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Ren, B. X-linked Creatine Deficiency. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/5196 (accessed on 20 April 2024).
Ren B. X-linked Creatine Deficiency. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/5196. Accessed April 20, 2024.
Ren, Bruce. "X-linked Creatine Deficiency" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/5196 (accessed April 20, 2024).
Ren, B. (2020, December 24). X-linked Creatine Deficiency. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/5196
Ren, Bruce. "X-linked Creatine Deficiency." Encyclopedia. Web. 24 December, 2020.
X-linked Creatine Deficiency
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This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/x-linked-creatine-deficiency

X-linked creatine deficiency is an inherited disorder that primarily affects the brain.

genetic conditions

1. Introduction

People with this disorder have intellectual disability, which can range from mild to severe, and delayed speech development. Some affected individuals develop behavioral disorders such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or autistic behaviors that affect communication and social interaction. They may also experience seizures. Children with X-linked creatine deficiency may experience slow growth and exhibit delayed development of motor skills such as sitting and walking. Affected individuals tend to tire easily.

A small number of people with X-linked creatine deficiency have additional signs and symptoms including abnormal heart rhythms, an unusually small head (microcephaly), or distinctive facial features such as a broad forehead and a flat or sunken appearance of the middle of the face (midface hypoplasia).

2. Frequency

The prevalence of X-linked creatine deficiency is unknown. More than 150 affected individuals have been identified. The disorder has been estimated to account for between 1 and 2 percent of males with intellectual disability.

3. Causes

Mutations in the SLC6A8 gene cause X-linked creatine deficiency. The SLC6A8 gene provides instructions for making a protein that transports the compound creatine into cells. Creatine is needed for the body to store and use energy properly.

SLC6A8 gene mutations impair the ability of the transporter protein to bring creatine into cells, resulting in a creatine shortage (deficiency). The effects of creatine deficiency are most severe in organs and tissues that require large amounts of energy, especially the brain.

3.1 The gene associated with X-linked creatine deficiency

  • SLC6A8

4. Inheritance

This condition is inherited in an X-linked pattern. The gene associated with this condition is located on the X chromosome, which is one of the two sex chromosomes. In females (who have two X chromosomes), a mutation in one of the two copies of the gene in each cell may or may not cause the disorder. In males (who have only one X chromosome), a mutation in the only copy of the gene in each cell causes the disorder. A characteristic of X-linked inheritance is that fathers cannot pass X-linked traits to their sons.

In most cases of X-linked inheritance, males experience more severe symptoms of the disorder than females. About half of females with one mutated copy of the SLC6A8 gene in each cell have intellectual disability, learning difficulties, or behavioral problems. Other females with one mutated copy of the SLC6A8 gene in each cell have no noticeable neurological problems.

5. Other Names for This Condition

  • creatine transporter defect
  • creatine transporter deficiency
  • SLC6A8 deficiency
  • SLC6A8-related creatine transporter deficiency
  • X-linked creatine deficiency syndrome

References

  1. Braissant O, Henry H, Béard E, Uldry J. Creatine deficiency syndromes and the importance of creatine synthesis in the brain. Amino Acids. 2011May;40(5):1315-24. doi: 10.1007/s00726-011-0852-z.
  2. Béard E, Braissant O. Synthesis and transport of creatine in the CNS:importance for cerebral functions. J Neurochem. 2010 Oct;115(2):297-313. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06935.x.
  3. Clark AJ, Rosenberg EH, Almeida LS, Wood TC, Jakobs C, Stevenson RE, Schwartz CE, Salomons GS. X-linked creatine transporter (SLC6A8) mutations in about 1% of males with mental retardation of unknown etiology. Hum Genet. 2006Jul;119(6):604-10.
  4. Comeaux MS, Wang J, Wang G, Kleppe S, Zhang VW, Schmitt ES, Craigen WJ, RenaudD, Sun Q, Wong LJ. Biochemical, molecular, and clinical diagnoses of patientswith cerebral creatine deficiency syndromes. Mol Genet Metab. 2013Jul;109(3):260-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2013.04.006.
  5. Dunbar M, Jaggumantri S, Sargent M, Stockler-Ipsiroglu S, van Karnebeek CD.Treatment of X-linked creatine transporter (SLC6A8) deficiency: systematic reviewof the literature and three new cases. Mol Genet Metab. 2014 Aug;112(4):259-74.doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2014.05.011.
  6. Longo N, Ardon O, Vanzo R, Schwartz E, Pasquali M. Disorders of creatinetransport and metabolism. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2011 Feb15;157C(1):72-8. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.c.30292.
  7. Nasrallah F, Feki M, Kaabachi N. Creatine and creatine deficiency syndromes:biochemical and clinical aspects. Pediatr Neurol. 2010 Mar;42(3):163-71. doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2009.07.015. Review.
  8. Stockler-Ipsiroglu S, van Karnebeek CD. Cerebral creatine deficiencies: agroup of treatable intellectual developmental disorders. Semin Neurol. 2014Jul;34(3):350-6. doi: 10.1055/s-0034-1386772.in: Semin Neurol. 2014 Sep;34(4):479.
  9. van de Kamp JM, Betsalel OT, Mercimek-Mahmutoglu S, Abulhoul L, Grünewald S,Anselm I, Azzouz H, Bratkovic D, de Brouwer A, Hamel B, Kleefstra T, Yntema H,Campistol J, Vilaseca MA, Cheillan D, D'Hooghe M, Diogo L, Garcia P, Valongo C,Fonseca M, Frints S, Wilcken B, von der Haar S, Meijers-Heijboer HE, Hofstede F, Johnson D, Kant SG, Lion-Francois L, Pitelet G, Longo N, Maat-Kievit JA, MonteiroJP, Munnich A, Muntau AC, Nassogne MC, Osaka H, Ounap K, Pinard JM, Quijano-RoyS, Poggenburg I, Poplawski N, Abdul-Rahman O, Ribes A, Arias A, Yaplito-Lee J,Schulze A, Schwartz CE, Schwenger S, Soares G, Sznajer Y, Valayannopoulos V, Van Esch H, Waltz S, Wamelink MM, Pouwels PJ, Errami A, van der Knaap MS, Jakobs C,Mancini GM, Salomons GS. Phenotype and genotype in 101 males with X-linkedcreatine transporter deficiency. J Med Genet. 2013 Jul;50(7):463-72. doi:10.1136/jmedgenet-2013-101658.
  10. van de Kamp JM, Mancini GM, Salomons GS. X-linked creatine transporterdeficiency: clinical aspects and pathophysiology. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2014Sep;37(5):715-33. doi: 10.1007/s10545-014-9713-8.
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Bruce Ren
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Update Date: 24 Dec 2020
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