CACNA1D Gene

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1		Vicky Zhou	+ 616 word(s)	616	2020-12-15 07:46:31

This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/cacna1d

calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 D

genes

1. Normal Function

The CACNA1D gene belongs to a family of genes that provide instructions for making calcium channels. These channels transport positively charged calcium atoms (calcium ions) across cell membranes. The CACNA1D gene provides instructions for making one part (the alpha-1 subunit) of a calcium channel called CaV1.3. This subunit forms the hole (pore) through which calcium ions can flow. CaV1.3 channels are found in many types of cells, although they play a particularly important role in the adrenal glands, which are small hormone-producing glands located on top of each kidney. In the adrenal glands, the flow of calcium through CaV1.3 channels appears to help regulate the production of the hormone aldosterone, which helps control blood pressure by maintaining proper salt and fluid levels in the body. CaV1.3 channels are also found in the brain, heart, and inner ear, although their roles in these tissues are not well understood.

2. Health Conditions Related to Genetic Changes

2.1. Aldosterone-Producing Adenoma

Mutations in the CACNA1D gene have been found to cause aldosterone-producing adenomas, which are noncancerous (benign) tumors that form in the adrenal glands. The genetic changes involved in these tumors, called somatic mutations, are acquired during a person's lifetime and are present only in adrenal gland cells that give rise to the tumors. Such mutations in the CACNA1D gene account for approximately nine percent of cases of aldosterone-producing adenoma.

CACNA1D gene mutations associated with this condition lead to production of CaV1.3 channels that transport calcium ions more readily than normal or do not stop when they should. It is thought that the abnormal influx of calcium ions in adrenal gland cells overactivates a process called the calcium/calmodulin pathway that increases production of a hormone called aldosterone. Aldosterone helps control blood pressure by maintaining proper salt and fluid levels in the body, and abnormally high amounts of this hormone lead to high blood pressure (hypertension) and an increased risk of heart attack and stroke. Overactivation of the calcium/calmodulin pathway in the adrenal glands also increases cell growth and division (proliferation), which promotes adenoma formation.

2.2. Other Disorders

Inherited CACNA1D gene mutations have been found to cause other genetic conditions. Unlike the mutations that cause aldosterone-producing adenomas (described above), the mutations that cause these conditions are present in essentially every cell in the body. Inherited mutations that increase the flow of calcium into cells have been identified in individuals with a condition called primary aldosteronism, seizures, and neurological abnormalities (PASNA). As in aldosterone-producing adenomas, the increased flow of calcium in adrenal gland cells increases aldosterone production, causing primary aldosteronism. It is thought that the increased flow of calcium in nerve cells (neurons) in the brain affects their function, leading to seizures and other neurological problems. Some individuals with similar CACNA1D gene mutations also have signs and symptoms of autism spectrum disorder, which affects communication and social skills. It is unclear if these individuals have PASNA or a separate condition.

Inherited CACNA1D gene mutations that reduce the flow of calcium through CaV1.3 channels have been found in individuals with sinoatrial node dysfunction and deafness (SANDD), which is characterized by an abnormally slow and irregular heartbeat (bradycardia and arrhythmia) and hearing problems. These mutations likely impair the CaV1.3 channel's function in inner ear cells, impairing hearing, and in the cluster of cells in the heart that acts as the heart's natural pacemaker (the sinoatrial node), leading to abnormal heart rhythms.

3. Other Names for This Gene

CACH3
CACN4
CACNL1A2
calcium channel, neuroendocrine/brain-type, alpha 1 subunit
calcium channel, voltage-dependent, L type, alpha 1D subunit
Cav1.3
CCHL1A2
voltage-gated calcium channel alpha 1 subunit
voltage-gated calcium channel alpha subunit Cav1.3

References

Azizan EA, Poulsen H, Tuluc P, Zhou J, Clausen MV, Lieb A, Maniero C, Garg S, Bochukova EG, Zhao W, Shaikh LH, Brighton CA, Teo AE, Davenport AP, Dekkers T,Tops B, Küsters B, Ceral J, Yeo GS, Neogi SG, McFarlane I, Rosenfeld N, Marass F,Hadfield J, Margas W, Chaggar K, Solar M, Deinum J, Dolphin AC, Farooqi IS,Striessnig J, Nissen P, Brown MJ. Somatic mutations in ATP1A1 and CACNA1Dunderlie a common subtype of adrenal hypertension. Nat Genet. 2013Sep;45(9):1055-60. doi: 10.1038/ng.2716.
Baig SM, Koschak A, Lieb A, Gebhart M, Dafinger C, Nürnberg G, Ali A, Ahmad I,Sinnegger-Brauns MJ, Brandt N, Engel J, Mangoni ME, Farooq M, Khan HU, NürnbergP, Striessnig J, Bolz HJ. Loss of Ca(v)1.3 (CACNA1D) function in a humanchannelopathy with bradycardia and congenital deafness. Nat Neurosci. 2011Jan;14(1):77-84. doi: 10.1038/nn.2694.
Pinggera A, Mackenroth L, Rump A, Schallner J, Beleggia F, Wollnik B,Striessnig J. New gain-of-function mutation shows CACNA1D as recurrently mutated gene in autism spectrum disorders and epilepsy. Hum Mol Genet. 2017 Aug1;26(15):2923-2932. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddx175.
Scholl UI, Goh G, Stölting G, de Oliveira RC, Choi M, Overton JD, Fonseca AL, Korah R, Starker LF, Kunstman JW, Prasad ML, Hartung EA, Mauras N, Benson MR,Brady T, Shapiro JR, Loring E, Nelson-Williams C, Libutti SK, Mane S, Hellman P, Westin G, Åkerström G, Björklund P, Carling T, Fahlke C, Hidalgo P, Lifton RP.Somatic and germline CACNA1D calcium channel mutations in aldosterone-producingadenomas and primary aldosteronism. Nat Genet. 2013 Sep;45(9):1050-4. doi:10.1038/ng.2695.
Striessnig J, Pinggera A, Kaur G, Bock G, Tuluc P. L-type Ca(2+) channels inheart and brain. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Membr Transp Signal. 2014 Mar1;3(2):15-38.

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Subjects: Genetics & Heredity

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Vicky Zhou

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Entry Collection: MedlinePlus

Update Date: 24 Dec 2020

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