Long-Chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency

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This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/long-chain-3-hydroxyacyl-coa-dehydrogenase-deficiency

Long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCHAD) deficiency is a rare condition that prevents the body from converting certain fats to energy, particularly during periods without food (fasting).

genetic conditions

1. Introduction

Signs and symptoms of LCHAD deficiency typically appear during infancy or early childhood and can include feeding difficulties, lack of energy (lethargy), low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), weak muscle tone (hypotonia), liver problems, and abnormalities in the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye (retina). Later in childhood, people with this condition may experience muscle pain, breakdown of muscle tissue, and a loss of sensation in their arms and legs (peripheral neuropathy). Individuals with LCHAD deficiency are also at risk for serious heart problems, breathing difficulties, coma, and sudden death.

Problems related to LCHAD deficiency can be triggered when the body is under stress, for example during periods of fasting, illnesses such as viral infections, or weather extremes. This disorder is sometimes mistaken for Reye syndrome, a severe disorder that may develop in children while they appear to be recovering from viral infections such as chicken pox or flu. Most cases of Reye syndrome are associated with the use of aspirin during these viral infections.

2. Frequency

The incidence of LCHAD deficiency is unknown. One estimate, based on a Finnish population, indicates that 1 in 62,000 pregnancies is affected by this disorder. In the United States, the incidence is probably much lower.

3. Causes

Mutations in the HADHA gene cause LCHAD deficiency. The HADHA gene provides instructions for making part of an enzyme complex called mitochondrial trifunctional protein. This enzyme complex functions in mitochondria, the energy-producing centers within cells. As the name suggests, mitochondrial trifunctional protein contains three enzymes that each perform a different function. This enzyme complex is required to break down (metabolize) a group of fats called long-chain fatty acids. Long-chain fatty acids are found in foods such as milk and certain oils. These fatty acids are stored in the body's fat tissues. Fatty acids are a major source of energy for the heart and muscles. During periods of fasting, fatty acids are also an important energy source for the liver and other tissues.

Mutations in the HADHA gene that cause LCHAD deficiency disrupt one of the functions of this enzyme complex. These mutations prevent the normal processing of long-chain fatty acids from food and body fat. As a result, these fatty acids are not converted to energy, which can lead to some features of this disorder, such as lethargy and hypoglycemia. Long-chain fatty acids or partially metabolized fatty acids may also build up and damage the liver, heart, muscles, and retina. This abnormal buildup causes the other signs and symptoms of LCHAD deficiency.

4. Inheritance

This condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy of the mutated gene, but they typically do not show signs and symptoms of the condition.

5. Other Names for This Condition

3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, long chain, deficiency
LCHAD deficiency
long-chain 3-hydroxy acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency
long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency
long-chain 3-OH acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency
trifunctional protein deficiency, type 1

References

Angdisen J, Moore VD, Cline JM, Payne RM, Ibdah JA. Mitochondrialtrifunctional protein defects: molecular basis and novel therapeutic approaches. Curr Drug Targets Immune Endocr Metabol Disord. 2005 Mar;5(1):27-40. Review.
den Boer ME, Wanders RJ, Morris AA, IJlst L, Heymans HS, Wijburg FA.Long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency: clinical presentation and follow-up of 50 patients. Pediatrics. 2002 Jan;109(1):99-104.
Fahnehjelm KT, Holmström G, Ying L, Haglind CB, Nordenström A, Halldin M, Alm J, Nemeth A, von Döbeln U. Ocular characteristics in 10 children with long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency: a cross-sectional study withlong-term follow-up. Acta Ophthalmol. 2008 May;86(3):329-37.Erratum in: Acta Ophthalmol. 2008 Jun;86(4):466.
Gillingham MB, Purnell JQ, Jordan J, Stadler D, Haqq AM, Harding CO. Effectsof higher dietary protein intake on energy balance and metabolic control inchildren with long-chain 3-hydroxy acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCHAD) ortrifunctional protein (TFP) deficiency. Mol Genet Metab. 2007 Jan;90(1):64-9.
Oey NA, den Boer ME, Wijburg FA, Vekemans M, Augé J, Steiner C, Wanders RJ,Waterham HR, Ruiter JP, Attié-Bitach T. Long-chain fatty acid oxidation duringearly human development. Pediatr Res. 2005 Jun;57(6):755-9.
Rinaldo P, Matern D, Bennett MJ. Fatty acid oxidation disorders. Annu RevPhysiol. 2002;64:477-502. Review.
Sims HF, Brackett JC, Powell CK, Treem WR, Hale DE, Bennett MJ, Gibson B,Shapiro S, Strauss AW. The molecular basis of pediatric long chain3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency associated with maternal acute fattyliver of pregnancy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Jan 31;92(3):841-5.
Spiekerkoetter U, Lindner M, Santer R, Grotzke M, Baumgartner MR, Boehles H,Das A, Haase C, Hennermann JB, Karall D, de Klerk H, Knerr I, Koch HG, Plecko B, Röschinger W, Schwab KO, Scheible D, Wijburg FA, Zschocke J, Mayatepek E, Wendel U. Management and outcome in 75 individuals with long-chain fatty acid oxidation defects: results from a workshop. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2009 Aug;32(4):488-97.doi: 10.1007/s10545-009-1125-9.
Tyni T, Paetau A, Strauss AW, Middleton B, Kivelä T. Mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation in the human eye and brain: implications for the retinopathy oflong-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. Pediatr Res. 2004Nov;56(5):744-50.
Tyni T, Pihko H. Long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. ActaPaediatr. 1999 Mar;88(3):237-45. Review.

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Subjects: Genetics & Heredity

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Camila Xu

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Entry Collection: MedlinePlus

Update Date: 24 Dec 2020

Table of Contents

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1. Introduction

2. Frequency

3. Causes

4. Inheritance

5. Other Names for This Condition

References

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1. Introduction

2. Frequency

3. Causes

3.1. The gene associated with Long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency

4. Inheritance

5. Other Names for This Condition

References