RRM2B Gene

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1		Karina Chen	+ 638 word(s)	638	2020-12-15 08:07:47

This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/rrm2b

ribonucleotide reductase regulatory TP53 inducible subunit M2B

genes

1. Normal Function

The RRM2B gene provides instructions for making one piece, called the p53 inducible small subunit (p53R2), of a protein called ribonucleotide reductase (RNR). Two copies of the p53R2 subunit are attached to two copies of another protein called R1 to form RNR. (R1 can also attach to another small subunit, called R2, to make another form of RNR). Whether made with p53R2 or R2, RNR helps produce DNA building blocks (nucleotides), which are joined to one another in a particular order to form DNA.

RNRs containing p53R2 make nucleotides that are used for the formation of DNA in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. Although most DNA is packaged in chromosomes within the cell's nucleus (nuclear DNA), mitochondria also have a small amount of their own DNA (mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA). Mitochondria are the energy-producing centers in cells, and the DNA in these structures contains genes essential for the process of energy production (called oxidative phosphorylation). The production of nucleotides by p53R2 also helps maintain a normal amount of mtDNA in cells.

2. Health Conditions Related to Genetic Changes

2.1. Progressive external ophthalmoplegia

At least 17 mutations in the RRM2B gene have been identified in people with an eye condition called progressive external ophthalmoplegia. This disorder weakens the muscles that control eye movement and causes the eyelids to droop (ptosis). Some affected individuals have additional signs and symptoms, such as weakness of other muscles, extreme tiredness (fatigue), hearing loss caused by problems with the inner ear (sensorineural hearing loss), and digestive problems.

Typically, mutations that cause progressive external ophthalmoplegia occur in one copy of the RRM2B gene, although rarely both copies of the gene are altered. RRM2B gene mutations associated with progressive external ophthalmoplegia lead to impaired RNR activity. These mutations result in large deletions of genetic material from mtDNA in muscle tissue, possibly because impairment of RNR activity leads to a shortage of nucleotides, although the mechanism is unclear. Researchers have not determined how deletions of mtDNA lead to the specific signs and symptoms of progressive external ophthalmoplegia, although the features of the condition may be related to impaired oxidative phosphorylation. It has been suggested that eye muscles are commonly affected by mitochondrial defects because they are especially dependent on oxidative phosphorylation for energy.

2.2. RRM2B-related mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome, encephalomyopathic form with renal tubulopathy

More than a dozen mutations in the RRM2B gene can cause RRM2B-related mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome, encephalomyopathic form with renal tubulopathy (RRM2B-MDS), a severe condition that affects multiple body systems. It typically leads to brain dysfunction combined with muscle weakness (encephalomyopathy) and a problem with kidney function known as renal tubulopathy. The mutations that cause this disorder occur in both copies of the RRM2B gene. They reduce the activity or amount of RNR, which likely impairs production of mtDNA nucleotides. A shortage of nucleotides available for the production of mtDNA molecules leads to a reduction in the amount of mtDNA (known as mtDNA depletion) and impairs mitochondrial function in many different types of cells.

Impairment of oxidative phosphorylation is thought to underlie the signs and symptoms of mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome. It is unclear why some RRM2B gene mutations result in deletions of genetic material from mtDNA (as in progressive external ophthalmoplegia, described above) and others reduce the overall amount of mtDNA (as in RRM2B-MDS).

3. Other Names for This Gene

MTDPS8A
MTDPS8B
p53-inducible ribonucleotide reductase small subunit 2 homolog
p53-inducible ribonucleotide reductase small subunit 2 short form beta
p53-inducible ribonucleotide reductase small subunit 2-like protein
P53R2
ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase subunit M2 B isoform 1
ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase subunit M2 B isoform 2
ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase subunit M2 B isoform 3
ribonucleotide reductase M2 B (TP53 inducible)
TP53-inducible ribonucleotide reductase M2 B

References

Bourdon A, Minai L, Serre V, Jais JP, Sarzi E, Aubert S, Chrétien D, de LonlayP, Paquis-Flucklinger V, Arakawa H, Nakamura Y, Munnich A, Rötig A. Mutation ofRRM2B, encoding p53-controlled ribonucleotide reductase (p53R2), causes severemitochondrial DNA depletion. Nat Genet. 2007 Jun;39(6):776-80.
Fratter C, Raman P, Alston CL, Blakely EL, Craig K, Smith C, Evans J, SellerA, Czermin B, Hanna MG, Poulton J, Brierley C, Staunton TG, Turnpenny PD,Schaefer AM, Chinnery PF, Horvath R, Turnbull DM, Gorman GS, Taylor RW. RRM2Bmutations are frequent in familial PEO with multiple mtDNA deletions. Neurology. 2011 Jun 7;76(23):2032-4. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31821e558b.
Gorman GS, Taylor RW. RRM2B-Related Mitochondrial Disease. 2014 Apr 17. In:Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Bean LJH, Stephens K, Amemiya A,editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington,Seattle; 1993-2020. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK195854/
Pitceathly RD, Smith C, Fratter C, Alston CL, He L, Craig K, Blakely EL, EvansJC, Taylor J, Shabbir Z, Deschauer M, Pohl U, Roberts ME, Jackson MC, HalfpennyCA, Turnpenny PD, Lunt PW, Hanna MG, Schaefer AM, McFarland R, Horvath R,Chinnery PF, Turnbull DM, Poulton J, Taylor RW, Gorman GS. Adults withRRM2B-related mitochondrial disease have distinct clinical and molecularcharacteristics. Brain. 2012 Nov;135(Pt 11):3392-403. doi: 10.1093/brain/aws231.
Pontarin G, Ferraro P, Bee L, Reichard P, Bianchi V. Mammalian ribonucleotide reductase subunit p53R2 is required for mitochondrial DNA replication and DNArepair in quiescent cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Aug 14;109(33):13302-7.doi: 10.1073/pnas.1211289109.
Pontarin G, Fijolek A, Pizzo P, Ferraro P, Rampazzo C, Pozzan T, Thelander L, Reichard PA, Bianchi V. Ribonucleotide reduction is a cytosolic process inmammalian cells independently of DNA damage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Nov18;105(46):17801-6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0808198105.
Tyynismaa H, Ylikallio E, Patel M, Molnar MJ, Haller RG, Suomalainen A. Aheterozygous truncating mutation in RRM2B causes autosomal-dominant progressiveexternal ophthalmoplegia with multiple mtDNA deletions. Am J Hum Genet. 2009Aug;85(2):290-5. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.07.009.

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Subjects: Genetics & Heredity

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Karina Chen

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Entry Collection: MedlinePlus

Update Date: 24 Dec 2020

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