated On-Column Precipitation and Redissolution of Pericondensed Aromatic Asphaltene Components. Energy Fuels 2010, 24, 5984–5996. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Kharrat, A.M.; Zacharia, J.; Cherian, V.J.; Anyatonwu, A. Issues with Comparing SARA Methodologies. Energy Fuels 2007, 21, 3618–3621. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Rogel, E.; Miao, T.; Vien, J.; Roye, M. Comparing asphaltenes: Deposit versus crude oil. Fuel 2015, 147, 155–160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Rogel, E.; Roye, M.; Vien, J.; Miao, T. Characterization of Asphaltene Fractions: Distribution, Chemical Characteristics, and Solubility Behavior. Energy Fuels 2015, 29, 2143–2152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Brown, J. A Study of the Hydrogen Distribution in Coal-like Materials by High-resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy I-The Measurement and Interpreatation of the Spectra. Fuel 1960, 39, 79–86. [Google Scholar]
  24. Brown, J.; Ladner, W. A study of the hydrogen distribution in coal-like materials by high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. 2. A comparison with infra-red measurement and the conversion to carbon structure. Fuel 1960, 39, 87–96. [Google Scholar]
  25. Eyssautier, J.; Levitz, P.; Espinat, D.; Jestin, J.; Gummel, J.; Grillo, I.; Barré, L. Insight into Asphaltene Nanoaggregate Structure Inferred by Small Angle Neutron and X-ray Scattering. J. Phys. Chem. B 2011, 115, 6827–6837. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Strausz, O.P.; Peng, P.A.; Murgich, J. Ab5out the Colloidal Nature of Asphaltenes and the MW of Covalent Monomeric Units. Energy Fuels 2002, 16, 809–822. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Guzman, A.; Bueno, A.; Carbognani, L. Molecular Weight Determination of Asphaltenes from Colombian Crudes by Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) and Vapor Pressure Osmometry (VPO). Pet. Sci. Technol. 2009, 27, 801–816. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Hortal, A.R.; Martínez-Haya, B.; Lobato, M.D.; Pedrosa, J.M.; Lago, S. On the determination of molecular weight distributions of asphaltenes and their aggregates in laser desorption ionization experiments. J. Mass Spectrom. 2006, 41, 960–968. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Martínez-Haya, B.; Hortal, A.R.; Hurtado, P.; Lobato, M.D.; Pedrosa, J.M. Laser desorption/ionization determination of molecular weight distributions of polyaromatic carbonaceous compounds and their aggregates. J. Mass Spectrom. 2007, 42, 701–713. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  30. Marshall, A.G.; Rodgers, R.P. Petroleomics:  The Next Grand Challenge for Chemical Analysis. Acc. Chem. Res. 2004, 37, 53–59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  31. Rodgers, R.P.; Marshall, A.G. Petroleomics: Advanced Characterization of Petroleum-Derived Materials by Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). In Asphaltenes, Heavy Oils, and Petroleomics; Mullins, O.C., Sheu, E.Y., Hammami, A., Marshall, A.G., Eds.; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2007; pp. 63–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Marshall, A.G.; Rodgers, R.P. Petroleomics: Chemistry of the underworld. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2008, 105, 18090. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  33. Shi, Q.; Hou, D.; Chung, K.H.; Xu, C.; Zhao, S.; Zhang, Y. Characterization of Heteroatom Compounds in a Crude Oil and Its Saturates, Aromatics, Resins, and Asphaltenes (SARA) and Non-basic Nitrogen Fractions Analyzed by Negative-Ion Electrospray Ionization Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry. Energy Fuels 2010, 24, 2545–2553. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Klein, G.C.; Kim, S.; Rodgers, R.P.; Marshall, A.G.; Yen, A. Mass Spectral Analysis of Asphaltenes. II. Detailed Compositional Comparison of Asphaltenes Deposit to Its Crude Oil Counterpart for Two Geographically Different Crude Oils by ESI FT-ICR MS. Energy Fuels 2006, 20, 1973–1979. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Xu, Z.; Yu, L.; Xu, C.; Yan, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, Q.; Zhao, S.; Chung, K.; Gray, M.R.; Quan, S. Separation and Characterization of Vanadyl Porphyrins in Venezuela Orinoco Heavy Crude Oil. Energy Fuels 2013, 27, 2874–2882. [Google Scholar]
  36. Zheng, F.; Hsu, C.S.; Zhang, Y.; Sun, Y.; Wu, Y.; Lu, H.; Sun, X.; Shi, Q. Simultaneous Detection of Vanadyl, Nickel, Iron, and Gallium Porphyrins in Marine Shales from the Eagle Ford Formation, South Texas. Energy Fuels 2018, 32, 10382–10390. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Huba, A.K.; Huba, K.; Gardinali, P.R. Understanding the atmospheric pressure ionization of petroleum components: The effects of size, structure, and presence of heteroatoms. Sci. Total Environ. 2016, 568, 1018–1025. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Jiang, B.; Liang, Y.; Xu, C.; Zhang, J.; Hu, M.; Shi, Q. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Ambient Aerosols from Beijing: Characterization of Low Volatile PAHs by Positive-Ion Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization (APPI) Coupled with Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48, 4716–4723. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Qian, K.; Edwards, K.E.; Mennito, A.S.; Walters, C.C.; Kushnerick, J.D. Enrichment, Resolution, and Identification of Nickel Porphyrins in Petroleum Asphaltene by Cyclograph Separation and Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 2010, 82, 413–419. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. McKenna, A.M.; Chacón-Patiño, M.L.; Weisbrod, C.R.; Blakney, G.T.; Rodgers, R.P. Molecular-Level Characterization of Asphaltenes Isolated from Distillation Cuts. Energy Fuels 2019, 33, 2018–2029. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Nyadong, L.; Lai, J.; Thompsen, C.; LaFrancois, C.J.; Cai, X.; Song, C.; Wang, J.; Wang, W. High-Field Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry and Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Molecular Characterization of Asphaltenes. Energy Fuels 2018, 32, 294–305. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Lozano, D.C.P.; Thomas, M.J.; Jones, H.E.; Barrow, M.P. Petroleomics: Tools, Challenges, and Developments. Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem. 2020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  43. Panda, S.K.; Brockmann, K.-J.; Benter, T.; Schrader, W. Atmospheric pressure laser ionization (APLI) coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry applied to petroleum samples analysis: Comparison with electrospray ionization and atmospheric pressure photoionization methods. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2011, 25, 2317–2326. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  44. Gaspar, A.; Zellermann, E.; Lababidi, S.; Reece, J.; Schrader, W. Characterization of Saturates, Aromatics, Resins, and Asphaltenes Heavy Crude Oil Fractions by Atmospheric Pressure Laser Ionization Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry. Energy Fuels 2012, 26, 3481–3487. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Witt, M.; Godejohann, M.; Oltmanns, S.; Moir, M.; Rogel, E. Characterization of Asphaltenes Precipitated at Different Solvent Power Conditions Using Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization (APPI) and Laser Desorption Ionization (LDI) Coupled to Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). Energy Fuels 2018, 32, 2653–2660. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Pereira, T.M.C.; Vanini, G.; Tose, L.V.; Cardoso, F.M.R.; Fleming, F.P.; Rosa, P.T.V.; Thompson, C.J.; Castro, E.V.R.; Vaz, B.G.; Romão, W. FT-ICR MS analysis of asphaltenes: Asphaltenes go in, fullerenes come out. Fuel 2014, 131, 49–58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Caumette, G.; Lienemann, C.P.; Merdrignac, I.; Bouyssiere, B.; Lobinski, R. Fractionation and speciation of nickel and vanadium in crude oils by size exclusion chromatography-ICP MS and normal phase HPLC-ICP MS. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 2010, 25, 1123–1129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Gascon, G.; Negrín, J.; Montoto, V.G.; Acevedo, S.; Lienemann, C.-P.; Bouyssiere, B. Simplification of Heavy Matrices by Liquid–Solid Extraction: Part II—How to Separate the LMW, MMW, and HMW Compounds in Asphaltene Fractions for V, Ni, and S Compounds. Energy Fuels 2019, 33, 8110–8117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Watson, B.A.; Barteau, M.A. Imaging of Petroleum Asphaltenes Using Scanning Tunneling Microscopy. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1994, 33, 2358–2363. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Schuler, B.; Meyer, G.; Peña, D.; Mullins, O.C.; Gross, L. Unraveling the Molecular Structures of Asphaltenes by Atomic Force Microscopy. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 9870–9876. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  51. Balestrin, L.B.d.S.; Cardoso, M.B.; Loh, W. Using Atomic Force Microscopy to Detect Asphaltene Colloidal Particles in Crude Oils. Energy Fuels 2017, 31, 3738–3746. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  52. Zhang, Y.; Schulz, F.; Rytting, B.M.; Walters, C.C.; Kaiser, K.; Metz, J.N.; Harper, M.R.; Merchant, S.S.; Mennito, A.S.; Qian, K.; et al. Elucidating the Geometric Substitution of Petroporphyrins by Spectroscopic Analysis and Atomic Force Microscopy Molecular Imaging. Energy Fuels 2019, 33, 6088–6097. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  53. Liang, W. Petroleum Chemistry, 2nd ed.; China University of Petroleum Press: Beijing, China, 2009. [Google Scholar]
  54. Elliot, J.D. Delayed Coker Design and Operation: Recent Trends and Innovations; Foster Wheeler USA Corporation: Clinton, NJ, USA, 1996. [Google Scholar]
  55. Guidroz, J.M.; Sneddon, J. Fate of vanadium determined by nitrous oxide–acetylene flame atomic absorption spectrometry in unburned and burned Venezuelan crude oil. Microchem. J. 2002, 73, 363–366. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  56. Aucélio, R.Q.; Doyle, A.; Pizzorno, B.S.; Tristão, M.L.B.; Campos, R.C. Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric method for the determination of vanadium in diesel and asphaltene prepared as detergentless microemulsions. Microchem. J. 2004, 78, 21–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  57. De Souza, R.M.; Meliande, A.L.S.; da Silveira, C.L.P.; Aucélio, R.Q. Determination of Mo, Zn, Cd, Ti, Ni, V, Fe, Mn, Cr and Co in crude oil using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and sample introduction as detergentless microemulsions. Microchem. J. 2006, 82, 137–141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  58. Duyck, C.; Miekeley, N.; Porto da Silveira, C.L.; Szatmari, P. Trace element determination in crude oil and its fractions by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry using ultrasonic nebulization of toluene solutions. Spectrochim. Acta Part B At. Spectrosc. 2002, 57, 1979–1990. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  59. Iwasaki, K.; Tanaka, K. Preconcentration and x-ray fluorescence: Determination of vanadium, nickel and iron in residual fuel oils and in particulate material from oil-fired sources. Anal. Chim. Acta 1982, 136, 293–299. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  60. Mastoi, G.M.; Khuhawar, M.Y.; Bozdar, R.B. Spectrophotometric determination of vanadium in crude oil. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. 2006, 102, 236–240. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  61. Khuhawar, M.Y.; Arain, G.M. Liquid chromatographic determination of vanadium in petroleum oils and mineral ore samples using 2-acetylpyridne-4-phenyl-3-thiosemicarbazone as derivatizing reagent. Talanta 2006, 68, 535–541. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  62. López, L.; Lo Mónaco, S. Geochemical implications of trace elements and sulfur in the saturate, aromatic and resin fractions of crude oil from the Mara and Mara Oeste fields, Venezuela. Fuel 2004, 83, 365–374. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  63. Yen, T.F. Role of Trace Metals in Petroleum; Ann Arbor Science Publishers: Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 1975. [Google Scholar]
  64. Gascon, G.; Vargas, V.; Feo, L.; Castellano, O.; Castillo, J.; Giusti, P.; Acavedo, S.; Lienemann, C.-P.; Bouyssiere, B. Size Distributions of Sulfur, Vanadium, and Nickel Compounds in Crude Oils, Residues, and Their Saturate, Aromatic, Resin, and Asphaltene Fractions Determined by Gel Permeation Chromatography Inductively Coupled Plasma High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Energy Fuels 2017, 31, 7783–7788. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  65. Park, J.-I.; Al-Mutairi, A.; Marafie, A.M.J.; Yoon, S.-H.; Mochida, I.; Ma, X. The characterization of metal complexes in typical Kuwait atmospheric residues using both GPC coupled with ICP–MS and HT GC–AED. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 2016, 34, 204–212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  66. Kotlyar, L.S.; Ripmeester, J.A.; Sparks, B.D.; Woods, J. Comparative study of organic matter derived from Utah and Athabasca oil sands. Fuel 1988, 67, 1529–1535. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  67. Yakubov, M.R.; Sinyashin, K.O.; Abilova, G.R.; Tazeeva, E.G.; Milordov, D.V.; Yakubova, S.G.; Borisov, D.N.; Gryaznov, P.I.; Mironov, N.A.; Borisova, Y.Y. Differentiation of heavy oils according to the vanadium and nickel content in asphaltenes and resins. Pet. Chem. 2017, 57, 849–854. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  68. Zheng, F.; Zhu, G.-Y.; Chen, Z.-Q.; Zhao, Q.-L.; Shi, Q. Molecular composition of vanadyl porphyrins in the gilsonite. J. Fuel Chem. Technol. 2020, 48, 562–567. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Energy & Fuels
Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Brice Bouyssiere
View Times: 1.3K
Revisions: 3 times (View History)
Update Date: 29 Aug 2021
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    Feedback